Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học và thực tiễn đề xuất các giải pháp bảo vệ môi trường theo lưu vực sông

KY YEU "CAC Pg TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI POAN 2002 2006" BE TAI N G H I E N CLTU C O S O K H O A H O C V A T H U C T I E N O E X U A T C A C G I A I P H A[.]

KY YEU "CAC Pg TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI POAN 2002-200 BE TAI: N G H I E N CLTU C O S O K H O A H O C V A T H U C T I E N O E CAC GIAI PHAP BAO VE MOI TRUONG THEO L U U VUC XUAT SONG Ca quan chu tri: Cue Bao ve mdi tru&ng C h u n h i e m de t a i : ThS Phung Van Vui - Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Cac can bp p h o i hop: GS TSKH Ngo Dinh Tuan Trudng Dai hoc Thuy lai Ha Ndi KS Tran Minh Khdi P vien K.sat Quy hoach thuy igi Nam Bp PGS TS Nguyin Ddc Hy Vien nghien cdu sinh thai va mdi uudng GS TS Tran Hieu Nhue Trudng DH Xay dung TS Trinh Le Thanh Trudng DHkhoa hoc tu nhien TS Ha Tien Luy Ciic Quan ly tai nguyen nude TS Le Hoang Lan Cue Bao ve mdi trudng Muc tieu cua de tai: Nghien cuu ca sa khoa hoc va thuc tidn de" xuat cac giai phap quan ly m o i trudng luu vuc song kha thi va phu hop dieu kien Viet Nam A p dung vai luu vuc song: song Nhue - song Day, song Huang, song Dong Nai song Sai Gon Noi dung nghien curu: - Danh gia ve hien trang m o i trudng va du bao xu the o nhidm m o i trudng tai cac luu vuc song quan trpng cua Viet Nam; Danh gia didn bien phat tridn k i n h te - xa hpi tai cac luu vuc song - Xac dinh nhung van de moi trudng bde xuc tai luu vuc song - Danh gia hien trang cdng tac bao ve m o i trudng tai cac luu vuc sdng - Nghien cuu kinh nghidm qudc te va khu vuc cdng tac quan l y m d i trudng luu vuc sdng, lam ca sd xay dung m d hinh quan l y m d i trudng luu vuc sdng d Viet Nam - Xay dung tidu chi va phan loai cac luu vuc sdng cua Viet N a m tren quan didm bao vd mdi trudng - De xuat cac giai phap quan ly m d i trudng luu vuc sdng - Dd xuat cac kien nghi lien quan den cdng tac quan l y m d i trudng luu vuc sdng can thuc hien thdi gian trudc mdt va lau dai Tom tat ket qua nghien cdu: Bao cao ket qua nghien cdu de tai dupe t r i n h bay theo chuang va cac van lidu tham khao 596 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" CHUONG I: TONG QUAN CHUNG VE LUU VUC SONG VA HIEN TRANG VE C O N G T A C Q U A N LY, KHAI T H A C , SllT D U N G TAI N G U Y E N N U O G V A B A O V E MOI TRUCJNG T H E O L U U V U C S O N G TAI V I E T N A M I TONG QUAN CHUNG VE LUU VUC SONG VIET NAM 1.1 Dac t r a n g che dp k h i hau Viet Nam nam khu vuc nhiet ddi gio mua, co lupng mua trung binh nhieu nam tren toan lanh tho khoang 1960 m m Lupng mua hang nam ciing phan bo' khong deu theo khong gian; noi co lupng mua nam Ion nha't la Bac Quang (Ha Giang): xap x i 5000 m m , k h i vung cue nam Trung Bp lupng mua nam chi dat khoang 600 den 800 m m 1.2 Dac trung he thdng song ngoi va luu vuc sdng(LVS) A Ve dien tich luu vuc Nude ta co mang ludi song ngoi kha day dac Neu chi tinh cac song co chieu dai t d 10km trd len va co dong chay thudng xuyen da la 2360 sdng Tong dien tich luu vuc cua cac sdng ldn chiem tdi hon 80% tdng dien tich lanh tho cua ca nude Trong dd, sdng Me Kong la sdng ldn nhat ke dd'n la he thd'ng sdng H o n g - Thai Binh, sdng Ddng Nai - Sai Gon, sdng M a , sdng Ca B Ve vi tri dia ly cua luu vuc song: Cd nhom chinh sau: - Nhom cac sdng cd thupng ngudn cua luu vuc nam lanh tho Viet N a m ; nhu sdng Bang Giang - K y Cung, sdng Se San, sdng Srepok - Nhom cac sdng cd trung va du cua luu vuc nam lanh tho Vidt N a m : nhu sdng Me Kong, sdng Hong - Thai Binh, sdng M a , sdng Ca, sdng D o n g N a i - Sai Gon - Nhom cac sdng cd toan bp luu vuc nam lanh thd Viet N a m : nhu cac song d Quang Ninh, cac song d Trung va N a m Trung Bp ( nhu: sdng Gianh, Nhat L d , Thach Han, Huong, Thu Bdn, Ba, Tra Khuc, Cdn ) II TONG QUAN VE HIEN TRANG CONG TAC QUAN LY, KHAI THAC, SIT DUNG TAl NGUYEN NUOC V A B A O V E M O I TRUONG THEO LUU VUC SONG ( LVS ) nude ta, cdng tac quan l y , khai thac, su dung tai nguyen nude va quan ly m d i trudng chu yeu van thuc hien theo phuong thuc : Quan ly theo Nganh khai thac su dung tai nguyen nude va theo dia gidi hanh chinh ( t i n h , huyen ) Cdng tac quan l y , khai thac, su dung tai nguyen nude va bao ve m d i trudng theo L u u vuc sdng da cd nhung chuydn bien tich cue, nhung van tdn tai nhidu k h d khan va han che n.l Chat lupng nude va tinh hinh d nhidm ngudn nude Nhung nganh gay nhidm ngudn nude chii yeu la san xuat cdng nghiep, thuy san nhidm nude san xua't cong nghiep la rat nghiem trpng M d t nhung va'n dd can dupe dac biet quan tam la P nhidm ngudn nude d mdt so lang nghe Theo so lieu thd'ng ke thi hien nude ta cd khoang 1.450 lang nghd truyen thd'ng tap trung chu yd'u d ddng bang Bac Bp (67,3%), mien Trung (20,5%) va mien N a m la 12,2% Cac lang nghd che bien ndng san thuc pham, ddt nhudm, thu cdng m y nghe, thudc da, ma, due hang nam cung thai dd true tiep vao ngudn nude mdt lupng ldn cac chat thai du loai gay d nhidm 597 KY YEU "CAC OE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-20 nuoc, trudc het la d nhiem chat huu ca, nhidm v i sinh va dang ddng trudc nguy ca bi nhidm k i m loai nang H.2 Tinh hinh chat luong nude va d nhidm nguon nude d cac vung A Cdc tinh Bde Bp M d t sd ngudn nude mat da b i d nhidm d mdt sd doan sdng n h u nude sdng Cdu, sdng Cdng, sdng Nhue d mdt sd doan qua lang nghe hoac khu san xua't cdng nghiep Ngudn gay d nhidm chu yd'u la nude thai sinh hoat khdng qua x u l y cua cac khu dd thi (thi tran Phu Luang, phd Thai Nguyen tinh Thai Nguyen, phd H a i Phong ); nude thai cdng nghidp (khu gang thep Thai Nguyen, nha may gia'y Hoang Van Thu tinh Thai Nguyen, khu cdng nghiep Tien Son va Que V d tinh Bac N i n h , nha may x i mang But Son, khu cdng nghidp K i d n Khe, khu cdng nghiep Dong Van tinh Ha Nam ); nude thai td cac lang nghd (Dai L a m Van M d n , Da H d i tinh Bac N i n h , mdt so lang nghe tinh Ha Tay ) B Cdc tinh Trung Bp Tinh hinh d nhidm nude khu vuc chua dd'n mdc tram Cac sdng ldn (sdng Tra Khuc, sdng Tra Bdng, sdng Ve, sdng Han ) bi d nhidm chu yd'u t d cac cha't thai hoat ddng san xua't cua cac ca sd, dich vu va sinh hoat cua cac hd dan cu sdng ven sdng Cac chi tieu B O D , C O D , SS, dau m d , nitrit, amoni va c o l i f o r m deu vupt tieu chudn qui dinh C Cdc tinh Nam bp Chat lupng nude mat cua cac sdng mdt so dia phuong da bi d nhidm den mdc dp bao ddng Sdng Sai Gon t d k h i cd hd Dau Tieng, ngudn nude cap da bi han che nhieu K h u vuc bi d nhidm huu co nang nha't la td cau Binh Phudc dd'n Tan Thuan (gia t r i DO thudng nhd hon mg/1) Ham lupng cac chat dinh dudng nhu nito vupt qua quy dinh nhieu lan, nha't la tai khu vuc Ben Nha Rdng Sdng T h i V a i la noi tiep nhan nude thai cdng nghiep cua khu k i n h te phat trien: Thanh phd H d C h i M i n h , Bien Hda va Vung Tau Chat lupng nude sdng T h i V a i thudng bi d nhidm cac chat thai cdng nghiep cua cac K C N , bieu t h i qua cac thdng so DO, BOD, N - N H d ca miia mua va miia khd nhidm nha't la rach Nude L d n dd sdng Thi V a i ( D < mg/1) D Xam nhap man ff dong bang sdng Cuu Long Chat lupng nude d ddng bang sdng Ciru Long didn bidn kha phdc tap theo khdng gian va thdi gian N g u d n nude mua va nude sdng M e k o n g cd chat lupng tuong ddi tdt cd thd lam ngudn nude phuc vu sinh hoat va san xua't T u y nhien, tai nhung dia ban khac su xam nhap man, anh hudng nude chua phen va cac tac nhan khai thac cua ngudi (sinh hoat, san xuat) va cac ngudn nhidm ban khac lam cho chat lupng nude d ddng bang sdng Cuu L o n g cd chidu hudng suy giam va b i d nhidm d cac mdc dp khac CHUONG II: MOT SO BUC XUC VE MOI TRUCfNG TAI MOT SO LUU VUC SONG I LUU VUC SONG DONG NAI - SAI GON Luu vuc song D o n g N a i - Sai Gon vdi tdng didn tich t u nhien la 48.268 k m (khdng ke phan dien tich thudc lanh thd Camphuchia),nam trai tren toan bp dia gidi hanh chinh cua cac tinh L a m D o n g , Binh Phudc, Binh Duong, Tay N i n h , Dong N a i , TP H d C h i M i n h , 598 KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUflNG GIAI SPAN 2002-2006' Ba Ria - Vung Tau va mot phan dia gidi hanh chinh tinh Dak Lak, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan va Long A n Tong cong co tat ca 11 tinh nam luu vuc ( v d i tong dan sd vao khoang 15 Trieu dan ) va tap trung nhidu nganh, nhieu l i n h vuc: ndng nghiep, thuy l p i , thuy dien, lam nghiep, cdng nghidp, cung ca'p nude va x u l y nude thai, bao ve m d i trudng, bao ve cac he sinh thai ddu ngudn va vung cua sdng T i e m nang tai nguyen nude cua he thd'ng sdng Dong Nai - Sai Gon cd gia t r i rat ldn ve k i n h te, nhung thuc te chung da bi lam dung khai thac quo mOc va d u bao se tiep tuc bi khai thac rao riet hon tuong lai nham dap dng cho cac chi tidu, quy hoach phat trien k i n h te-xa hdi cua cac nganh, dia phuong tren luu vuc Khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen ndi chung va tai nguyen nude ndi rieng la hanh ddng tat yeu cho nhu cau phat trien k i n h te-xa hdi T u y nhien, viec khai thac qua mdc va su dung khdng hop l y ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien se dan den hau qua lam suy thoai va can kidt ngudn nude va t d dd lam nhung tdn that nang nd ve mat kinh te cung nhu xa hdi V i the, viec khai thac va su dung hop l y tai nguyen nude nham dam bao cho su phat trien ben vung viing lanh thd luu vuc sdng D d n g Nai - Sai Gon phai dupe quan tam dung mdc cua Chinh phu, Lanh dao cac tinh, cac Bp, Nganh, cac td chdc xa hpi va tdng don v i ca nhan, hp gia dinh II LUU VUC SONG NHUE - SONG DAY Luu vuc sdng Nhue - sdng Day thupc cdc tinh va phd: Hoa Binh, Ha N d i , Ha Tay, Ha Nam, N a m D i n h , N i n h Binh, cd didn tich khoang 8.000 k m , dan so tren trieu ngudi, dd cd khoang 3,5 tridu sdng ven sdng Day la viing lanh thd cd didu kien t u nhien, mdi trudng phong phu da dang, cd v i t r i dia ly dac biet quan trpng chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ciia viing ddng bang sdng Hong dd cd Thu D d Ha Ndi.Song Day la sdng dung de phan lu ciia song Hdng (dd bao ve Ha N d i ) k h i gap lu dac biet ldn Sdng, noi day cung dang gap phai nhung va'n de m d i trudng bde xuc thien nhien va ngudi gay nhu l u lut, ling ngap, thoai hoa dat, d nhidm m d i trudng qua trinh dd thi hoa, cdng nghidp hda Sdng Nhue - sdng Day cd nhieu phu luu kha ldn chay qua cac phd, thi xa, thi trdn, thi tu, tu didm dan cu, khu cdng nghiep, khu che xua't, dich vu, lang nghe, la ngudn cdp nude ngpt quan trpng cho san xua't va dan sinh III HE THONG SONG HUONG He thd'ng sdng Huong la mpt nhung sdng ldn cua khu vuc midn Trung, didn tich luu vuc la 2713 k m (vdi tdng dan so vao khoang 0,538 Trieu dan) ddng vai trd quan trpng cong cudc phat tridn kinh te xa hdi cua tinh Thda Thien - Hue Trudc mdt cung nhu lau dai, sdng Huong da dang va se la ngudn cung ca'p nude nhat cho cac hoat dpng sinh hoat, cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep cho dan cu ndi thanh, ngoai TP Hue va cac vung lan can Ngoai cac chdc nang ve giao thdng, du lich, didu hoa v i k h i hau, sdng Huong cd y nghla quan trpng lich su phat tridn va canh quan cua cd dd Hue Dong chay sdng Huong gdn lien v d i su hinh va phat trien k i n h Hue theo thdi gian cung v d i cdc giai doan lich su cua no Sdng Huong cung la noi tiep nhan nude thai sinh hoat dd thi va cdng nghiep cua phd Hue CHUONG III: QUAN LY VA BAO VE MOI TRUCfNG THEO LUU VUC SONG I QUAN LY VA BAO VE MOI TRUONG THEO LUU VUC SONG CUA MOT SO NUOC Hien nay, d nhieu nude tren the gidi da thuc hien vide quan ly khai thac, su dung tai nguyen va bao ve m d i trudng nude theo m d hinh Quan l y tdng hop tai nguyen nude theo 599 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006 he thong L u u vuc song, day la mo hinh quan ly tien tien nham dat duoc hieu qua khai thac tai nguyen mpt each tot nhat ma v i n co the t r i va bao ve ben vung m o i trudng - M o hinh to chdc, quan l y Tai nguyen nude cua L u u vuc song Chau giang ( mien nam Trung qudc - M d hinh td chdc quan l y L u u vuc song Georga ( Canada ) Day la m o hinh Quan ly Luu vuc song theo lien nganh, co su tham gia chat che ciia cac ben lien quan - M o hinh td chdc quan l y L u u vuc song Seine ( Phap ) Co cau td chuc Quan ly Luu vuc song Seine la mpt M o hinh quan l y T a i nguyen nude kha hoan thien ( quan ly den tdng tieu luu vuc cua he thdng song Seine ) vdi su tham gia chat che ciia cac nganh, cac dia phuang va cpng ddng dan cu luu vuc I I K H A I QUAT M O T SO T I N H HINH V A K I N H N G H I E M V E Q U A N L Y , K H A I THAC TONG HOP V A B A O V E T A I N G U Y E N NU6C CUA L U U VUC SONG C H A U GIANG (TRUNG QUOC) • - Quy hoach luu vuc sdng: Quy hoach luu vuc sdng la mdt nhung chdc trach chu yeu ciia uy hdi sdng Chau giang - Phong, chdng va giam nhe nhung tac hai lu lut va han han gay - Quan l y tai nguyen nude Thuc t h i , hudng dan va giam sat viec thi hanh cac Luat, Nghi dinh va Quy dinh - Cdng tac bao ve tai nguyen nude Trong linh vuc Bao ve tai nguyen nude, uy hdi sdng Chau Giang da hoan Quy hoach Bao vd tai nguyen nude sdng Chau Giang ; trien khai cdng tac Bao vd tai nguyen nude tren toan bp l u u vuc sdng, dieu hda nhung mau thuan ve d nhidm tai nguyen nude giua cac tinh l u u vuc, tridn khai cdng tac quan trac va hoat ddng nghien cdu khoa hoc ve bao ve tai nguyen nude ; ddng thdi phoi hop va hd trp cac T i n h , phd lien quan vide xay dung quy hoach bao ve tai nguyen nude ciia cac dia phuang - Cdng tac g i u nude - g i u dat, chdng rua trdi va x d i m d n dat - Cong tac chinh t r i va quan l y cua sdng - Nghien cdu khoa hoc phuc vu cho linh vuc tai nguyen nude va cdng trinh thuy III MOT SO NHAN XET VA LIEN HE Qua tham khao k i n h nghidm ciia mdt sd nude va mdt sd L u u vuc sdng linh vuc Quan ly tdng hop Tai nguyen nude Chiing ta cd thd thay duoc, su khac biet giua cac nude Co cau td chdc Quan ly Tai nguyen nude d ca'p Qudc gia va cap L u u vuc sdng la rat ldn - Ve mat v i md, can thiet phai cd mdt co quan cap cao, bao gom cac Bp trudng/ hoac Thd trudng cua N d i cac dd dieu phd'i d ca'p qudc gia Co quan thuc te cung nhu mdt Tieu ban cua N p i cac, nghien cdu cac va'n de thudc l i n h vuc T a i nguyen nude trudc dua thao luan tai N d i cac va hoac de trinh T h u tudng quyet dinh - Co quan ngoai chdc nang dieu phd'i, phai chi dao viec xay dung cac Chinh sach va hanh dpng, cac Chien lupc, Quy hoach va Ke hoach ve quan l y , khai thac, su dung, bao ve tai nguyen va m d i trudng nude - Quy hoach Tdng hop Tai nguyen nude va Quan l y tdng hop Tai nguyen nude la chuan muc, cdng cu va ca sd chinh dd dieu phd'i Nganh nude 600 KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" - M hinh Quan l y Tdng hop Tai nguyen va m i trudng nude theo L u u vuc sdng da duoc ap dung d Trung qudc, Australia Phap va Canada la nhung m d hinh to chdc cd hidu luc va cdng quan l y tai nguyen nude IV DE XUAT CAC G I A I PHAP Q U A N L Y V A B A O V E M O I TRUONG THEO L U U VUC SONG T A I VIET N A M I V L Cac can c d phap ly Quan diem B V M T luu vuc sdng dupe the hidn tai cac van ban phap luat, chinh sach va chien lupc cua Dang va Nha nude, cu the: - Chien lupc bao ve mdi trudng qudc gia den nam 2010 va dinh hudng den nam 2020 - N g h i quyet sd - N Q / T W 15/11/2004 cua Bp chinh tri - Luat Bao ve M o i trudng 2005 I V Nang cao nang luc quan ly nha nude cua tung t i n h / T P t r o n g cdng tac B V M T l u u vuc sdng ^ a Thanh lap uy ban cac luu vuc sdng b Xay dung chinh sach phuc vu cho cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng l u u vuc sdng, chinh sach huy dpng ngudn vdn, quy bao ve m d i trudng luu vuc sdng, thud, Id phi, ap dung SXSH, cdng nghd x d l y cha't thai, chinh sach xa hdi hoa cdng tac B V M T luu vuc sdng c Nang cap he thd'ng co quan quan l y m d i trudng cac tinh tren cac l u u vuc sdng d Thanh lap Phong Quan l y m d i trudng d cac quan, huydn, phudng, xa, vung K T T D P N , cac K C N tren luu vuc e Tang cudng so lupng va cha't lupng can bp, nang cao trinh dp k y thuat phuc vu cho cong tac quan l y , nghien cuu bao ve va su dung hop l y ngudn nude, nang luc kiem soat d nhidm, tra kiem tra g Dau t u chieu sau, xay dung co sd vat cha't, phdng t h i nghidm trpng diem, thidt bi quan trac tu ddng trdn luu vuc M d rdng mang ludi thdng t i n va co sd d u lieu m d i trudng va tai nguyen toan luu vuc; Huy ddng ngudn k i n h phi: Tang cudng hop tac qudc te ve m p i mat: trao doi k i n h nghidm, chuydn gia; chuyen giao cdng nghd I V Quan ly tdng hop m d i t r u d n g l u u vuc a Quan l y nude thai b Chuong trinh quan trac m d i trudng: Theo doi didn bidn so lupng, phan, mdc dp nguy hai cua cha't thai ran, k h i thai,nudc thai c Thdng ke, luu t r d so lieu, thdng t i n ve M d i trudng I V Nhan xet va de xua't giai phap a Nhan xet Tai nguyen nude la tai nguyen tai tao nhung cd gidi han, neu viec khai thac va su dung khdng hop l y se pha vo quy luat t u nhien gay cac r u i ro sau: 601 ^ KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 - Nude song bi nhiem, suy thoai khong the dung lam cho nude sinh hoat va san xua't cong nghiep, m o i trudng thuy san - Mdt so luu vuc sdng hoat ddng san xua't, kinh doanh, dich vu va cac hoat ddng khac da lam mdt so sdng bi d nhidm (tham c h i khdng su dung duoc cho nude sinh hoat, mdi trudng, thuy san ) can phai cd giai phap bao vd va cai thien cha't luong nude sdng (cu the vai luu vuc sdng da dugfc so bd nghien cdu de an nay) - Trong mdt vai nam qua tai mdt so l u u vuc sdng ( v i du luu vuc sdng Nhud-Day; sdng T h i V a i ) dia phuong d luu sdng dang kien nghi v d i cac Bp Tai Nguyen va M d i trudng va Chinh phu giai quyet ve viec dia phuong d thupng ngudn lam P nhidm sdng va su d nhidm dd da lam anh hudng t d i cha't lupng nude sdng d l u u - Hidn tai hau he't cac luu vuc sdng deu chua dap dng ve cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng theo dung cac van ban phap luat quy dinh (nha't la luat Bao ve m d i trudng) b De xudt gidi phap Cac dia phuong trdn luu vuc sdng phai cung chiu trach nhidm bao vd m d i trudng nude luu vuc sdng; chu ddng hop tac chia se l p i ich tai nguyen nude luu vuc song mang lai va bao dam l p i ich cho cpng ddng dan cu sinh sdng tren ddng sdng dd Ngudn thai tren luu vuc sdng phai dupe dieu tra, thd'ng ke, danh gia va cd giai phap kiem soat, x u ly trudc k h i thai vao sdng Chat thai t d hoat ddng san xua't, dich vu, xay dung, giao thdng van tai, khai thac khoang san dudi long sdng va chat thai sinh hoat cua cac hp gia dinh sinh sdng tren sdng phai dupe kiem soat va bao dam ydu cau ve bao vd m d i trudng trudc k h i thai vao sdng Viec phat trien m d i cac khu san xuat, dich vu, dd t h i , dan c u tap trung tren luu vuc sdng, phai dupe xem xet tdng the toan luu vuc, tinh dd'n cac yd'u to ddng chay, che dp thuy van, sdc chiu tai, kha nang t u lam sach cua ddng sdng va hidn trang phat tridn san xua't, dich vu, dd t h i hien cd tren toan luu vuc Viec tham dinh bao cao danh gia tac dpng mdi trudng ddi vdi du an phat tridn mdi khu san xua't, dich vu dd t h i , dan cu tap trung, cp sd san xuat, dich vu cd quy md ldn tren luu vuc phai cd y kien cua U B N D ca'p tinh cd sdng chay qua U B N D ca'p tinh cua dia phuang nam tren luu vuc sdng cd trach nhidm sau day: - Cdng khai thdng t i n cac ngudn thai sdng; - K i d m soat ngudn thai vao nude sdng va x d ly nghiem cac trudng hop v i pham tidu chudn m d i trudng - Phd'i hop v d i ca quan huu quan vide xac dinh ddi tupng gay thidt hai vd mdi trudng va giai quyet bdi thudng thidt hai ve m d i trudng trudng hop ddi tupng bi thiet hai thudc cac dia phuong khac tren luu vuc U B N D cap tinh cua dia phuang nam tren thuang nguon ddng sdng cd trach nhiem phd'i hop vdi U B N D ca'p tinh cua dia phuang d nguon ddng sdng viec didu tra phat hien, xac dinh nguon gay d nhidm nude sdng va ap dung cac bidn phap x u l y Trudng hop cd thidt hai vd m d i trudng, U B N D cap tinh noi xay thidt hai cd trach nhiem phd'i hop v d i cac co quan huu quan dd td chdc vide didu tra, danh gia vd mdc dp thidt hai va yeu cau cac ddi tupng gay thidt hai phai boi thudng 602 KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUflNG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" U B N D cap tinh noi phat sinh nguon thai co trach nhiem ap dung cac bien phap cudng che budc doi tuong gay nhiem m o i trucmg tren dia ban phai thuc hien nghla vu khac phuc va bdi thucmg thiet hai theo quy dinh cua phap luat V NHAN XET V A DE XUAT V E CONG TAC Q U A N L Y V A B A O V E M O I TRUONG CUA LUU VUC SONG C A N G I A I QUYET V l L u u vuc song Dong N a i - Sai Gon V.l.l Nhan xet Luu vuc song D6ng N a i - Sai Gon tap trung nhieu nganh, nhieu linh vuc: nong nghiep, thuy l p i , thuy dien, lam nghiep, cong nghiep, cung cap nude va x u l y nude thai, bao ve m o i trudng, bao ve cac he sinh thai ddu nguon va vung cda song vdy gdy mdt sd kho khan hoat ddng quan l y tai nguyen nude luu vuc sdng Dong Nai - Sai Gon nhu sau: l ) T i n h thieu nhat quan ve mat quan l y nha nude giua cac dia phuong cung mdt luu vuc ddi vdi viec khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen nude va cdc quy dinh ve mat quan l y , bao ve m d i trudng nude 2)Tinh chdt da tac ddng ddi v d i m d i trudng nude (ddng ngudn thupng luu, cac hd chda, thuy trieu, k h i hau, cac hoat ddng phat trien kinh te - xa hdi trdn luu vuc); 3)Tinh chat da phuong didn cua vide khai thac sd dung tai nguyen va bao ve m d i trucmg nude (hieu qua kinh te, hidu qua xa hpi, hidu qua m d i trudng, l p i ich qudc gia, l p i ich cdng ddng trdn cung mdt dia phuong, l p i ich hp gia dinh ) V.l.2 De xudt V.l.2.1 Cac yeu cdu a) Quan l y thdng nha't tai nguyen nude cua mdt luu vuc sdng ddi hoi phai cd nhung tinh toan, can nhac va so sanh cd co sd khoa hoc va thuc tidn ve mat k y thuat, kinh te, xa hpi va m o i trudng ddi vdi tat ca cac giai phap dupe dua b) Quan l y thd'ng nha't tai nguyen nude luu vuc sdng Ddng N a i - Sai Gon ddi hoi phai tien hanh ca tren binh dien v i m d (bien ddi k h i hau toan cdu, gia tang muc nude bien, khai thac tai nguyen nude vung thupng luu, chien lupc phat trien k i n h te - xa hpi cua qudc gia ) ldn v i m d (can bang nude, tham, hoi quy ) c) Quan l y thd'ng nhdt tai nguyen nude luu vuc sdng Dong N a i - Sai Gon ddi hdi phai tien hanh ca ve phuong dien khdng gian (thucmg ngudn, trung ngudn va ngudn, giua vung ngpt va viing man) va thdi gian (mua khP, miia mua, nam, nhieu nam ), theo hien trang, tuong lai gan va tuong lai xa vdi viec xem xet cdc quy hoach phat tridn k i n h te - xa hdi tren toan luu vuc V 1.2.2 To chifc thuc hien - Thanh lap mpt To chdc luu vuc sdng dd quan l y tdng hop tai nguyen, cd cac chdc nang va nhiem vu co ban sau: - Xay dung cac chien lupc, chinh sach, quy dinh ngdn han va dai han dd quan l y tdng hop tai nguyen nude luu vuc trinh Chinh Phu - Xay dung cac chuong trinh, dd tai nghien cdu khoa hoc vd bao ve ngudn nude va cac vdn de m d i trucmg lien quan: Su dung hop l y tai nguyen nude l u u vuc sdng D o n g N a i 603 ^ KV YgU "CAC Qj TAI NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI SPAN 2002-200 - Sai Gon-Sai Gon, phat trien bdn viing khu vuc, bao ve vung sinh thai ddu ngu6n va he sinh thai rung ngdp man 6" viing cita song va ven bien; - Soan thao quy hoach tdng thd ve sit dung tai nguyen va bao ve m o i trucmg nude luu vuc song D d n g N a i - Sai Gon trinh Chinh Phu, cac bd nganh lien quan va U B N D cac tinh/thanh phd l u u vuc xem xet phe duyet; - Thiet lap mang ludi quan trac chat luong nude he thdng sdng D d n g N a i - Sai Gon dd cap nhat thudng xuyen didn bien chat luong nude, k i p thdi phat hidn cac didn bidn xdu, de xuat cac bien phap ngan chan va khac phuc k i p thdi; - Tranh thu su hd trp t d cac du an hop tac qudc te ve bao ve m d i trudng luu vuc sdng Quan l y tdng hop tai nguyen nude tren toan bd l u u vuc sdng D d n g N a i - Sai Gon se khdng thd thuc hien dupe hoac thuc hidn kem hidu qua neu khdng cd cac co sd du lieu tdt V i vay can xay dung co sd d u lidu luu vuc sdng D o n g N a i - Sai Gon V.2 Luu vuc sdng Nhue - sdng Day V 2.1 Nhan xet Td thuc te nghien cdu cho thay cd rat nhidu van de can giai quyet bao vd tai nguyen va m d i trudng nude luu vuc sdng Nhue - sdng Day bao g d m cac van dd sau: 1- M d i trudng nude l u u vuc bi d nhidm san xua't cdng nghidp va thu cdng nghidp cang gia tang 2- Ngudn nude thai hoat ddng ndng nghidp chda dung cac hda cha't t r d sau, diet cd, bao quan hoa qua, kich thich sinh trudng cung dang gia tang 3- Ngudn thai sinh hoat cua tren tridu ngudi dan sdng trdn l u u vuc, tdc dp tang dan so vdn ldn, va hang chuc benh vien khdng cd co sd x u l y cha't thai ridng 4- Hinh thai dac biet cua luu vuc: long sdng ddc d thupng l u u , trting tha'p d trung luu, cda sdng b i thuy trieu khdng che Trong trucmg hop mua l d n hon 200mm, sdng Nhud khdng dii kha nang tieu ling gay ngap ung cue bp K h i l u sdng H o n g ldn can phan 1Q vao sdng Day se cd nguy co gay ngap lut va d nhidm m d i trudng tren didn rdng Long sdng Day dang b i thu hep, gay can kiet cue bp vao mua khd, tac ddng chay, anh hudng rdt ldn den kha nang tir lam sach cua ddng sdng 5- Ve thd che, chinh sach, phuong phap quan l y l u u vuc chua cd su thd'ng nha't va phan cdng trach nhiem rd rang, quan ly thd'ng nha't va ddng bp giua cac co quan quan ly nha nude ve bao ve m d i truong luu vuc va cac dia phuong tren l u u vuc ddn t d i hidu luc va hieu qua thap vide quan l y , bao ve m d i trudng luu vuc 6- R u i ro m d i trucmg l u lut va ling ngap la nguy co l d n ddi v d i luu vuc Long sdng bi bdi lap, thupng ngudn b i x d i l d gay can kidt nude vd mua k h d va l u lut vao mua mua, nhieu d trung b i ngap lut, mdt so k h u vuc quan trpng ve dan sinh va k i n h te hd chda cham lu k h i can xa l u sdng Hong 7- Viec xay dung co sd d u lieu ve m d i trudng luu vuc sdng chua dupe quan tam, cac thdng tin cdn thidt thieu, chua dupe cap nhat, he thd'ng quan trdc m d i trudng nude chua dap dng dupe cdc ydu cdu cua cdng tac quan l y m d i trudng l u u vuc 8- Y thuc bao ve tai nguyen va m d i trudng nude cua nhan dan luu vuc thap ddn dd'n tinh trang xa rac thai, nude thai xudng sdng, khai thac long sdng bua bai 604 KY YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CUll KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" 9- Quan l y mot luu vuc nhu luu vuc song Day - song Nhue la viec khong don gian su khac biet giua cac khu vuc, cac tinh, cac phd l u u vuc ve dieu kien t u nhien, k i n h te - xa hoi, vd he thong quan l y cua cac co quan nha nude, cung n h u ve nhan thdc m o i trudng cua nhan dan tirng dia phuong V.2.2 Dexudt V.2.2.1 Cacy6u cdu 1- Cac nha may, x i nghiep, dich v u , lang nghd tren dia ban Thuc hien cac bien phap cudng chd (kd ca dong cda) cac co sd san xuat k i n h doanh gay d nhidm m o i trudng nghiem ma khong cd kha nang giam thidu va phai d i chuydn 2- Thuc hien nghiem, co kdt qua va dung tien " K e hoach x u l y triet dd cac co sd gay d nhidm m d i trudng nghiem trong" dupe T h u tudng Chinh phu phe duyet tai Quyd't dinh sd 64/2003/QDTTg 22/4/2003, dac biet uu tien viec x u l y cac co sd nam tren luu vuc song 3- Cac tinh, phd can chu ddng tang cudng k i d m soat cac nguon thai cua quan trac chat lugng nude thudng xuyen, lien tuc tren toan he thdng song, dac biet la nhung nguon thai ldn, nhung didm gan v i t r i giap ranh giua cac dia phuong nham phat hien, ngan chan kip thdi nhdng su cd cd thd xay 4- H u y ddng m o i nguon luc dd giai quyet van dd d nhidm nude l u u vuc sdng vao mua can kiet: nao vet, khoi thdng ddng chay, bom cdp nude bd sung t d sdng H d n g vao sdng Nhue dam bao t r i du luu luong nude phuc vu ndng nghiep va sinh hoat cung n h u hda loang t u nhien cac chat gay d nhidm 5- Tang cudng cdng tac tuyen truydn, van ddng nhan dan hai bdn b d sdng khdng xa rac thai, nude thai chua dugc x u l y xudng sdng V.2.2.3 TS chdc thuc hidn ( T u o n g t u nhu cua L u u vuc sdng Sai gdn-D6ng n a i ) V.3 LUU VUC SONG HUONG V.3.1 Cdng tac quan ly m d i t r u d n g cua l u u vuc song H u o n g Didm khac bidt giua luu vuc sdng Huong va luu vuc sdng D o n g N a i - Sai Gon, va luu vuc sdng sdng Nhue - sdng D a y dd la luu vuc sdng ndm chon tinh Thda Thidn Hue D o vay ddi v d i luu vuc sdng Huong khdng xay mau thudn gitta cac tinh hoat ddng phat tridn k i n h te - xa h d i v i l o i ich ridng cua minh T u y nhien van dd quan l y m d i trudng luu vuc sdng Huong nhieu bap cap De quan l y luu vuc sdng Huong tinh Thda Thien Hue da ldp ban quan l y D u an sdng Huong Day la don v i cd chdc nang cung cac ban nganh khac tham muu mot sd quy hoach vd phat tridn va quan l y tai nguyen nude (chu yeu la sdng Huong); la ddu m d i cho U B N D tinh Thda Thien Hue vide thuc hien mdt sd d u an quan ve khai thac va quan l y luu vuc sdng Huong, nhu d u an hd Ta Trach, dap Thao Long Ben canh dd, ban quan l y cd chdc nang x d l y nhung su cd vd m d i trudng sat l d , boi tu doc hai bd sdng Huong va vung bd bien cua tinh The nhung, ban quan l y chua cd mdt d u an tdng thd nao hoan toan mang tinh bao ve canh quan m d i trudng va chat luong nude ngoai mdt so du an nho da thuc hien nhu: du an nao vet n o i , bai can trudc chg Ddng Ba, cdn ndi K i m L o n g va cdn ndi Qudc Hoc 605 ^ KY YEU 'CACfl£TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 V.3.2 Cac giai phap bao ve moi trudng liru vuc song Huong Cac song d Hue co mdc dd d n h i i m thap hon so v d i cac dong sdng ca nude Tuy nhien dd cai tao m d i trudng va quan l y cd hieu qua hon cdn thuc hien mdt sd giai phap sau: U B N D tinh Thda Thien Hue chi dao cac co quan: 1- X a y dung k d hoach tong thd vide khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen nude tai luu vuc sdng Huong 2- Xdy dung tieu chuan m d i trudng rieng cho sdng Huong va cac sdng d Hue ndi chung 3- Thdng qua cac phuong tidn thdng t i n dai chung dd tuyen truyen vd phap luat quy dinh ddi v d i tai nguyen nude Hoat ddng du l i c h d Hue cang phat tridn vay rac thai se cang nhidu hon rac t d cac nha hang, khach san, cua chinh ban than khach du lich vay cac co quan chdc nang ap dung mdc phai xa nude thai, rac thai vao nguon nude phai d mdc cao hon Thiet lap nhieu hon nua hd thdng cac thiet b i ve sinh cdng cdng d doc bd sdng Huong va yeu cau cac thuyen budm d i tren sdng Huong phai nghidm chinh cha'p hanh cac yeu cau cua phap luat, cua ban quan l y sdng CHUONG IV: DE XUAT MO HINH TO CHUC QUAN LY LUU VUC SONG THI VAI I SU C A N THIET THUC H I E N CHUONG TRINH a) M d c dd d nhidm sdng T h i V a i hidn la dang bao ddng va cd didn bidn mdt xdu hon, gay anh hudng l d n den m d i trudng sinh thai va thuy vat Sdng T h i V a i nam danh sach luu vuc xung yeu ve m d i trudng can phai giai quyet theo cac dinh hudng chien lupc bao ve qudc gia ve m d i trudng Vidt N a m b) Hidn trang d nhidm sdng T h i V a i la m d i quan tam hang dau cua cac cdp lanh dao cac tinh: Ba Ria - V u n g Tau, Dong N a i va Thanh phd H d C h i M i n h c) D u an "Chuong trinh hanh ddng bao vd m d i trudng nude sdng T h i V a i " Id rdt cdn thiet, nha't ia qua trinh day manh cdng nghiep hoa-Hien dai hod nham phat trien kinh td'-xa hdi theo hudng phat tridn bdn vung tai luu vuc sdng T h i V a i I I CO s o V A PHAP L Y - N g h i quyet so N Q / T W 15 thang 11 nam 2004 cua B d Chinh t r i vd Bao vd m d i trudng thdi k y day manh cdng nghidp hoa- hien dai hoa dat nude; - Quyet dinh so 34/2005/QD-TTg 22 thang thang 2005 cua thu tudng Chinh phu ban hanh Chuong trinh hanh ddng cua Chinh phu thuc hidn N g h i quyet sd 41 cua Bd Chihh tri ve Bao ve mdi trudng thdi ky ddy manh cdng nghiep hoa- hidn dai hoa dat nude; - Quyet dinh so 64/2003/QD-TTg 22 thang 2003 cua T h u tudng Chinh phu phe duyet Ke hoach x u l y triet dd cac co sd gdy d nhidm m d i trudng nghiem trong; - N g h i dinh so 67/2003/ND- CP 13 thang nam 2003 cua Chinh phu ve phi bao ve m d i trudng ddi v d i nude thai - Quyet dinh so 153/2004/QD-TTg 17 thang nam 2004 ciia T h u tudng Chinh phu ve vide ban hanh dinh hudng chien lupc Phat trien ben vung d Viet N a m (Chuong trinh Nghi su 21 cua V i e t N a m - Agenda 21) 606 KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI OOAN 2002-2006' - Quyet dinh so 328/2005/QD-TTg 12 thang 12 nam 2005 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ve vide phd duyet K e hoach qudc gia k i d m soat n h i d m m o i t r u o n g dd'n nam 2010 III M U C TIEU V A N O I DUNG CUA CHUONG TRINH a) Muc tieu chung: Bao ve va cai thien chat luong nude song T h i V a i b) Muc tieu cu the: Muc tieu 1: Phong ngura nhidm m o i trucmg nude s6ng T h i V a i N o i dung: Ra soat lai quy hoach phat tridn k i n h te xa h o i , quy hoach cac k h u cong nghiep; Thuc hidn D T M va ke khai ddi v d i cac D u an ddu tu, cac hoat dong san xua't k i n h doanh; Xay dung va tang cudng kha nang phdng ngda, ung phd cac su c d m d i trudng; Hoan thien va ban hanh he thd'ng tieu chudn phat thai ddi v d i m d i trudng nude; Tang cudng cdng tac tra, k i d m tra cac co sd gdy d nhidm Muc tidu 2: Cai thien tdng budc chdt luong nude sdng T h i V a i N d i dung: Quy hoach, phat tridn co sd tdng k y thudt m d i trucmg dd t h i va k h u cdng nghidp; Lap danh sach cac nguon thai Phdn loai cac nguon thai va cdng b d thdng tin cac ngudn thai; Nang cao nhan thdc B V M T cho cdng ddng (ngudi dan, doanh nghiep, chinh quydn); Tridn khai chuong trinh san xuat sach hon va dp dung he thd'ng tieu chudn ISO 14001 tai cac doanh nghidp Muc tieu 3: Tang cudng nang luc k i e m soat d nhidm l u u vuc sdng T h i V a i Ndi dung: X a y dung va hoan thien he thd'ng co che chinh sach phap ludt; Tang cudng nang luc cho cac co quan quan l y T N & M T dia phuong; X d l y tridt dd cac co sd gay d nhidm nghiem trong; X a y dung mang l u d i quan trdc m d i trudng nude, thiet lap ban dd chat luong nude sdng; Danh gia kha nang chiu tai cua cac doan sdng; Tang cudng su phd'i hop cac co quan, td chdc, doan thd cdng tac bao vd m d i trucmg CHlfONG V: KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH| I KET LUAN Quan l y khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen va bao ve m d i trudng nude theo l u u vuc sdng va td chdc bd may quan l y theo luu vuc sdng nhu the nao la nhung van de sinh qua trinh phat tridn cua nude ta Hien nay, d nhieu nude trdn the gidi da thuc hidn vide quan ly, khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen nude va bao ve m d i trudng theo m d hinh "Quan l y tdng hop theo he thd'ng L u u vuc sdng", day la m d hinh quan l y tien tie'n nham dat dupe hieu qua k h a i thac tai nguydn mdt each tdt nha't ma vdn cd thd t r i va bao vd bdn vung m d i trudng Thdng qua kinh nghidm da tung xdy d cac nude khac tren the gidi va thuc te phat tridn cua nude ta cho tha'y: Tren l u u vuc sdng, khdng thd chi quan tam vd quy hoach phat tridn va dau t u cac d u an khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen nude n h u trudc day,ma phai quan tam mdt each toan dien den va'n dd quan l y , bao vd tai nguydn va m d i trudng nude, chdng suy thoai cha't lupng nude, nguy co can kidt nguon nude, bao ve ddu ngudn l u u vuc, dan xd'p cac bat dong sd dung nude gifla cac nganh, giua cac dia phuong d thupng va luu ciia luu vuc sdng, bao dam tdn trpng quyen l p i hop phap cua ngudi ddn sd tai 607 ^ KY YEU "CAC Bg TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-20 Qua thuc tidn hien trang ve quan ly, khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen bao vd va bao vd m o i truong theo l u u vuc song d nuoc ta va k i n h nghidm cua mot so' nuoc nhu da neu d cac phdn tren, De tai nghien cdu x i n dua mot so ket luan va k i e n nghi sau day : Tong luong dong chay trung binh hang nam tren toan bo cac sOng ngoi cua Viet nam udc khoang 847 T y m \ Trong do, chi co 40% tdng luong dong chay dupe sinh tai lanh thd V i e t N a m , 60% phu thupc vao nguon sinh thuy tai cac nude khac ( thupng nguon cua cac dong song ) Can cu cac so' lieu dac va tinh toan dang t i n cay cho thay: muc bao dam vd nude cho mpt ngudi dan cua nude ta la loai tha'p d Chau a va the gidi Trong : - Lupng nude mat tinh binh quan dau ngudi hien chi cd khoang 3.840 m /ngudi/nam, neu tinh tdng lupng tai nguyen nude sdng n g o i V i e t N a m (kd ca tai nguyen nude t d ngoai chay vao) t h i binh quan dat 10.240m /ngudi/nam 3 - V d i tdc dp phat tridn dan so nhu hien nay, den nam 2025, lupng nude mat tinh binh quan ddu ngudi chi dat khoang 2.830mVngudi/nam, neu tinh ca lupng nude t d nude ngoai chay vao thi binh qudn dat 7.660m /ngudi/nam - Theo chi tieu danh gia cua H p i Tai nguyen nude Qudc te ( I W R A ) t h i qudc gia nao co lupng nude binh quan dau ngudi dudi 4000m /ngudi/nam la qudc gia thieu nude N h u vay, neu chi tinh rieng lupng tai nguyen nude mat san sinh tren lanh thd nude ta thi d thdi diem hien nay, nude ta da thupc so cac qudc gia thieu nude va V i e t Nam se gap phai rdt nhieu thach thdc vd tai nguyen nude tuong lai gan Hien nude ta da dang budc vao thdi k y cdng nghiep hoa cung v d i su gia tang dan so va dd thi hod, nhu cdu nude cho san xuat ndng nghidp, cdng nghidp, sinh hoat va dich vu se tang len ca ve so lupng ldn chdt lupng, lam cho mau thudn giua cung va cdu ve tai nguyen nude se gay gdt hon Su d nhidm ngudn nude nude thai sinh hoat va cdng nghiep da t r d van de nghiem trpng.Viec khai thac tidn qua mdc ngudn nude dudi dat dang xdy d nhidu noi N h u cdu cap nude sach cho ndng thon, cho dan vung cao va cdp nude cho cac k h u cdng nghidp va dd t h i cang cdp thidt Ngay nay, Tai nguydn nude khdng chi la m d i quan tam cua qudc gia, khu vuc ma cua toan the gidi; la ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien dac biet quan trpng, gop phdn chu yd'u vao su dn dinh cung nhu phat tridn bdn vdng Cac td chdc qudc td' canh bao vao the ky 21 viec khai thac, su dung va bao vd ngudn nude la nguy co t i e m dn cd thd gay xung ddt tranh chap giua cac qudc gia dau nguon v d i cudi nguon Quy hoach bao ve, khai thdc, sd dung tai nguyen nude phai gdn chat v d i m d i quan he giua dat,rdng, nude, san xua't, ddi sdng va bao vd m d i trudng; vide khai thac dat va rung tien, viec khai thac nude thieu quy hoach, su dung nude lang p h i va viec xa nude thai, chat thai bua bai da lam cho ngudn nude (kd ca ngudn nude dudi ddt) bi d nhidm, suy thoai can kidt Quy hoach khai thac su dung tai nguyen nude chu yd'u m d i tap trung cho viec su dung nude mat dd tudi phuc vu cho san xua't ndng nghidp, chua quan tam dd'n chat lupng nude va chua quan tam dung mdc dd'n viec su dung nude ngdm va nude ven bidn Nhung, d nude ta cdng tac quan l y , khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen nude va quan l y m d i trudng chu yeu vdn thuc hidn theo phuong thdc : Quan l y theo Nganh khai thac sd 608 KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" dung tai nguyen nuoc va theo dia gidi hanh chinh ( t i n h , huyen ) Cong tac quan l y , khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen nude va bao ve m o i trudng theo L u u vuc sdng da cd nhung chuydn bien tich cue, nhung van ton tai nhieu k h d khan va han che Cdng tac quan l y tai nguyen va bao vd m d i trudng nude hien phan tan, chdng cheo vd chdc nang va thieu tinh he thdng giua cac B d , Nganh va cac dia phuong Do dd,viec td chdc quan l y Tai nguyen va bao vd m d i trudng theo L u u vuc sdng da t r d nhu cau thiet yeu va cap bach ddi v d i nude ta Hien nay, d nhidu nude tren the gidi da thuc hidn viec quan l y khai thac, sd dung tai nguyen va bao ve m d i trudng nude theo m d hinh Quan l y tong hop T N N theo hd thdng Luu vuc sdng, day la m d hinh quan l y tien tien nham dat dupe hidu qua khai thac tai nguyen mdt each tdt nha't ma van cd thd t r i va bao vd bdn vung m d i trudng Do dac didm vd thd che Chinh t r i , k i n h te -xa hdi va kha nang quan l y cua tung nude cd khac nhau, nen viec ap dung m d hinh Quan l y tdng hop T N N theo he thd'ng L u u vuc sdng d m d i nude cung cd su khac biet Chung ta cd thd tham khao k i n h nghidm Quan l y tdng hop Tai nguyen va M d i trudng nude cua Trung Qudc & L u u vuc sdng Chau Giang ( midn nam Trung qudc ) ; M d hinh td chdc uy ban quan l y l u u vuc sdng G E O R G A ( Canada ) ; M d hinh td chdc quan l y luu vuc sdng Seine ( Phap ) ; M d hinh td chdc quan l y T N N cua Australia & L u u vuc sdng Muray-Darlinh va mpt so nude khac khu vuc D d n g N a m a ( Lao, Phi l i p p i n , Thai lan va Malayxia ) vdi cac ly sau day : ( i ) M d hinh td chdc, quan l y T a i nguyen nude cua L u u vuc sdng Chau Giang ( mien nam Trung Q u d c ) (ii) M d hinh td chdc quan l y L u u vuc sdng Georga ( Canada) Day la m d hinh Quan l y L u u vuc sdng theo lien nganh, cd su tham gia chat che cua cac ben lien quan (iii) M d hinh td chdc quan l y L u u vuc sdng Seine ( Phap ) Co ca'u td chdc Quan l y L u u vuc sdng Seine la mpt M d hinh quan l y T a i nguyen nude kha hoan thien ( quan l y den tung tidu luu vuc cua he thd'ng sdng Seine ) v d i su tham gia chat che cua cac nganh, cac dia phuang va cdng ddng dan c u l u u vuc Qua tham khao kinh nghidm cua mdt so nude va mdt sd L u u vuc sdng l i n h vuc Quan ly tdng hop Tai nguyen nude Chung ta cd thd tha'y duoc, su khac biet giua cac nude Co ca'u td chdc Quan ly Tai nguydn nude d cap Qudc gia va cap L u u vuc sdng la rdt ldn Tuy nhien, chung ta cd thd rut mdt so bai hoc sau day : (iv) V d mat v i m d , can thiet phai cd mdt co quan ca'p cao, bao gom cac Bp trudng / hoac T h d trudng cua N d i cac de dieu phd'i d ca'p qudc gia Co quan thuc te cung nhu mdt Tidu ban cua N d i cac, nghien cdu cac va'n dd thupc l i n h vuc T a i nguydn nude trudc dua thao luan tai N p i cac va hoac de trinh Thu tudng quyet dinh (v) Co quan ngoai chdc nang didu phd'i, phai chi dao viec xay dung cac Chinh sach va hanh ddng, cac Chien lupc, Quy hoach va K e hoach vd quan l y , khai thac, su dung, bao ve tai nguydn va m d i trudng nude (vi) Quy hoach Tdng hop Tai nguyen nude va Quan ly tong hop Tai nguyen nude la Chuan muc, cdng cu va co sd chinh de dieu phd'i Nganh nude 609 KY YEU -CAC Bi TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-20 (vii), Mo hinh Quan ly Tong hop Tai nguydn va moi truong nude theo Luu vuc song da dupe ap dung T r u n g qudc, Australia, Phap va Canada la nhung m d hinh td chdc cd hidu luc va cdng quan l y T N N Didu dac biet ma chung ta can quan tam la T r u n g qudc da cd su chuyen ddi co ca'u T d chdc Quan l y T a i nguyen va M d i trudng nude ra't k i p thdi sau k h i Chinh phu Tiung qudc ban hanh Luat T a i nguyen nude (1988) Trung qudc da nhanh chdng t d phuong thdc Quan l y cu (la Quan l y T N N theo nganh nghd dung nude) chuydn d o i sang Phuong thdc Quan l y m d i (la Quan l y Hanh chinh (nha nude) ddi v d i Tai nguydn va M d i trudng nude V d i nguydn tdc "Thd'ng nhdt Quan l y kd't hop v d i Phan cdp Quan l y " , "Quan l y theo Luu vuc sdng kd't hop v d i Quan l y theo K h u vuc hanh chinh ", Co cdu td chdc cua cac Co quan Quan l y Hanh chinh vd T a i nguyen nude ( t d gdc la :"Thuy Hanh chinh quan l y bd mdn"; goi tdt la: Co quan Quan l y Hanh chinh ve tai nguyen nude ) cua Trung Qudc dupe sap xd'p theo hinh thdc kd't ca'u : 02 tdng (gdm cd cdp) N h u da trinh bay tai muc A cua Phan thd nhdt Trong dd, Co quan Quan l y L u u vuc sdng la mpt Co quan Chu quan Hanh chinh (Nha nude) vd Tai nguyen nude thupc cap L u u vuc sdng, thay mat cho Bp Tai nguydn nude Trung qudc Quan l y mdt each toan didn ve Tai nguydn nude pham v i L u u vuc sdng M d hinh Quan l y Tong hop Tai nguydn va m d i trudng nude theo L u u vuc sdng d Viet nam hidn chua hoan thidn va ton tai nhidu chdng cheo Chdc nang,nhidm vu giua cac Bp nghanh ridng biet nen nhidu chong cheo k e m hieu qua II KIEN NGHI Ve xay dung mang ludi quan trac M d i trudng va co sd d u lieu cac l u u vuc sdng: - D d cd so lieu didn bidn vd chdt lupng nude cac sdng nham x d l y k i p thdi ddi vdi cdc sdng b i d nhidm, cdn xay dung mpt mang ludi quan trdc m d i trudng qudc gia va luu vuc sdng - Cac so lidu quan trac dupe l u u g i u va cung cdp sd lieu quan trdc tai cac co sd du lieu cua tung l u u vuc sdng va cua Trung uong Ve co che, chinh sach va cac van ban phap quy - Chinh phu can cd chinh sach cu thd nham khai thac, sd dung tai nguydn nude tai cac luu vuc sdng theo hudng phat tridn ben vung - Cdn xay dung mdt he thd'ng van ban, phap q u i dd khai thac, sd dung hop l y tai nguyen nude tai cac l u u vuc sdng va phai gdn v d i bao vd m d i trudng theo hudng phat tridn bdn vung Ve td chdc quan ly Mdi trudng cac luu vuc song va trach nhiem cua cac cap chinh quyen: 3.1 To chvtc quan ly - D d i v d i m d i l u u vuc sdng cdn lap m p t td chdc quan l y Bp Tai nguydn va M d i trudng dd xuat trinh chinh phu xem xet, quyet dinh 3.2 Trach nhiem cua Chinh phu, Bp, nganh vd cdc dia phuang: - Chinh phu thd'ng nhat quan l y cac l u u vuc sdng pham v i ca nude - Bp, nganh va cac dia phuong chiu trach nhidm quan l y cdc luu vuc sdng theo su phan cdng cua Chinh phu va theo he thd'ng van ban phap luat 610 KY YEU "CAC o£ TAl NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUflNG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006' - UBND cac cap cac tinh, co cac luu vuc song theo thdm quyen quy dinh ban hanh co che, chinh sach, chuong trinh, ke hoach v i B V M T d d i v d i cac l u u vuc sdng thuoc thdm quyen quan l y 3.3 To chute thuc hien quan ly cdc luu vuc a Bp tai nguydn va Moi sdng: trudng - Quan l y thdng nha't hoat ddng thdm dinh, phd duyet bao cao danh gia tac ddng m d i trudng chien lupc, bao cao danh gia tac dpng m d i trudng cho cac d u an cu the ddi v d i cac luu vuc sdng - Hudng ddn, k i d m tra, tra va x d l y v i phdm phap luat ve B V M T cac hoat dpng lien quan dd'n su khai thac, sd dung tai nguydn cua cac l u u vuc sdng b Cac Bd, nganh khac: Tuy theo chdc nang da dupe chinh phu giao cd trach nhidm phd'i hop v d i Bp T N va M d i trudng va cac Bp nganh khac td chdc vide quan l y M d i trudng cdc l u u vuc sdng c Cac UBND cac cdp (cap tinh, pho, huyen): - To chdc thuc hidn chuong trinh, ke hoach va cac nhiem v u vd B V T N ddi v d i cac luu vuc sdng thudc tham quyen quan l y - Chi dao cdng tac tra, k i d m tra va x d l y v i pham phap luat vd B V M T ddi v d i cac luu vuc sdng Ve tien dp thuc Men cdng tdc bdo ve mdi trudng cdc luu vuc sdng: - Do han chd' vd tai chinh va nguon nhan luc can lua chon cac l u u vuc sdng cdn uu tidn giai quyet cac va'n dd vd m d i trudng theo cac tieu c h i da dd de tai nghien cdu - Cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng cac l u u vuc sdng ndi ridng va cac l i n h vuc khac cdn d i td thdp dd'n cao vide dp dung tieu chan thai dd phu hop v d i didu kidn k i n h td' va nhan luc cua tung dia phuong va cac co quan trung uong hidn tai va tuong lai se cd tinh kha thi cao 611 ... hidn theo phuong thdc : Quan l y theo Nganh khai thac sd 608 KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" dung tai nguyen nuoc va theo. .. E M O I TRUONG THEO LUU VUC SONG ( LVS ) nude ta, cdng tac quan l y , khai thac, su dung tai nguyen nude va quan ly m d i trudng chu yeu van thuc hien theo phuong thuc : Quan ly theo Nganh khai... phuong chiu trach nhidm quan l y cdc luu vuc sdng theo su phan cdng cua Chinh phu va theo he thd''ng van ban phap luat 610 KY YEU "CAC o£ TAl NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC- CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUflNG