Ngi, on Ihi Kim Thdi vd Btg T^p chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 136 (06); 203 - 207 K H A O SAT, DANH GIA HIEN T R ^ N G VA NHU CAU T R O N G QUAN LY PHAN BUN BE TlT H O A I TAI CAC D T H I V I E T NAM Nguyen Thi Kim Thal^, Hoang Ld Phuong^' ' Tru&ng DH Xdy ditngHd Noi ^Tru&ng DH Ky thudt Cdng nghiep Thai Nguy TOM TAT Vide qudn ly phan bUn t£r cac bl ty ho^ii d cac thi Vidt nam hien dang phdi ddi mdt vdi rdt nhidu thdeh thirc: Khdng cd qui hoach khu vyc xu ly va dd thai phan biin tai timg thi ho|c lien dd thi; Cdc dia diem dh tbdi tam thdi thudng d vimg ngoai vi thiuib phd vi v^y, quang dudng vdn chuydn khd dai; Bun be ty hoai sau hdt kbdng dugc qudn ly ch|t cbd,frongthuc td, phdn bim tbu gom tbudng dugc dd vao cdc bai ddt ttdng; xa thing vdo ao hd bo^c su dung ttong ndng nghidp md khdng qua xil Ij*, gay d nhiem mdi tnrdng va cac nil ro nghidm frpng cho sue khoe cdng ddng Ngoai mgt vdi didu qui dinh cbung ttong QCVN 07:2010/BXD, Men chua co nhflng budng din cu &h ddi vdi cac bojit ddng thdng but, thu gom, vdn chuydn, xu ly, tdi sir dung va dd thdi phan biin Bdi bao dua nhiing danii gid ve hien trang va tdiu cdu thidt yeu ttong quan ly va xd ly phan biin tai cac dd thi cua Vidt Nam lam co sd cho nhiing nghien ciiu tidp theo va ca sd dd cac nha quan ly, chuyen gia dua bidn phap quan ly va xii 1^ phdn bim be ty hoai phu hgp vdi dieu kien tbi eua Viet Nam Tir khda: Phdn bim, qudn ly phdn bim be ttf hogi phdn bun bi tu hogi, bdn thdi DO THI HOA VA Q U A N LY PHAN BUN BE TU HOAI CAC DO THI VIET NAM* Tinh den cuoi nam 2013, ea nude cd 770 dd tbi, ttong cd dd thi dac bidt, 14 dd thi 'oai I, 10 dd thi Ioai II, 52 dd tM Ioai HI, 63 dd thi loai IV vd cdn lai Id cdc dd tM loai V Ddn sd dd thi nam 2013 tdng khodng 1,3 trieu ngudi so vdi nam 2012.Tbeo dd, ty Id thi hda frdn todn qude tinb ddn 12/2013 Id 33,47%, tang 1,02% so vdi nam 2012, tuang duong ddn sd dd th) tang khoang 1,3 tridu ngudi/nam Theo ket qua khao sat cua nhdm nghien ciiu ndm 2013, d mdt sd thdnh phd ldn ddn sd khu vye ngi tbj chidm 43-47%, frong tren 80% hd dan frong khu vyc ngi tbi ed cdng frinh vd sinh kem vdi be ty hoai So bd ty hoyi dugc thdng hut frong nam chu yeu Id cd sy cd tdc hoae sda ehiia, cdi tao lai nha d cdn lai hdu hdt cac bd ty hoai van banh frdn 10 nam van chua dugc thdng hiit (bdng I) Bdng Thuc trgng thdng hut phdn bim be lu hoai tie cdc hp ddn lgi mpt sd thi & Vietnam Dd thj khdo sdt % H$ ddn cd % Bl ty hoai duac Kh6i luong phdn biin trung bmh bl ty hogi thdug hiit troog ndm dugc tbu gom (tan/nam) 17,5 4L978 97,5 TP Hi noi 127.750 TP Ha Chi Minli 95,8 37,8 39.889 TP HSi Pli6ng 96,3 23,6 1.600 TP Nam Dinh 85,4 12,5 27.000 TP Da Ning 88,0 42,5 TP Ouv Nhon 82,7 35,5 22.500 Nguon: So lieu khdo sdt cua nhom nghien cuu, 2013 Hoat dgng thdng hut bd tu hoai hien nhieu thdnh phan kinh td cd tiid tham gia: nha nude, tii nhan, lien doanh giira nhd nude vd tu nhan Cac cdng ty tu nhdn cd sy eanh tianh gay gat vdi cae cdng ty djch vu cdng ich nhu Cdng ty mdi tnrdng thi (URENCO) hodc edng ty thoat nude dd th| mac du vdy ede mde gid ciia cdng ty tu nhdn vdn cao hon so vdi miic gid chinb thirc cua cdc edng ty djch vy cdng ich (bang 2) * TV/ ii'M)4 537587 Email:phuongqm@gmail.com Nguyen Thi Kim Thai vd Btg 136 (06): 203 - 207 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Bang Bdng gid ctia cdc cong ty nhd m.tac vd tu nhdn cung cap dich vti thong hut be tu hoai amdt so thi Viet nam Tii cac Cong ty tir nhdn d/chuyen d/m"' thap 400.000 400.00 cao 900.000 d/chuydn d /m'' Tnmg bmh Tnmg binh Trung binh Tnmg binh Tir cac Cong ty dich vu cong ich d/chuyen d/m^ 600.000 innnnn 300.000 1200.000 700.000 375.000 Tu nhan URENCO Dung tich Dung ti'ch ^'^ g^Q ^'^ jQQ Nguon: Theo so lieu dieu Ira, khdo sdt 2013 Co quan quan ly thi chua nhan thiic dugc nhiing nii ro tdi siic khoe cong dong viec khdng c6 sy kiem soat chat chettongqudn ly phan bun Nang lyc van banh va ngudn tai chinb cua cac don vi thuc ihi nMem vy quan 1^ phdn bun hien dangttongtinbttangy^u kem T; Dan cu doftnCO la&ifliuc\d cac van i^ve anh tro ttudng li&i quan^lbmgfa^^Dhl^phanbunbetybom Quia cdqiiyho^vadSulux^ dung cbo cac cdng binhXiilyvaddlbai an toan jMnbuD Sii dimg phan bun chua qua xu ly ttong ndng nghiep ma khdng cd sy kiem soat Phan bun khdng dugc xd ly, dd biia bai vao mdi frudng O nhiem mdi tnrdng nude, dat Ty Id nhiem benh cao g suat lao ddng giam Thu nhap thdp Ngoai sd lugng be ty hoai tu cac bd dan, tren dia ban cua ede thi cd mgt sd lugng khd nhieu cac rdia vd smb cdng edng va nha vd sinh di ddng Dich vu thdng hiit cac nha vd sinh chii ydu ede don vi dieh vy cdng ich dam nhan theo kd hoach hang nam eua tbdnb phd Vide thdng hiit bun td cdc nha ve sinb cdng cdng tiiudng dugc thue hidn dinh ky tii tbang ddn ndm ldn Trong tiiyc td, d nMdu dd thi Viet nam, phan bun sau kM hiit tbudng dugc dd thdng bai chdn ldp ciing vdi cac loai rdc thai tM vd cac loai bun can cong kbdc hoac xd tinic tiep vao cdc bd nudi ca, su dung true tidp dd bdn cho ede lo^i cay frong, didu kbdng nhiing 204 i Mirc sdng giam siit gay d nhidm mdi tnrdng ma cdn Id nguy co tdc ddng true tidp tdi sdc khoe cdng ddng Cac nguyen nhdn ehinh gdy nen nhiing tdn tai hien cd frong qudn ly phdn biin d cac dd tbi Viet Nam cd thd duge md ta dudi dang "Cay vdn de" nhu hinh I Nhiing tdn tai chu yen tap trung vdo cdc vdn dd sau: - Co sd tdng tai bdu hdt cdc dd tin la cac ngo phd ngoan ngheo ddi vd rdt hep Xe tdi thdng hiit khdng thd tiep can dugc nhu'ng ngdi nha tiong cac ngo Phan Idn cdc be tu hoai rdt khd tidp can vd khdng cd Id hut ( 4775%) Thdng tbudng be tu ho^ii dugc xdy dung dudi be xi vd khdng cd Id cdng Nguyti, Ilii Kim Thai vd Dig 136 (06): 203-207 T?p cbi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Ngodi cdc eon phd chinb, hau hdt cdc dudng d cdc qudn ndi ddu cd cdc ngo ngdch rat bgp vd ngodn ngheo Xe tai thdng hut khdng the tidp can duge nhung ngdi nhd frong cac ngo Udc tinb tii 10% ddn 30% nhd d cdch noi xe bdn bdnh cd thd tidp can dugc ti^n 40m Ngoai ra, bdu hdt cdc bd tu hoai khdng thd tidp c ^ vd khdng cd Id thdng vdo cac ngdn Didu can trd vide but bim tit be ty hoai vd cdn dugc gidi quydt d edp hg gia dinh - Nhdti thdc cua ngudi ddn ve cdc vdn de ve sinh mdi trudng vd nguy hai tdi sdc khoe cdn thap Phdn bim td ede be tu hoai t^i cde hg gia dmh hien dang dugc thdng hiit ehi ed sy cd tdc ttong he thdng thodt nude va bd ty hoai khdng dugc hdt thudng xuydn Ngudi dan chua dugc thdng tin ddy du vd vi?c cdn thidt phdi dinh ky thdng hiit - Cac dan vi nhd nude dam nhdn dich vy thu gom vd xu ly phdn bun be ty hoai Men dang ho^t dgng ttong tinh trimg yeu kem ed vd nang lye lan tai chinh Cdn cac co sd tu nhdn thi boat dgng tiJ pbdt, chat lugng djch vy ciing chua dugc cdc ca quan quan l^ Nhd nude kidm sodt Phuang ti^n btit vd vyn chuydn phan biin cu vd khdng phu hgp vdi cac didu kidn h^ tdng yeu kem d nhidu dd thi - Vi?c bdo dudng cdc be tu hoai d frong tinh ttang ydu kem dan d^n cd qua nhidu biin tdn dgng lam giam thd tich bd vd gidm hi?u qud sii dyng eua be thdng thoat nude dd tM vd gdy nhung vdn de nguy hai tdi chdt lugng mdi trudng sdng vd siic khoe cgng ddng - Hau bdt d cae dd tbj chua cd cdc qui hoaeh khu xd ly phdn biin Van dd qudn ly he thong bd ty hoai chua nhdn dugc quan tdm eua cac nhd quan ly, cd rdt it nghien ciiu, thdng ke ve vide so lugng , quy cdch thiet ke va xdy dung be ty hoai t^i cdc dd tbj - Cdc ca quan quan ly nbd nude ehua thiet lap cac tieu chudn xd vd tidu chudn su dyng phan bun vdo myc dich ndng nghidp cung nhu cac van ban phap qui kbdc danh ridng eho hoat f*"' 'g qudn ly phdn bun Cde van bdn hudng dan ky thudt ve tiiu gom, van chuydn vd xd ly phan biin hien ciing chua dugc thidt lap vd ban hdnh CAC TifiU CHUAN, H U N G D A N LIEN QUAN T(5l Q U A N Lt PHAN BUN VIET NAM Nhu da dd cap d tten, vi$c qudn ly pban bun be ty hoai cd dnh hudng tryc tidp den mdi trudng sdng vd boat ddng hang ciia ngudi, ciia cdc ca quan, xi nghidp, nha may benh vien, trudng hoc.nhung van dd ban nhu khdng dugc quan tdm d Vidt Nam Tuy nhien, ttong nhiing nam gdn day, kM tinb trang nhiem mdi trudng tdng tdi muc bdo dgng tbi vdn dd bdt ddu dugc Nha nude vd chinb quydn quan tdm vd nhdn tbiic diing tdm quan frgng quan cua nd Nhd nude timg budc xdy dyng vd tdng eudng be thdng td chuc qudn ly nhd nude vd mdi trudng d tdt ca cac cdp nganh Cung vdi sy ban hdnh cac van ban phap quy, mdt sd van ban lien quan tdi qudn ly phdn biin be ty hoai gdm: - QCVN 07:2010/BXD-Quy chudn ky thugt qude gia ve cdc cong trinh hg tdng ky thugt thj: Trong dieu 9.8 nhftng qui dinb chung vd nbd ve sinh edng cdng va qudn ly biin can dac bidt phdn bun tii be ty hoai duge ban banh - Nghi dinh sd 80/2014/ND-CP vi Thodt nu&c va xie ly nu&c thai duQc ban hdnh ngdy 6/8/2014, CO hieu luc tie 1/1/2015: Trong didu 25 ve quan ly biin tbdi da dua ydu cau thdng hiit dinh ky biin thdi td cde be ty hogi frong ngbiem cam vide xa thang bun bd ty hoai vdo b? tbdng thoat nude eiing nbu mdi trudng xung quanh; - Chua cd quy dinh ve xd ly pbdn bun be tu hoai ngodi TCVN 5298 -1995 Ydu edu chung ddi vdi su dyng nude thai va can ldng cho myc dich tudi tidu va lam pbdn bdn Mde dil van ban cua Nha nude chua dugc ban hdnh song nhu cdu thye tidn, nMdu dja phuong da tu xay dung cac quy che ve quan ly phan biin bd ty hoai, didn hinh la eae dd thi: 205 Nguydn Thj Kim Thai va Dtg Tap cM KHOA HQC & C N G NGHE Quydt dinh sd 73/2007 QD- UBND 10/5/2007 UBND Tp Hd CW Minh ban hdnh: Quy dinh quan ly dich vu thu gom, van chuyen vd xu ly bun cdu, biin nyo vet hg thdng thoat nude va kenh r^ch frdn dja ban thdnh phd Hd CM Minh Quydt dinh sd 325/TB-MTDT, 06/8/2013 Cdng ty TNHH MTV Mdi trudng Dd thj Da Ndng ban hdnh: PM xii ly chat tbdi bd ty hoai tai bai rac Khdnh San Quy chd qudn ly dich vu thu gom, van chuyen vd xu ly biui bd tu hoai, bun nao vet HTTN vd muong hd ttdn dja ban phd Hai Phong Cdng ty TNHH MTVtiioatnude Hai Phdng Cd thd thdy sy cdn thidt phai cd nhirng van bdn qudn ly eb^t che cac dan vi thyc hien dich vy thdng biit, van chuyen, xu ly biin be ty hoai, dde bi^t Id dan vi tu nhdn, td khau cdp phep boat ddng tdi vide kidm fra, gidm sat chat che quy frinh tbyc bidn tbdng hiit, van chuydn, xu ly loai bim ndy Nhu cdu cdng tdc qudn ly phdn biin frong giai doan phdt trien mdi d Viet Nam Theo Quydt dinb sd 445/QD-TTg, qud tiinh phdt tridn dd tM d \^dt Nam ddn 2025 dugc thd Men frdn hinh Hinh Sa phdt trien cdc logi thi giai dogn din ndm 2015 vd 2025 Theo CMen luge quan ly tdng hgp chat thai ran Viet Nam ddn ndm 2025 vd tdm nhm ddn 2050 da duge Thu tudng Cbinh phu phd duy?t tai Quydt dinh so 2149/QD-TTg ngdy 206 136 (06): 203-207 17/12/2009; du bao lugng biin bd ty hoai tai cac dd thi phat sinh vdo cac giai doan 2015; 2020 vd 2025 dugc tiid Men d bmh 16000 14000 12000 10000 biin be tu - DUnoem >oai ;I tin/n^y I tin/ngsy 13500 ^ _ 9100 •mm 5700 ^ • I I I^B ^ H Hinh Sa du bdo lugng bitn bi tu hogt phdt sinh theo cdc ndm Nhu v^y eiing vdi toe do thi hda vd sy gia tang lugng cbdt thai rdn frong dd phdn biin cdng nhanh ngoai nbu cdu xdy dung va tti cac bd ty hoyi Mgt nhiing dmh hudng cho viec qudn ly be ty bo!ii vd pban bim bd tu hoai Id can xdy dung quy dinh ve kJ thuat thdng hut dinh ky bun thdi tii cdc be ty hoai Dieu ddng vai frd rdt quan frgng ddi vdi viec bdo vd mdi trudng d cae tM Viet Nam, gdp pbdn tri va van hdnh tdt b? thdng edng vd thodt nude thai dd thi Theo Quydt dinh sd 2149/QD-TTg eua Thii tudng Chmh pbu ban hdnh ngdy 17/12/2009 vd vide phd duyet Chien luge quoc gia ve quan ly tdng hgp chat thai ran den 2025, tam nhin den 2050, muc tidu cu thi cua timg giai doan ddi vdi qudn ly phan bim be ty ho^i dugc xdc dinb nhu sau: Ddn 2015: 30% biin be tu hoai eua ede dd tbj td loai II frd len va 10% cua cac dd thi cdn l^i dugc thu gom vd xu l;y dat tidu chudn ddm bdo mdi trudng; Den 2020: 50% biin bd tii hogi cua cdc dd thi td loai n frd len vd 30% cua cdc dd thi cdn Iai dugc thu gom vd xd ly dat tidu chuan dam bao mdi trudng; Den 2025:100% biin bdtijrhoai eiia cac dd thi td lo9i II ttd ldn vd 50% ciia cdc dd thi cdn l^i Ngu> Thj Kim Thai va Dig Tap chi KHOA HQC & C O N G NGHE d u g c thu g o m vd x u ly dat tidu chuan dam bao mdi t r u d n g KET L U A N v A K I ^ N N G H I 1) Hi?n ttyng qudn ly va x u ly phdn biin bd tiJ hoai tai cac tM Viet N a m edn d a n g bi budng long Hien c h u a cd khung thd chd ciing nbu nhirng q u y dinh e u the ttong vide qudn ly va x u ly loai ehdt thdi 2) Can phdi cd vdn bdn nhd n u d e ve quan ly phdn bun bd t u hoai, gdp p h a n hd trg chinb quyen cdc thdnh phd cd dinh h u d n g ro rdng ttong cdng tdc qudn ly loyi ehdt thdi dae thii ndy phii h g p v d i s u phat t r i l n he tbong tdng ky thu^t eua tbi B e n eanh cung edn phai ed nhihig van bdn quan ly ehat che cac d a n vi t h u e hi^n dich vy tbdng hut, vdn ehuyen, x u ly b u n be tu hoai, dac bidt la d a n vi tu nhan, t d khdu cap phep boat ddng tdi vi?c k i e m tta, g i a m sdt ehdt,che quy trinb thuc Men tbdng hiit, vdn chuydn, x u ly loyi bun ndy 136 (06): - TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O Cdng ty TNHH MTV Mdi trudng Dd thi Da Nang - Quyit dinh sd 325/TB-MTDT ngdy 06/8/2013 - V/v thong bdo thu phi xd ly chat thdi be lu hoai tgi bdi rdc Khdnh Son Cdng ty TNHH MTV mdi trudng thi Ha ndi, 2013- Bdo cdo thgc trgng qudn ly phdn bun be tu hoai tren dfa bdn thdnh pho; Cdng ty TNHH MTV thoat nude Hai Ph6ng,2009Qty che qudn ly dich vu thu gom, van chuyen vd xti ly bun be tu hogi, bitn ngo vet HTTN vd muong ho tren dia bdn thdnh Hdi Phong UBND dianb phd Ha Ndi- Sd Xay dung Ha Npi- quyet dinh s6 8214/QD-SXD-HTMT ngdy 27/9/2010- V/v Ban hdnh quy trinh cong nghi tri ve sinh moi tru&ng thdnh Hd Npi UBND tiianh Hd Chi Minb-Quydt dinh 73/2007/QD- UBNG - quy dinh vi qudn ly dich vu thu gom, vdn chuyen vd xti ly biin hdm cdu, biin ngo vet he thdng thodt nu&c vd kenh rach tren dia bdn thdnh Ho Chi Minh; Vidn mdi ttudng thj - Khoa ky ihudl mdi tru&ng -Bdo cdo khdo sdt hien trgng qudn ly phdn biin cdc Ihdnh Hd ngi, Ho Chi Minh, Hdi Nam Dinh, Thdi nguyen, Dd ndng SUMMARY I N V E S T I G A T I O N , EVALUATION O F C U R R E N T STATUS AND T H E D E M A N D S F O R S E P T A G E M A N A G E M E N T IN U R B A N A R E A S IN V I E T N A M Nguyen Thi Kim T h a i , Hoang Le Phuong^' University of Civil Engineering ^College of Technology - TNU At present, management of septage from septic tanks in urban areas in Viemam is facing with number of challenges: No master plan for tteatment and disposal of septage within an urban area or multi-urban areas; The fransportation of septage from the centers to the temporary placesis very long ways; M fact, the collected septage after emptying of septic tanks are not conttolled It was directly discharged to ponds, open land areas, for argiculture use without any tteatment These caused the environmental pollution situations and high risks to tbe public health Exept some general articles in Vietnam Building Code - Urban Engineenng Infrastmcture (QCVN 07:2010/BXD), no instmcmtions or guidelines for management of septage are issued This paper give assessments ofthe current situation and necessity in the fecal sludge management and tteatment in urban areas of Vietnam as a basis for fiirther researches and the basis for the managers and specialists made management and tteatment measures of septage m accordance with the conditions of urban Vietnam Key words: Fecal sludge, septage management, septic tanks, sludge fi-om septic tank, sludge Ngdy nhdn bdi.25/12/2015; Ngdy phdn bien:31/01/2015: Ngdy duyel ddng: 15/6/2015 Phdn bien khoa hoc: TS Nguyin Thu Huyen - Tneang Dai hpc Tdi nguyen Moi tru&ng Hd Npi ' Tel "' -'"• 37587 Email phuongqtn@gmailcom ... ciia cdc ca quan, xi nghidp, nha may benh vien, trudng hoc.nhung van dd ban nhu khdng dugc quan tdm d Vidt Nam Tuy nhien, ttong nhiing nam gdn day, kM tinb trang nhiem mdi trudng tdng tdi muc bdo... theo kd hoach hang nam eua tbdnb phd Vide thdng hiit bun td cdc nha ve sinb cdng cdng tiiudng dugc thue hidn dinh ky tii tbang ddn ndm ldn Trong tiiyc td, d nMdu dd thi Viet nam, phan bun sau... chuydn, xu ly loai bim ndy Nhu cdu cdng tdc qudn ly phdn biin frong giai doan phdt trien mdi d Viet Nam Theo Quydt dinb sd 445/QD-TTg, qud tiinh phdt tridn dd tM d \^dt Nam ddn 2025 dugc thd Men