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TAP CHI" KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 6(156)-201 61 M I TRlfOiNG VA BIEN DOI KHI HAU VAN OE XAY D l / N G NHA MAY DIEN HAT NHAN 6* VIET NAM • • • TRLPaNG Hap TINH NINH THUAN DAO NGOC BICH PHAM THI H N G THUY TOM TAT An ninh ning Iwgng la mdt vin di sdng cdn ddi vai mgi quoc gia, bai nang Iwgng dam bao mgi hoat ddng kinh ti va xi hdi cho mdt dit nwac Hien nay, ngudn nang Iwgng hoa th^ch dang din can kiet thi ngwai swc tim kiim ngudn nang Iwgng mai di thay thi O Viet Nam, di giai quyit vin di nang Iwgng, chinh phu da chu trwang xiy dwng nha may dien hat nhin diu tien tai tinh Ninh Thuin Ddi vai dja phwang, diy cd thi la mot bwac ngoit cho sw phit thin cua tinh nha Ninh Thuin se tra trung tim nang Iwgng qudc gia, ma dau cho nginh ning Iwgng nguyen tw cua ca nwac Tuy nhien nguon nang Iwgng cung tiim in nhwng sw cd, nguy ca rui ro cao I.DATVAND£ Vipt Nam Id mpt cde quoc gia ed toe dp phdt triln kinh t l khd cac so vdi khu vye vd t h i gidi Tdc dp phat triln ndy da dem lai sy tang trydng kinh t l nhanh 0^0 Ngpe Bich Thpc sT Trudng Dpi hpc Su phpm Thanh phi Ho Chi Minh Phgm Thj Hong Thuy Trudng Dai hpc Su phpm Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh chdng, du-a vj t h i cua dit nude tCpng bude di len tren trudng quoc t l thdi gian qua, ddng thdi gdp phin cai thien chit lygng cupe song cho nhdn dan Tuy nhien, tie dp tang trudng kinh t l cao cung gay nen mdt SCPC ep manh me cho nganh nang lygng qudc gia nhu ciu tieu thy dien nang ngdy mpt Idn Thyc trang thilu nude vdo mua khd khiln chung ta phdi dli mat vdi tinh trang thilu dien triln mien vd nhilu gidi phap tam thdi dwgc dwa nhu cit dipn luan phien, tang gid thdnh cung Cpng dien Nam 2008, chung ta da phai nhap khiu 3,5 ty kWh tCp Trung Quoc; nam 2011, dy kiln Tap dodn Dien lye Viet Nam (EVN) se mua cua Trung Quoc khoang 4,671 ty kWh Chung ta thiy ring, ngudn dipn gilng nhu mach mdu quan trpng nIn kinh t l , nlu thilu hay phy thudc, khdng the ndo Chung ta cd the phdt triln vd ty chu duge Vi vdy mudn phdt trien kinh t l , Idm cho dit nyde gidu manh cudng, thi ndng lygng ein phdi dap Cpng duge nhu ciu, cin phai di tryde mdt bude Bdi todn dien ndng duge dat vd nlu chung ta khdng giai quylt kjp thdi thi san xuit se dinh tre, ddi sing nhan dan bj anh hudng 62 D A O N G O C BICH-PHAM TH! HONG Dien cd t h i san xuit tCp cde nguon nhien lieu hda thach nhu than dd, diu nhung cde nhien lieu ndy ngdy cdng khan hilm vd gid thdnh cao Thuy dien cd gia thdnh thip, nhung Viet Nam da khai thac gin hit cde dja dilm cd the xdy dyng duge thuy dien, han nu-a xay dyng thuy dipn rit t i n dit dai vd cd nguy ca anh hudng nhilu d i n he sinh thdi dap bj phd vd Phang dien thi nang lugng cung Cpng han ehl Vd t i t ea nhu-ng hinh thCpc khdc d l san xuit dipn khdng dem Ipi hieu qua cao, cung nhu khdng t h i dap Cpng yeu cau cung Cpng san lugng nang lugng Vipc san xuit dien bing hat nhdn Id sy lya ehpn t l i yu, vCpa giai quylt dygc nang lygng cdng suit Idn, khdng t i n qud nhilu dit dai, khdng d nhiem mdi trudng, diu tu ban dau cac nhung gid thdnh lai re han nhilu cde loai hinh san xuit khac Tuy ndng lugng hat nhan ddp u-ng 6wgc ngudn ndng lugng khong lo, nhung nlu xay sy CO thi nguy hilm khdn ludng, 6k lai tdc hai rit Idn ve mdi trudng vd eon ngudi Vdy phdt triln dien hat nhdn ed phai Id lya ehpn dung din? KHAI Q U A T CHUNG KHU VL/C DU A N Dy dn dipn hat nhdn Ninh Thudn se gom hai nhd mdy, mdi nhd may gdm hai td may d l cung cip dien cho he thing dien quIc gia Dja dilm xdy dyng hai nhd mdy ndy nhy sau: Nhd mdy dipn hat nhdn Ninh Thudn ddt tai xa Phyde Dinh, huyen Thuan Nam vd Nha may dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn ddt tai xa VTnh Hai, huyen Ninh Hai, tinh Ninh Thudn Nhd mdy dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn dy kiln khdi cdng xdy dyng thdng 12/2014 vd van hdnh thygng mai td mdy vdo nam 2020 vd to may nam 2021 Cdn Nhd mdy dien hat THUY - VAN O E X A Y DUNG N H A M A Y DIEN nhan Ninh Thudn dy kiln khdi cdng xay dyng vdo thdng 5/2015 vd van hdnh thyang mai td mdy nam 2021 vd td may nam 2022 Pham vi d l tai ehl tap trung vdo nghien CCPU ede kha nang xay sy co cua Nhd may dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn Xa Phyde Dinh nim d phia ddng vd ddng nam cua huyen Thudn Nam, tinh Ninh Thudn Phia bic giap xa An Hai va Phude Hai; phia ddng giap biln Ddng; phia tdy va tdy nam gidp xd Phyde Nam vd Phudc Minh, phia nam gidp xd Phyde Diem Xa gem thdn Id; San Hai 1, San Hai 2, Bau NgCp, TCP Thien vd VTnh Trudng (Id thdn thudc pham vi di ddi cua dy dn) Tong so dan cua xa khoang 8.088 ngydi So ngudi dp tudi lap dpng Id 4.539 ngudi (chilm khoang 56,1% sd ddn cua todn xa) Thdnh phin dan tdc chu ylu Id ngudi Kinh, ngydi Chdm vd ngudi Viet gee Hoa (Nien gidm Thing ke tinh Ninh Thuan 2009) Trinh lao ddng thip, rit it ngudi dan tot nghiep cip Nghi nghiep chinh Id di biln, ddnh bit va nudi khai thac thuy hai san Thu nhap binh qudn dau ngudi khoang 1,6 trieu ddng/thdng/ngydi Ve ca sd ting, nhin chung cdn ngheo ndn, he thing giao thdng chya phdt triln, dudng be tdng chilm tren 60%, cdn Ipi la dudng dit Hien tuyin dudng quoc phdng ven biln dang 6wgc dau ty xay dyng, ddy la dydng cd y nghTa quan trpng ve mat an ninh, quoc phdng ding thdi cung Id dilu kien thudn Igi d l thyc hien dy dn nhd mdy dien hat nhdn tai xa trpng tuang lai (Bda edo Quy hoach Nha mdy dien hat nhdn Ninh Thuan 1) Tdi nguyen khodng san cua xa tuang doi phong phu Tai khu vye thdn VTnh Trudng, DAO NGOC BiCH-PHAM TH! HONG THUY - VAN D^ XAY DUNG NHA M A Y OIEN San Hai cd md da granit I p Idt dang duge khai thac; ben canh dd, dai dit doi cat ven bien cua xd cdn chCpa loai quang titan qui hilm dang 6wgc dieu tra ddnh gid (Website: http://www.ninhthuan.gov.vn) Nhin chung, dieu kipn ty nhien cua xd khdng phu hgp 6e phdt triln ndng nghiep md phu hgp d l phdt triln edng nghiep Hinh Sa vj tri Nha may dien hat nhan Ninh Thuan 1, xa Phudc Dinh 63 thilt k l hay khdng Han nu-a, chung cd duge lip dat thee dung tieu chuin tai dung vi tri hay khdng Cde may mdc dd ed van hdnh duge thee chCpc ndng nhu thilt k l hay khdng Ngodi ra, qua trinh xay dyng vd van hdnh nhd mdy, rit nhilu khdu kilm tra vd chay thu' duge thye hien tCpng giai doan d l cd thi xde nhan dwgc tinh an todn cua todn bd nhd mdy Dli vdi Viet Nam, vipc hgp tdc xay dyng nhd may dipn hat nhdn diu tien tai Ninh Thudn, phia Nga se hodn todn chju trdeh nhiem v l hpat ddng Tap dpan Rpsatom cua Nga dd xdy dyng 66 to may d 12 quoc gia tren t h i gidi, vi vdy vipc xdy dyng nhd may vd d l dam bae an todn tiln hanh xay dyng Nhd may dien hat nhan Ninh Thudn se 6wgc phia Nga chu trpng dya tren nhu-ng kinh nghiem thyc t l Nha may dipn hat nhdn Ninh Thuan se duge Nga xdy dyng thee cdng nghe Id phan Cpng hai vdng tuan hoan, an todn nhit hipn so vdi Id phan Cpng mdt vdng tuin hodn cua cde nude khdc tren thi gidi, ben canh dd nguyen ly an todn thy ddng se 6wgc dua vdo thilt k l cua Id Ngudn: Bao cao Hoat ddng nghien cwu dja Ve mat ky thuat, cde chuyen gia dien diim nhd miy di$n h^t nhin t?i Viet Nam nguyen tu- da khing djnh rit khd cd kha Ph6ng Dipn hat nhan, Vien Nang lugng nguy§n nang xay tai nan hat nhan nhu kilu ti> Vipt Nam Cherncbyl Tuy vdy, d l dam bae an todn vin de miu chit d day Id vipc can thilt cAc KHA NANG XAY RA SU" C O a NHA phai xde lap he thong cde quy tic vd MAYDIEN HAT NHAN NINH THUAN 3.1 Kha ndng xay sy eo nguyen tri trinh dp chuyen mdn d l cd the tuan thu nhu-ng yeu cau nghiem ngat v l an tedn nhan v l ky thuat cung nhu phai gidm sat chat che v l ky Cac tieu chuin vd hydng din thim djnh danh gid an todn deu da dygc quy djnh thuat trcng xdy dyng va van hdnh 3.2 Kha nang xay sy e l nguyen van ban rd rdng nen nlu thyc thi nhdn tCp ngydi theo ede tieu chuan do, ta cd t h i xde nhdn Nang lygng nguyen tCp vdi nhung ITnh vye duge thilt k l cd an todn hay khdng, cac Cpng dyng rdng Idn cua nd, tCi- vipc tpo may mdc cd dygc chi tpo theo dung nhy 64 DAO NGOC BICH-PHAM THI HONG THOY - VAN OE XAY DUNG NHA MAY DIEN ndng lugng cho tdi nhCi-ng Cpng dung cua tia phdng xa y t l , qudn sy, tit ea diu dyge quy djnh chat che thdng qua cae tieu chuin vd quy tie nghiem ngat nhim mdt myc dich nhit Id dam bao an todn Luat phdp quy djnh nghTa vu tudn thu cde tieu chuin vd quy tic Nhd nude lap cde ca quan vd to chCpc 6e kilm tra, gidm djnh thudng xuyen tinh hinh tudn thu cde tieu chuin vd quy tie ndy Vi vdy bit CLP cd nhan ndo lam vipc trpng mdi trudng lien quan din phdng xa can phai tudn thu nghiem ngat cde yeu ciu dwgc ddt Trcng trudng hgp cac dilu kien v l ky thuat 6wgc dam bao, thilt k l dung tieu chuin nhung tai nan hat nhdn vdn ed t h i xay nlu nhdn vien van hdnh mic sai sdt hoac khdng tudn thu dung quy trinh, dac biet la nhu-ng nhdn vien khdng cd du trinh dp chuyen mdn, met thao tdc sai lim cua ho cung ed t h i din din nhCrng tai nan nghiem trpng cho nhd may Vi vdy, dli vdi ngdnh hat nhdn tuang dli mdi me d nude ta, viec tim kiem nguon nhdn lye cho nhd mdy Id vin d l cip thilt O Viet Nam, kinh nghiem van hanh Id phan ung nghien CCPU Dd Lat trcng suit 15 nam qua dd phan dnh trinh dp cao cua cde can bp vd nhdn vien Viet Nam trpng edng viec van hdnh, quan ly vd bao dudng Id phan LPng (md hinh thu nhd cua nhd may dien nguyen tCp) Ben canh dd, d l chuin bj nhan lye che Nhd mdy dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn 1, Nhd nyde da cd nhu-ng chinh sach hd trg dao tao nhdm dam bao du nhdn lye cho van hdnh vd bao dydng td mdy so nhd mdy dien hat nhan Ninh Thudn 1, ea quan an tedn hat nhan, cde ca quan nghien CCPU triln khai va hd trg ky thudt nhy van hdnh I n djnh ede ea sd dao tao dai hpc, tren dai hpc chuyen nganh dien hat nhan; dya can bp, nhdn vien, sinh vien cd ndng lye ddo tao d nude ngodi Dien hat nhdn da trai qua ljch su' tuang doi ddi d cac nude phdt triln, dilu cdn thilt la chung ta can tan dyng Igi t h i di sau cua minh d l hpc hdi tCp nhu-ng thdnh cdng va thit bai cua t h i gidi 6e ed nhu-ng kinh nghipm vd cdng nghe ky thudt uu viet nhat 3.3 Kha ndng xay sy e l nguyen nhan tCp thien tai vd tham hpa ty nhien Sy e l nhd may dien hat nhdn Fukushima Nhat Ban Id bdi hpc kinh nghiem Idn dli vdi t h i gidi vd dac biet dli vdi Viet Nam, quIc gia dang chuin bj xdy dyng nhd may dipn hpt nhdn Vipc lya ehpn dja dilm va cdng nghe cin dygc xem xet than trpng, dd cdn tinh din tit ca cde ylu t l c6 t h i anh hudng din an todn cua mpt nha mdy vdi nhu-ng trudng hgp eye doan nhat nhy ddng dit, sdng thin vd nhu-ng sy c6 trung lap ddng thdi cua cde ylu t l dpng dit, sdng thin (tham hpa kep) cung nhu cac ylu t l khdc nhdm dam bae tinh an todn cao nhit cho nhd may dipn hat nhan trpng dieu kipn cd sy e l Hien tai, Viet Nam da xdy dyng 25 kjch ban v l sdng thin cd kha nang xay theo hodn canh, thdi dilm vd khu vye cy the Cac kjch ban sdng thin 6wgc su- dung de xdy dyng ban dd canh bdo nguy eg sdng thin se 6wgc xdy dyng tren ea sd djch chuyin chin tdm ddng dit dpc theo ddi chim Manila Thee cde nhd khoa hpc, hien cd vung ngudn sdng thin cd kha ndng anh hydng din bd biln nude ta Trong dd, vung nguon nguy hilm nhit Id ddi chim Manila Hai vung nguy hilm khdc Id vung nguIn tai DAO NGOC BiCH-PHAM THj HONG THOY - V A N Q^ X A Y ddi dCpt gay ngodi khai B i c Trung Bd, nam Hai Nam vd vung ngudn tai ddi hut chim Riukiu (Ddi Loan) Cdn ede ddi hut chim khdc cd the tao sdng t h i n nhung tdc dpng che c h i n cua cde dao, sdng than khdng t h i lan truyin vd anh hudng tdi vung bd bien Viet Nam DUNG N H A MAY DIEN 65 tCp cac nguon da xde djnh d i u tap trung vdo Tuy Hda, mdt thdnh duyen hai mien Trung Viet Nam Hinh Thdi gian lan truyin song than tip vung khu vye ddi hut chim Manila tdi vung bd biln Viet Nam 100 Hinh Cde vung ngudn ddng d i t gay sdng thin cd t h i anh hudng tdi vung bd biln va hai dao Viet Nam 25 Thanh Hoa *j NgheAnlil Ngudn: http://www.vast.ac.vn vd cang ngh$ Vi$t Nam Vien Khoa hpc Cac nghien CLPU cho thiy, nhu-ng thdnh thudc bd b i l n m i l n Trung Viet Nam se la nhu-ng dja d i l m d i u tien phai hCpng chju sy t i n edng cua sdng t h i n Thdi gian lan truyen sdng than tCp ngudn tdi m i l n Trung Viet Nam dao ddng khoang tren dudi gid dong h i Dai ven b i l n m i l n B i c Viet Nam tCp D i n g Hdi trd cd thdi gian lan truyin tren gid dong h i Cde thdnh thupc dai ven bien mien Nam Viet Nam tCp Phan Thilt trd vdo cung chi ddn dgt sdng than d i u tien sau gid dong h i Dae bipt, k i t qua cua nhilu kjch ban d i u cho thiy, diem d i n d i u tien cua sdng t h i n Ngudn: http://www.vast.ac.vn vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Vi§n Khoa hpc Theo tinh todn cua Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi trudng, n l u mdt tran ddng d i t cudng dp 8,3 dp Richter xay d khu vye ranh nude sdu Manila thi cd t h i tao nen sdng than cao 6,2m d Quang Ngai vd 2,1m d Nha Trang Mdt trdn ddng d i t cd cudng dp 9,2 dp Richter d cung khu vye cd t h i tao sdng t h i n cao 10,6m d Quang Ngai vd 5m d Nha Trang Rieng d l i vdi Ninh Thudn, Ijch sumCpc sdng cao nhit ghi nhdn duge la 8m, nhung cac de vdng bao ngodi cua hai nhd mdy dien hat nhdn d day da 6wgc thiet k l cae 15m d l tranh nguy ca sdng t h i n 66 OAO NGQC BICH-PHAM THI HONG THQY Ve nguy ca ddng dat a Viet Nam dwgc ddnh gid nhu sau: Nude ta n i m d p h i n Ddng Nam cua mang Au A, giu-a mang An Dp, mang Philippines vd mang chau Uc, Id khu vye it bj t i n thyang bdi dpng d i t SP vdi cde nude khu vye nhu Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia Hinh He thing cde dCpt gay d Viet Nam - VAN OE XAY DUNG N H A M A Y OIEN trdn ddng d i t c i p 7, tuang duang 5,1-5,5° Richter vd hdng trdm trdn ddng d i t y l u han Mdt s l khu vye d Viet Nam hien dang cd dp nhay cam cac trudc nhu-ng rung ddng dja c h i n Chang han, Thu dd Hd Ndi hien dang n i m tren vung 6wgc d y bdc phai chju d y c h i n ddng d i t c i p Cac khu vye ddn ey vd ede cdng trinh thuy dien Idn cua d i t nyde tai Tdy B i c nhy: Dien Bien, Tuin Giao, Lai Chdu, Sgn La ed t h i phai chju dyng nhu-ng c h i n ddng c i p 8-9 tyang lai Dd Ndng, Dung Q u i t vd mdt so khu vye dd thj cua m i l n Trung nude ta cung ndm vung ed t h i chju anh hudng c h i n ddng ddng d i t tdi c i p Tai Ninh Thudn dd tCpng xay c h i n dpng 3,4° Richter nhung d y dn nhd mdy dien hat nhdn tai Ninh Thudn lai d y g c thilt k l d mCpc d y phdng cao han tu- 15-30% so vdi mCpc dp ddng d i t cao n h i t da tCpng xay d Viet Nam Ngudn: http://www.vast.ac.vn vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam Vien Khoa hpc Tuy nhien, tren Idnh thd vd ldnh hai Viet Nam t i n tai he t h i n g dCpt gdy heat ddng phCpc tap nhu: dCpt gay Lai Chdu-Dien Bien, dCpt gay sdng Md, dCpt gay San La, ddi dCpt gay sdng Hdng, ddi dCpt gay sdng Ca, dCpt gay kinh tuyin 109-110° nen kha nang ddng d i t manh da duge canh bao Cac nghien CCPU khea hpc da ghi nhdn, tCp dau t h i ky XX d i n d khu vye phia B i c nyde ta da xay tran ddng d i t c i p 8-9, tygng dygng 6,7-6,8° Richter, hdng chyc Nhu vdy, cde v i n de v l thien tai da duge ddnh gia d i n viec xdy dyng nhd may dipn hat nhdn n h i m dam bao dp an tpan cac n h i t xay ede tham hpa ty nhien qua trinh van hdnh nhd mdy K^T LUAN Dien hat nhdn hCpa hen nhu'ng bude ehuyin minh mpnh me cua ngdnh cdng nghiep q u I c gia, song lai t i l m i n nhu-ng nguy ca h i t SLPC nguy h i l m De cd the danh gid dung tac ddng cua nhd may dien hpt nhan ddi vdi mdi trudng, trudc h i t can ed edi nhin tdng quan v l cac kha ndng xay s y e l nhd mdy dien hat nhdn duge xay dyng vd van hdnh Khi s y CO xay du Id nguyen nhdn ndo di nu-a thi viec phdng xp t h i t thodt ben DAO N G O C BiCH-PHAM THj H O N G THUY - VAN O E XAY DUNG N H A M A Y DIEN ngodi anh hydng d i n mdi trydng vd een ngudi la khdng the tranh khdi Tuy vdo nguyen nhdn cua s y eo md pham vi anh hudng vd thipt hai se khdc Vi vdy nghien CCPU cac kha ndng ed t h i xay s y CO d Nhd may dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn id h i t SCPC can thilt • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bereznai, George 2005 Nuclear Power Plant Systems and Operation Cue Thing ke Ninh Thudn 2010 Nien giam Thong ke Ninh Thuan 2009 Ninh Thuan http://www.ninhthuan.gov.vn IAEA 2005 Safety Standards Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purposes of Radiation Protection No RS-G1.8 Intemational Atomic Energy Agency Vienna Phdng Dien hat nhan, Vien Nang lugng 67 nguyen tu- Viet Nam 2009 Bao cio Quy hoach Nhi miy dien hat nhin Ninh Thuin Ha Npi Phdng Dien hat nhan, Vien Nang lugng nguyen tu Viet Nam 2011 Bio cao Hoat ddng nghien cwu dia diim nha may dien hat nhin tai Viet Nam Ha Npi Phong Dien hat nhan, Vien Nang lugng nguyen tu- Viet Nam 2011 Sao cao tdm tit Tdng quan he thdng cdng nghe nha may dien hat nhin Trin Van Luyln 2009 Tai lieu Hpi thao v l dien hat nhan, chu d l : Dien hat nhan va cic van di lien quan din mdi trwang va sCrc khde ngwai Ninh Thuan Trin Van Tuin 2010 Ning cao hiiu biit vi dien hat nhin cho dan chung Ninh Thuin bang phwang phap truyin thdng da phwang tien Luan van thac sT Vat ly ly thuylt va Vat ly toan Trudng Dpi hpc Cdn Tha ... Phyde Dinh, huyen Thuan Nam vd Nha may dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn ddt tai xa VTnh Hai, huyen Ninh Hai, tinh Ninh Thudn Nhd mdy dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn dy kiln khdi cdng xdy dyng thdng 12/2014 vd... nhdn Ninh Thudn id h i t SCPC can thilt • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bereznai, George 2005 Nuclear Power Plant Systems and Operation Cue Thing ke Ninh Thudn 2010 Nien giam Thong ke Ninh Thuan 2009 Ninh. .. nghien CCPU ede kha nang xay sy co cua Nhd may dien hat nhdn Ninh Thudn Xa Phyde Dinh nim d phia ddng vd ddng nam cua huyen Thudn Nam, tinh Ninh Thudn Phia bic giap xa An Hai va Phude Hai; phia ddng
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