I answer the questions 1 What the semantics do? Semantic is a branch of linguistics which deal with meaning Semantic is the systematic study of meaning Put another way it is the study of how language.
I answer the questions What the semantics do? Semantic is a branch of linguistics which deal with meaning Semantic is the systematic study of meaning Put another way it is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning Components of word- meaning We distinguish major components of word meaning - Denotation which includes: conceptual and referential meaning, denotation exists by virtue of what its refers to - Connotation including stylistic, affective, evaluative, and intensifying, is the pragmatic communicative value the words acquires by virtue of where, when, how, and by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used - Structural meaning which is the meaning a word acquires by virtue of its membership in a system or a set - Categorial meaning which serves as a classificatory basis - Sentence meaning as what a sentence mean regardless of the context or situation in which it may be used - Utterance meaning, on the other hand, is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a certain situation II IV Question 18 Words are regarded as the smallest indivisible meaningful units of a language which can operate independently e.g no, way Question 19 The difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning: lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function words, but in neither is grammatical absent Example of lexical and grammatical meaning love, like, work have different lexical meaning and have same grammatical meaning ( verbs) Question 20 Homonymy They look alike or sound alike (or both) but have different meanings Question 21 Polysemy It is a property of single words Another way it is a multiple meaning Depending on the pronunciation and spelling homonyms may be classified into - Full homonyms, identical in both: bark- bark - Homophones, identical in pronunciation only: air- heir - Homographs, identical in spelling only: wind- wind Question 22 Synonyms are words of the same parts of speech which have similar meaning but not identical meaning and sound different E.g father and dad Question 23 Antonyms are opposite in meanings./ words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms Types of antonym Complementary: fast – slow Gradable pairs: black- white Conversives: lend- borrow Question 24 Full words in English are the notional parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs E.g girl, learn, blue Empty words consist of articles, conjunctions, certain pronouns, prepositions E.g the, in, because Question 49: distinguish metaphor and metonymy Metaphor Metonymy - Is the transference of meaning - Can be defined as the from one object to another based substitution of one word for on similarity between these two another with which it is objects associated - E.g she is a snake It means she is a bad women - E.g roof for house It means we all live under the same roof Question 50 1.When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lightning - It is metaphor - a streak of lightning in this context means: fast - the whole sentence means Jack is very fast Question 57 Entailment is a relationship that implies between two propositions where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meaning of the other because of the meaning of the words involve E.g peter is married to Anna -> Anna is peter’s husband Question 63 The structural meaning of the sentence is the kind of meaning that results from a particular arrangement of the parts of the sentence E.g the mantte wernnted a job Question 64 - material processes are processes of doing - Involves an actor and a goal - e.g she is slept in semantic class An actor- she, process- sleep, goal- semantic class Question 65 Mental processes are processes of sense: feel, think Involve a senser and a phenomenon e.g everyone likes the play Question 70 Epistemic - Epistemic can be scribed as Deontic - Deontic can be characterized as possibility- based - not contain an element of will - judgements and evidentials are the kinds of epistemic commitment necessity- based - contain an element of will - commissives, imperatives or directives are the grammatical type of deontic modality Question 77 Proposition content consists of the predicate, argument, and the role of each argument Example - The man bit the dog - The dog bit the man Two sentences have the same proposition, because both consists of the predicate BITE and two argument MAN and DOG But two sentences have different meanings The sentences are different not in term of their predicate and arguments, but in terms of the semantic roles of MAN and DOG In the sentence “The man bit the dog” the man is the argument that preforms the event of BITING and DOG is the argument that undergoes this act While in “The dog bit the man” the situation is opposite Question 78 Semantic roles are a means to represent sentence meaning in logical terms Semantic roles are assigned to nouns and noun phrases according to the relation they hold with the predicate Example: she opened the door She – doer The door- affected