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KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002 2006" DE TAI N G H I E N C U f U C O S O K H O A H O C O E X A Y D U N G H E T H O N G Ca quan chu t r i[.]
KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" DE TAI: N G H I E N CUfU CO SO K H O A HOC O E X A Y D U N G HE B A N D O B A O VE M O I T R U O N G C a q u a n chu t r i de t a i : Trung C h u n h i e m dd t a i : ThS Nguyin tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach Tien Cudng, THONG DAT Dat dai Trung tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach Ddt dai Cac t h a n h vien: ThS Cao TiSh Nam ThS Nguyin Van Tan ThS Nguyin Van Cudng ThS Bui Tan Yen ThS Nguyin Vu Quynh Lan ThS Pham Anh Tui'n KS Pham Tied Lai Trung tim Diiu tra Quy hoach di't dai TT Tai nguyen Mdi trudng DHQGHN Cue Mdi trudng Vien Thdnhuong Ndng hoa TT Nghien cuu &phat bien Vung Bp KH&CN Vien Nghien cdu Dia chinh Trung tim Diiu tra Quy hoach di't dai Muc tieu cua de tai: - Thiet lap ca sa khoa hoc va phuang phap ludn dd xac dinh he thdng ban dd phuc vu cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng dat theo vung tu nhien - k i n h te {cap vi md) va khu vuc dac thu ve mdi trudng da't (cap vi md) - Xac dinh danh muc cac loai ban dd can thiet lidn quan dd'n vide bao vd m d i trudng da't, cac yeu td ndi dung chuydn mdn, yeu cdu the hien ndi dung va trinh bay ban dd phu hop vdi tdng ca'p Ndi d u n g nghien cuu cua de t a i : - Nghien cuu tdng quan cac van dd lien quan dd'n m d i trudng da't - Nghien cuu ca sd khoa hoc va thuc tidn vd cdng tac xay dung cac loai ban dd bao vd mdi trudng da't - Nghien cdu xac dinh he thd'ng bd ban dd bao vd m d i trudng da't - Thiet lap ban dd thu nghidm phuc vu cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng dat T d m tat ket qua nghien c d u : Ngoai phdn m d ddu va kd't luan, bd cue cua bao cao duoc chia phdn sau: Phdn 1: Tdng quan m d i trudng dat va thuc tidn cdng tac xay dung ban dd bao vt m d i trudng ddt Phdn 2: Co sd khoa hoc va phuong phap luan xay dung he thd'ng ban dd bao vd m d i trudng dat Phdn 3: Kd't qua thu nghidm xay dung ban dd m d i trudng dat P H A N 1: T O N G Q U A N M O I T R U C f N G D A T V A T H U C T I E N C O N G T A C XAY DUNG BAN DO BAO VE MOI T R U I N G D A T 1.1 MOT SO V A N DE CO B A N VE M O I TRUONG DAT 1.1.1 Cac yeu t d tac d d n g den m d i t r u d n g da't 1041 KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002dia Cac yeu to tac dong den m o i trudng dat bao gom: yeu t d t u nhien (KMhau hinh, tham thuc vat ) yeu t d k i n h te - xa hdi va yeu t d ngudi (Qua trinh thi hoa, ap luc tang dan so, su gia tang cac hoat dpng san xudt ) Cac yeu to tac ddng den mdi trudng dat theo chieu hudng: tich cue (cai thien) va tieu cue (thoai hoa, nhidm ddt), song nhieu nguyen nhan, x u hudng tieu cue van la chu yeu 1.1.2 N h u n g t h a c h t h d c m d i t r u d n g d nude ta va van de m d i t r u d n g toan cau / Nhung thdeh thuc vd cdc vdn de mdi trudng d nude ta Rdng tiep tuc bi suy thoai; da dang sinh hoc tren dat lien va dudi bien tiep tuc bi suy giam; cha't lupng cac ngudn nude tiep tuc bi xudng ca'p; m d i trudng dd thi va khu cdng nghidp tiep tuc b i d nhidm; cha't lupng m d i trudng ndng thon dang cd x u hudng xudng cap nhanh Cdc van de mdi trudng todn cau cd anh hudng ldn den Viet Nam Va'n de m d i trudng cua luu vuc sdng M e K o n g va sdng Hong; va'n de m d i trudng cac viing rdng cd chung bien gidi; mua axit; d nhidm tang k h i quyen, hieu ung nha kinh va suy giam tang ozon; d nhidm bien va dai duong; chuydn dich d nhidm 1.1.3 Cac h i n h t h a i suy t h o a i m d i t r u d n g dat d nude ta / Thoai hod ddt: Dat bi rua trdi, x d i mdn; Da't bi bac mau hoa; Dat bi man hoa; Da't bi phen hoa; Dat bi axit hda; Da't bi khd han, cdng hda; Da't bi hoang mac hoa; Da't bi lay hoa, ngap ling, trupt da't va sat l d da't O nhiem ddt: O nhidm da't hoat dpng cdng nghidp - tieu thu cdng nghidp; Do chat thai dd thi va khu dan cu ndng thdn; Do k i m loai nang; D o vide sd dung phan bdn; Do su dung thudc bao ve thuc vat; Do khai thac khoang san; D o chat ddc hoa hoc 1.2 THUC TRANG CONG TAC XAY DUNG CAC LOAI BAN DO LIEN QUAN DEN VIEC BAO VE MOI TRUONG DAT Mac dii hien cac chuong trinh, du an nghien cuu ve m d i trudng da xay dung dupe mpt so ban dd, so lien quan den m o i trudng da't nhung v i n d mdc so khai va mang tinh cha'm pha nhu: ban thao tac gia xeri ban dd hidn trang tai nguyen mdi trudng Viet N a m ty Id 1:1000.000, ban dd quy hoach m d i trudng vung Ddng bang sdng Hong d ty Id 1:100.000, ban dd m d i trudng sinh thai rdng ngap man tinh Ca M a u ty le 1:100.000, quy hoach cac k h u chdc nang m d i trudng vung H o n Gia - Cam Pha va lan can dd'n nam 2010 Cdng tac xay dung he thd'ng ban dd phuc vu cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng dat bde Id nhidu ton tai dupe thd hidn d mpt so mat sau: - Vide nghien cuu, xay dung ban dd theo hudng phuc vu cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng da't mang tinh don le, thieu tinh tdng hop, toan dien - Cac ban da dupe xay dung chua cd tinh he thd'ng va thieu tinh dong bp - N d i dung chuyen mdn the hien chua day du va chi mang tinh khai lupc - Nhieu ban dd lien quan dd'n mdi trudng dat dupe xay dung tren ban dd ndn khdng phu hop, khdng dam bao yeu cau k y thuat cua yd'u to ndn k h i xay dung ban - Vide xac dinh, lua chon ty le phu hop k h i xay dung ban vudng mac, gay khd khan vide the hidn cac yd'u to ndi dung 1042 KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006" - Viec thiet ke noi dung chuyen mon k h i xay dung ban co su khap khieng, thieu tinh thong nha't giua cac ban - Chua co bo k y hidu va mau sac thong nhat dd bieu thi cac noi dung cua ban - Cong t i c trinh bdy ban d6 chua dam bao yeu cau ve mat k y thuat va tham my PHAN 2: CO Sd KHOA HOC VA PHUONG PHAP LUAN XAY DUNG HE T H O N G B A N D O B A O V E MOI TRUCfNG O A T 2.1 VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN VE BAN DO BAO VE MOI TRUONG DAT 2.1.1 M o t sd k h a i n i e m / Khdi quat chung ve ban chuyen de Ban chuyen de, chuyen nganh: gom ban giao thong dudng bien, ban dd hang khdng, ban quan l y rudng da't, ban bao vd m d i trudng dat, ban dd giao khoa, dan cu, kinh te van hoa, hanh chinh - chinh t r i , ban lich sd, ban dd thiet ke va cac loai ban khac Khdi niem ban bao ve mdi trudng ddi Ban bao vd m d i trudng dat (hay ban dd m d i trudng da't) la mdt loai ban dd chuydn de ma ndi dung chuyen mdn cua no phan anh hidn trang su phan bd, quy m d va mdc dd anh hudng tidu cue cua cac qua trinh t u nhien va ngudi dd'n m d i trudng da't mdt lanh thd nha't dinh" 2.1 Phuang phap ban dd nghien cuu mdi trudng Dd danh gia va k i d m soat tinh trang sd dung tai nguydn - m d i trudng ddi hdi phai xay dung hd thd'ng ban dd vd bao vp m d i trudng Hien n h d mang ludi tram quan trac mdi trudng qudc gia ndn cdng tac xay dung ban dd quy hoach bao ve m d i trudng da cd cac tai lieu xua't phat dang t i n cay D i n h nghla L.S Filipovich (1980) dua ra: "Ldpmd hinh ban dd duac xem nhu la mpt he thdng cac phuang phap va thu phap ldp ban dd nham nh&n duac nhung tri thdc mdi ve ddi tuong nghien cdu " 2.2 Vai trd, y nghla khoa hoc cua ban mdi trudng ddt He thd'ng ban dd m d i trudng da't cd y nghla quan trpng v d i vai trd la ngudn t u lieu khoa hoc can thidt cho vide quyet dinh cac hoat ddng phat tridn: Quy hoach sd dung da't; Phan bd cay trdng; X a y dung ddng rudng; Xay dung ke hoach, bidn phap cai tao dat; Xay dung kd' hoach bao vd m d i trudng dat Bdn canh dd, ban dd d nhidm da't lai cd vai trd va y nghla quan trpng vide bao ve moi trudng da't vdi su phat tridn cua cac khu cdng nghidp, cac k h u dd thi, Tren co sd ban dd d nhidm da't, xay dung k d hoach bao v& m d i trudng da't, khdng che cac nguyen nhan gay d nhidm 2.3 Muc dich, ydu cau ldp ban mdi trudng ddt Muc dich ldp hp thdng ban mdi trudng dai - Quan l y Nha nude vd m d i trudng ndi chung va m d i trudng ddt ndi rieng - Xay dung chien lupc, kd' hoach phat tridn k i n h te, xa hdi, qudc phong an ninh gdn vdi vide bao vd m d i trudng ddt bdn vung - Lam co sd dd xdy dung mdt he thd'ng ban dd mdi trudng ddt thd'ng nha't pham vi lanh thd hanh chinh cac cdp 1043 KY YEU 'CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC • CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2 Yeu cau lap va the hien ban mdi trudng dat T i n h chat da dang va phong phu cua cac dac trung dinh tinh, dinh luong ve moi truong dat, viec lua chon so' luong chi tieu dac thu de xay dung ban se quyet dinh npi dung, each thuc trinh bay ban do: - Dam bao tinh hop l y va kd't hop - Dam bao tinh thdng nha't - Dam bao tinh ddy du 2.2 PHAN L O A I HE THONG B A N DO M O I T R U I N G DAT 2.2.1 Cac tieu c h i p h a n loai ban m o i t r u d n g da't Phdn loqi bdn dd mdi trudng ddt theo ndi dung nghien cuu Tuy theo tdng yeu cdu npi dung cdn nghien cdu cu the ma co nhidu loai ban moi trudng dat khac nhau, song co thd tdng hop nhom ban chinh: N h o m ban dd thoai hod dat; N h o m ban d nhidm ddt Phdn loqi bdn dd mdi trudng ddt theo ty le bdn dd Trong cdng tac phan loai ban dd m d i trudng da't, can c d quan trpng nhdt xac dinh ty Id ban cdn xay dung dd la yd'u to quy md dien tich k h u vuc cdn nghien cuu va muc dp phdc tap cua ndi dung nghien cuu cdn the hien tren ban dd Tren co sd dd, cd the phan loai ban m d i trudng dat nhom chinh sau: - Ban ty Id ldn: cd ty le td 1:2000 den 1:5.000 va ldn hon - Ban dd ty le trung binh: cd ty Id td 1: 10.000 dd'n 1: 50.000 - Ban dd ty Id nho: cd ty Id t d 1: 100.000 den 1: 1000.000 2.2.2 He thdng ban dd m d i t r u d n g da't Ban dd tdng hop (ban chung) Ban dd m d i trudng dat tdng hop la ban dd ma trdn dd phan anh ddng thdi ca ndi dung chinh: thoai hoa dat va d nhidm dat (cac hinh thai chinh suy thoai mdi trudng ddt) Tuy nhien mdc dp va npi dung thd hidn ddi vdi tdng dia ban phu thupc vao tinh chd't cua ban dd va pham v i lanh thd nghien cuu Ban dd m d i trudng dat tdng hop dupe xac dinh he thd'ng gdm: (1) Ban dd m d i trudng dat cap xa (2) Ban m d i trudng dat cap huyen (3) Ban m d i trudng dat cap tinh Nhom ban dd phdn (ban dd rieng) Ban m d i trudng dat phdn la ban ma tren dd chi phan anh mdt npi dung thoai hoa dat hoac d nhidm ddt Tuy thudc vao muc dich nghien cdu va pham v i lanh thd dieu tra ma ban m d i trudng dat phdn cd thd d dang day du (bao gom tdt ca cdc yeu to'npi dung cua thoai hoa hoac d nhidm) hay d dang don tinh (chi thi hien mpt cdc npi dung cua thoai hod hoac d nhidm) Tren co sd dd, ban mdi trudng dat phdn dupe xac dinh bao gom loai ban co ban, dd la: 1044 Y YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" (1) Ban dd thoai hoa moi trudng ddt: Ban dd thoai hoa m o i trudng dat cap xa; cap huyen; cap tinh Trong dd xac dinh cu the cac loai hinh thoai hoa dat, bao gdm: Thoai hoa dat rua trdi, x d i mdn, bac mau hoa, man hoa, phen hoa (2) Ban nhidm mdi trudng dat: Ban dd d nhidm m d i trudng dat cap xa; cap huyen; cap tinh.Trong dd xac dinh cu the cac loai hinh d nhidm da't, bao gdm: O nhidm da't chat thai cdng nghidp - tieu thu cdng nghiep; chat thai dd t h i va k h u dan c u ndng thdn; k i m loai nang; phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat 2.3 CO S6 TOAN HOC VA CO S6 DIA LY CUA HE THONG BAN DO MOI TRUONG DAT 2.3.1 Co sd toan hoc cua he thdng ban dd m d i t r u d n g dat Ludi chieu ban D d i vdi ban dd m d i trudng da't, ludi chieu ban duoc su dung theo ludi chidu ban da dugfc quy dinh va hudng dan cu the Thdng t u H u d n g dan ap dung he quy chieu va he toa dp qudc gia V N - 2000 cua Tdng cue D i a chinh (nay la Bo Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng) Ty 16 ban dd Ty le cua cac ban dd he thd'ng xeri ban m d i trudng da't cac cap dugc ap dung tuong dng vdi day ty Id ban quy dinh lap ban hidn trang sd dung ddt Bp Tai nguyen va M d i trudng ban hanh 2.3.2 C o sd dia ly cua he thdng ban dd m d i t r u d n g dat Tai lieu diing lam ban nen dd xay dung cac loai ban dd m d i trudng da't la ban dd nen dia hinh dupe lap theo quy dinh thdng nha't, dd yeu cau thd hidn cac ndi dung chinh cua ban ndn bao gdm: - Dudng dia gidi hanh chinh theo ban dd 364 - Cac yd'u to dia l y co ban nhu: dia hinh, he thd'ng thuy van, he thd'ng giao thdng, cac didm dan cu, dia danh va dia vat quan trpng 2.3.3 Cac ngudn t a i lieu can thiet de xay d u n g ban m d i t r u d n g da't - Tai lieu ban do, anh may bay, anh ve tinh - Tai lieu didu tra tai thuc dia, lay mdu, ket qua phan tich mdu - Tai lieu quy dinh chi tidu, tieu chuan danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng da't - Tai lieu quan trdc, nghidn cuu nhidu nam vd cac dac trung m d i trudng dat, so lieu va cac du lidu luu tru 2.4 THIET KE N I DUNG CHUYEN M O N B A N DO M O I TRUONG DAT Tren mdt ban m d i trudng dat, yeu cau ndi dung phai dam bao phan anh dupe yeu to co ban sau: ndi dung chuyen dd nghien cuu, co sd dia l y 2.4.1 N p i dung ban m d i t r u d n g dat cap xa (cap v i md) Ddi vdi bdn dd tong hop: a Ndi dung cor sd dia ly gdm: D i d m khdng che trdc dia; thuy he va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dudng giao thong va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dia g i d i hanh chinh cua xa; dia hinh; cac dia vat quan trpng; cac ghi chu can thiet khac b Ndi dung chuyen 1045 de tren ban dd mdi trudng dat bao gom: KY YEU XAC Pg TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRl/ONG GIAI BOAN 2002- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung dat b i thoai hoa va nhiem (ddi cd van de), phai the hien chi tiet cac noi dung sau: + Thoai hoa ddt bao gom da't bi rua trdi, x o i mon, bac mau hoa; da't bi man hoa; da't bi phen hoa; da't b i axit hoa; da't b i cung hoa; da't bi hoang mac hoa; da't b i lay hoa, ngap ung; da't bi kho han; da't b i trupt va sat 16 + O nhiim dat bao gom da't b i nhidm hoat dong cong nghiep - tidu thu cong nghiep; da't b i nhidm chat thai thi va k h u dan cu nong thon; da't b i nhidm k i m loai nang; da't b i nhidm su dung phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat; da't b i nhidm khai thac tai nguyen khoang san; da't b i nhidm cha't ddc hoa hoc - M d c dd thoai hoa va d nhidm - Hidn trang su dung cua cac khoanh dat, vung da't " c d va'n de" - Hidn trang su dung cua cac loai dat khac cdn lai - V i tri phan b d trung tam xa - V i t r i phan b d cac cdng trinh k i n h te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc l o i - He thd'ng cac diem dan cu Doi vdi cdc bdn thdnh a Ndi dung cosddia b Ndi dung chuyen phdn (thodi hod hodc d nhiem): ly: gidng nhu ban dd tdng hop de tren ban mdi trudng ddi bao gdm: - Ranh gidi cac khoanh da't, viing dat cua mdt d d i tupng sau: + Thoai hod di't thd hidn cu thd cac loai hinh thoai hoa (da't b i rda t r d i , x d i mdn, bac mau hoa; dat bi man hoa ) + O nhiim ddi phai thd hien cu thd cac loai hinh d nhidm (da't b i d nhidm k i m loai nang; da't b i d nhidm su dung phan hoa hoc ) - Cac ndi dung khac: gidng ban dd tdng hop 2.4.2 N p i d u n g ban m d i t r u d n g dat cap huyen, cap t i n h (cap v i m d ) Ddi vdi bdn dd tong hop: a Npi dung ca sd dia ly gdm: D i d m khdng che trdc dia; thuy he va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dudng giao thdng va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dia gidi hanh chinh cac cap; dia hinh; cac dia vat quan trpng; cac ghi chu can thiet khac b Npi dung chuyen de trdn ban mdi trudng ddi bao gdm: - Ranh gidi cac khoanh da't, vung da't b i thoai hoa va d nhidm (ddi co vdn de) - M d c dp thoai hoa va d nhidm - Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh dat, vung dat " c d va'n de" - Hien trang su dung cua cac loai dat khac lai - V i t r i phan b d trung tam cac don v i hanh chinh cac cap - V i tri phan bd cac cdng trinh kinh te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc l p i quan trpng - He thd'ng cac didm dan cu ldn Ddi vdi bdn thdnh 1046 phdn (thodi hod hodc d nhiim) Y y^u - C A CB £ A| NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CdNG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006° T a Ndi dung cosddia ly: gidng nhu ban tong hop b Npi dung chuyen de tren ban mdi trudng dat bao gdm: - Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't b i thoai hoa hoac d nhidm - Cac ndi dung khac: gidng ban tong hop * Ngoai he thd'ng cac ban ndu trdn (cap xa, cap huyen, cap tinh), theo muc dich su dung k h i xay dung ban m d i trudng da't cua cac vung t u nhien - k i n h te, yeu cdu ndi dung cua ban (cosddia ly npi dung chuyen de) the hien nhu ddi v d i ban dd m d i trudng da't cap tinh 2.5 YEU CAU THE HIEN N I DUNG V A TRINH B A Y B A N DO M O I TRUONG DAT - Xac dinh chinh xac ranh gidi cua cac khu vuc da't b i thoai hoa, d nhidm - Phan anh chinh xac, rd rang ve v i t r i , chat luong va mdc dd thoai hoa, d nhidm cua cac khoanh da't, vung da't - The hidn dupe hidn trang sd dung cac khoanh da't, vung da't va phan anh dupe cac nguyen nhan tac ddng tieu cue dd'n m d i trudng da't (tuy theo ndi dung chuyen de va pham vilanh thd nghien cdu) - Dam bao dung ve phuong phap va nhung quy dinh ve chuydn m d n k y thuat ddi vdi vide xay dung ban - Dap dng ddng bp cac yeu cdu cua cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng da't Ddi vdi ban moi trudng dat cap xa (cap vi md): cap xa thdng thudng quy m d pham vi vung nghidn cuu khdng ldn, dd ndi dung thd hien can phai cu thd, ddy du va chuan xac (chi tiet hoa) Ddi vdi ban dd mdi trudng ddt cap huyen, cdp tinh (cdp vimd): cdp huydn, cdp tinh quy md dien tich vung lanh thd ldn, ban dd dupe xay dung d ty Id trung binh va nhd, do ndi dung thd hien se dupe don gian ddn, giam bdt lupng thong t i n , so lidu se khdi quat hoa hon (tdng quat hoa) Yeu cau trinh bay bdeue npi dung va khung ban mdi trudng ddi Ddi vdi ban m d i trudng dat, k h i trinh bdy ban phai dam bao thd hidn ddy du cac ddi tupng sau: K h u n g ban do, ten ban do, phdn npi dung chinh (ndi dung chuydn mdn) cua ban dd, ty Id ban dd, ten don v i hanh chinh giap ranh, chu ddn, ban dd phu, bidu do, thi, bang bidu (tuy theo tiing loai ban dd) Ngoai ra, ddi vdi cac vdn de khac nhu yeu cdu trinh bay khung ban (kieu, kich thudc), kich thudc chu (ten ban dd, ten cdc dia danh ), each ghi chu (hudng chu ghi chu ten sdng, dudng, dia vat ) t h i theo tung loai ban (phu thupc vao ty le ban dd) ma tham khao dp dung theo quy dinh hudng ddn ldp ban hidn trang su dung ddt Bd Tai nguydn va M d i trudng ban hanh 2.6 QUY TRINH CONG NGHE V A PHUONG PHAP T H A N H LAP B A N DO M O I TRUONG DAT Can cd vao kinh nghiem cua cac nude tien tie'n, mat bang cdng nghd va trang thiet bi hien d nude ta, nhom tac gia dd xudt mpt quy trinh lap he thd'ng ban dd m d i trudng dat theo cdng nghd so vdi quy trinh nhu sau: 1047 KY YEU "CAC D£ TAI NGHIEN COI KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRLfONG GIAI BOAN 2002Sa 2.2: Quy trinh cong nghe lap ban moi truong dat Muc dich, yeu cau, ty le, vung lanh tho cua ban can lap X a y dung bien tap Cong tac bien tap chuan bi de cuong Thu thap, phan tich, danh gia, x u l y t u lieu, tai lieu ve phuc vu xay dung ban Thiet ke k y thuat Thanh lap ban sd thd Thanh lap ban dd mdi trudng dat goc tac gia Bien tap ban dd m d i trudng da't gdc tac gia Bien tap ddng bd cho ban dd m d i trudng da't K i e m tra, ddi chieu v d i thuc te Bidn tap, hoan thien ban dd m d i trudng dat In thd, kiem tra, sua chua cac l d i In va luu ban dd tren dia CD, viet bao cao thuye't minh kem theo ban 1048 KY YgU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRl/ONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" PHAN 3: KET QUA THQ NGHIEM XAY DUNG BAN DO MOI TRUCJNG DAT 3.1 CO SO LUA CHON DIA BAN THlTNGHIEM 3.1.1 D d i v d i v u n g t u nhien - k i n h te Trong cac vung kinh te - t u nhien, Tay Nguyen la vung cd dien tich rung ldn thd ca nude vdi 2.993.000 Day la phan dien tich co vai trd quan trong viec bao ye moi trudng noi chung va m o i trudng dat noi rieng khong chi cho noi vung ma ddi v d i cac vung khac Tuy nhien, rung Tay Nguyen da va dang dung trudc thuc trang bi suy giam nghiem vd sd luong, chat luong Ngoai cac nguydn nhan khach quan, tac ddng cua ngudi {nhu chat pha biia bai, chuyen doi co cau cay trong, di dan ) la yeu t d quan nha't d i n dd'n qua trinh suy giam rung va cac qua trinh suy thoai m d i trudng da't d Tay Nguyen V d i nhung net dac trung rieng, pham v i nghidn cuu cua de tai Tay Nguyen dupe lua chon la dia ban de xay dung thu nghidm ban m d i trudng dat 3.1.2 D d i v d i cap xa De dam bao tinh dac trung dai didn {mdc dp ddy du ciia hien tupng), d u kidn se lua chon dia ban mdt xa dien hinh ve thuc trang thoai hoa va nhidm dd thd nghidm xay dung ban mdi trudng da't Thach Son la xa nam d khu vuc phia bac thudc huydn Thach Ha, tinh H a T i n h v d i vanh dai bao quanh chu yd'u Ia sdng ngoi nhidm man D u d i tac ddng cua cac yd'u to k h i hau, dia hinh, dieu kidn san xua't ndng nghidp, su phat tridn cdng nghidp - tidu thu cdng nghiep, muc sdng ngudi dan da lam cho da't dai tren dia ban xa bi suy thoai nghiem trpng {tren 60% dien tich tu nhien) vdi cac dac trung ve thoai hoa va d nhidm D o dd, pham v i nghien cuu cua de tai, Thach Son dupe lua chon la dia ban dd xay dung thd nghiem ban mdi trudng dat ddi vdi khu vuc dac thu 3.2 KET QUA X A Y DUNG THU" NGHIEM BAN DO MOI TRUONG DAT VUNG T A Y NGUYEN 3.2.1 Cac van de lien q u a n den m d i t r u d n g da't v u n g T a y N g u y e n Cac yeu to, nguyen a Nguyen nhan chu yeu tdc dpng den mdi trudng dat d Tay nhan khach quan (yeu to dieu kien tu Nguyen nhien) - Yd'u to dia hinh - Yd'u to k h i hau - Tham thuc vat- Chd' dp thuy van b Nguyen nhdn chu quan (yeu to'con ngudi, kinh te- xa hdi) - Su chuyen d i c h co ca'u cay t r d n g , khai thac qua mdc tai nguyen rdng, canh tac khdng hop ly tren dat ddc - Qua trinh di dan t u do, tap quan du canh du c u va t i n h trang thieu dat cua mpt bp phan ddng bao dan tdc thidu so - Su ngheo ddi, trinh dp dan t r i thap cua mdt bp phan dan c u da dan dd'n viec k h a i thac kiet que ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, cd tai nguyen dat Ngoai ra, su phat tridn cua cac nganh cdng nghidp {nhit la cdng nghiep dien nang) cung nhu tdc dp thi hoa cao d Tay Nguyen cung la nhung yd'u to cd tac ddng khdng nhd den mdi trudng dat ' Thuc trang mdi trudng va van desuy thodi mdi trudng di't d Tiy Nguyen 1049 KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANHTAmra vft MV A M | JRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006 Trong cac van de suy thoai m o i truong dat cua Tay Nguyen, thoai hoa da't xoi mon, rua troi la qua trinh dac trung nhat va duoc the hien nhu sau: Bang 3.1: T h u c t r a n g t h o a i hoa da't x o i m o n , r u a t r o i v u n g T a y N g u y e n Loai dat Dien tich (ha) Co cau(%) Tong dien tich t u nhien 5.447.450 100,00 Dat xoi mon, rua troi nhieu 1.053.870 19,35 Dat xoi mon, rua troi trung binh 678.750 12,46 Dat xoi mon, rua troi it 376.940 6,92 Cac loai dat khac lai 3.337.890 61,27 Ngudn: Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke ndng nghiep -BpNN&PTNT-2003 3.2.2 He t h d n g ban m o i t r u d n g dat v u n g T a y N g u y e n T d ket qua nghien cuu thuc trang m o i trudng da't, he thdng ban m d i trudng da't cua Tay Nguyen duoc xac dinh bao gdm cac loai ban sau: Ban dd m d i truong dat vung Tay Nguyen Ban dd thoai hoa dat viing Tay Nguyen, bao g o m cac ndi dung: thoai hoa da't xdi mdn, rua trdi; thoai hoa da't k h d han; thoai hoa da't lay hoa, ngap ung; thoai hoa dat trupt va sat l d Ban dd d nhidm dat vung Tay Nguyen, bao gdm cac ndi dung: d nhidm da't chat thai cdng nghiep; d nhidm da't chat thai t h i va khu dan c u ndng thon; d nhidm dat phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat; d nhidm da't khai thac tai nguyen khoang san; d nhidm da't cha't ddc hoa hoc 3.2.3 X a y d u n g ban d d m d i t r u d n g dat v u n g T a y N g u y e n Do quy m d lanh thd t u nhien cua vung kha ldn, ban dupe xay dung d ty le nhd nen dd dam bao tuih true quan cua ban do, pham v i nghidn cdu cua dd tai, ban dd mdi trudng dat \ $ h g Tay Nguyen dupe xay dung thu nghidm la ban dd phan vdi yeu to ndi dung chinh la x d i mdn, rua trdi da't {day la dac diem dac trung nhat van dS suy thoai mdi trudng dai cua Tay Nguyen) Ten ban do: Ban thoai hoa ddt x d i mdn, rua trdi vung Tay Nguyen Co sd nen va ty le ban dd: Ban thoai hoa dat x d i m d n , rda trdi viing Tay Nguyen dupe xay dung d ty le 1/250.000 va tren nen ban dd dia hinh {trong dd cac yeu td dia ly co ban da duoc khai quat hoa) Npi dung va hinh thdc the hien ban dd: a Npi dung co sd dia ly gdm: D i e m khdng che trdc dia; he thd'ng sdng, sudi ldn; he thd'ng qudc IP, tinh I d ; bien gidi Qudc gia; dia gidi hanh chinh cac cdp tinh, huydn theo tai lieu ban 364; dia hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng b Npi dung chuyen de: - Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't b i thoai hoa x d i m d n , rda trdi dupe bidu thi bang dudng vien khep k i n , n d i dung bdn cua khoanh dat, vung dat dupe thd hidn bang gam mau vang - Mdc dp x d i mdn, rua trdi duoc thd hien trdn co sd mdc dp dam nhat cua gam mau vang, dd: x d i mdn, rua trdi nhieu thd hien bang mau vang rat dam; x d i mdn, rua trdi trung binh the hien bang mau vang dam vda; x d i mdn, rda trdi it thd hidn bang mau vang nhat 1050 CONG NGH£ NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006^ KV YEU "CAC OE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh da't bi x o i mon, rua troi va cac loai da't khac lai dupe thd hien bang ma so': Da't trdng cay hang nam, k y hieu - 03 - V i tri phan bo' trung tam cac don vi hanh chinh cua cac tinh K o n Turn, Gia L a i , Dac Lac, Dac Nong, Lam Dong va cac huyen viing - V i t r i phan bo' cac cong trinh kinh te' - xa hoi va van hoa phuc l p i quan trpng cua cap tinh '{nhu cac cdng trinh thuy dien, khu cong nghiep ldn ) - He thong cac diem dan cu ldn, ghi chu dia danh {baogdm ten sdng, sudi chinh, qudc Id tinh Id, ten tinh viing) va cac ghi chd can thidt khac ten 3.3 KET QUA XAY DUNG THUNGHEM BAN DO MOI TRUING DAT X A THACH SON 3.3.1 Cac van de lien q u a n den m d i t r u d n g dat xa T h a c h Son Cdc yeu to, nguyen a Nguyen nhan khach nhdn chu yeu tdc ddng den mdi trudng quan (dieu kien tu ddt cua Thach Son nhien) - Yeu to hau - Yeu td dia hinh - Che dp thuy van b Nguyen nhin chu quan (diiu kien kinh te- xa hdi) Trong san xua't, vide tang cudng sd dung phan bdn, thudc bao ve thuc vat da gay tac hai nghiem trpng dd'n mdi trudng da't lupng phan, thudc tdn du dat M a t khac, viec phat trien cdng nghiep - tieu thu cdng nghidp vdi quy m d nhd, dudi hinh thdc to hop, hp gia dinh da dan dd'n tinh trang khd kiem soat dupe nguon chat thai Cac cha't thai, nude thai khdng qua x u ly da lam gia tang cac va'n de ve mdi trudng dat, gay d nhidm dat d a i Thuc trqng mdi trudng ddt cua xd Thach Son Ket qua nghien cdu cho thay mdi trudng dat cua Thach Son dang b i suy thoai nghiem trpng dupe the hien nhu sau: Bang 3.2 - Thuc trang mdi truong da't xa Thach Son Loai hinh Tdng dien tich tu nhien / Thodi hod ddt Da't bac mau Dat kho han Da't hoang mac hoa Da't nhidm man Dat nhiim phen Da't sat Id // O nhiem ddt 1.6 nhiem chat thai X N che bien dong lanh 2.0 nhidm thudc bao ye thuc vat 3.0 nhiim phan hoa hoc / / / Cdc loai ddt khac lai Ngudn: Trung tam Dieu tra Quy hoach dat dai -Bd Dien tich (ha) 1022,80 563,00 274,00 2,00 14,00 168,00 104,00 1,00 60,00 4,00 56,00 nhidm diem 399,80 Ca ca'u (%) 100,00 55,04 26,79 0,20 1,37 16,42 10,17 0,10 5,87 0,39 5,48 39,09 TN&MT-2003 3.3.2 He thdng ban m d i t r u d n g dat xa T h a c h Son 1051 KY YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYFN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002Tren co sd ket qua nghien cdu thuc trang m o i trudng dat xa Thach Son, he thdng ban mdi trudng dat ciia xa duoc xac dinh bao gdm cac loai ban sau: Ban mdi trudng ddtxa Thach Son Ban thoai hoa dat xa Thach Son, bao gdm cac ndi dung: thoai hoa dat bac mau; thoai hoa dat k h d han; thoai hoa da't hoang mac hda; thoai hoa dat man hda; thoai hoa da't phen hda; thoai hoa da't sat ld Ban nhiim dai xa Thach Son bao gdmg cac ndi dung: d nhidm da't chat thai cong nghiep; d nhidm da't phan hoa hoc thudc bao ve thuc vat 3.3.3 X a y d u n g b a n d d m d i t r u d n g dat xa T h a c h Son Do quy m d lanh tho cua xa nhd, ban dupe xay dung d ty Id ldn nen de' dam bao tinh dac trung, day du cua hidn tupng, pham vi nghien cuu ciia dd tai, ban mdi trudng da't xa Thach Son dupe xay dung thu nghiem la ban tdng hop Ten ban dd Ban hidn trang m o i trudng da't xa Thach Son - huyen Thach Ha tinh Ha Tinh Cosdnin va ty le ban do: Ban hien trang mdi trudng da't xa Thach Son dupe xay dung d ty Id 1/5.000 va tren nen ban dia hinh Noi dung va hinh thuc the hien ban do: a N d i dung co sd dia ly gdm: D i e m khdng che trac dia, he thd'ng song, he thdng giao thdng, dia gidi hanh chinh cap huyen xa theo tai lieu ban dd 364; dja hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng b N p i dung chuyen de: - Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't bi thoai hda va d nhidm dupe bidu thi bang dudng vidn khep k i n , ndi dung ben khoanh dat dupe the hien nhu sau: + Da't bi thoai hoa: the hien bang gam mau vang, dd: ~ Da't bi thoai hoa bac mau: ky hieu la B ~ Da't bi thoai hoa khd han: ky hidu la K ~ Da't bi thoai hoa hoang mac hda: ky hieu la H ~ Da't bi thoai hoa man hda: k y hidu la M ~ Da't bi thoai hoa phen hda: k y hidu la P ~ Da't bi thoai hoa sat l d : ky hidu la T + Da't bi d nhidm: thd hidn bang gam mau xanh, dd: ~ nhidm da't chat thai cdng nghidp: k y hidu la C N ~ nhidm da't phan hoa hoc, thudc bao vd thuc vat: k y hidu la PT - Mdc dp thoai hoa, d nhidm dupe the hidn tren co sd mdc dp dam nhat cua cac gam mau tren, cu the nhu sau: + Thoai hoa nhieu: Thd hien bang mau vang rat dam + Thoai hoa trung binh: The hidn bang mau vang dam vda 1052 Y YEU "CAC OE TAI NGHIEN CUl) KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006° + Thoai hoa it: the hien bang mau vang nhat + nhidm nhieu: the hien bang mau xanh rat dam + nhidm trung binh: the hien bang mau xanh dam vira + nhidm it: thd hien bang mau xanh nhat - Hien trang sir dung cua cac khoanh dat bi thoai hoa, nhidm va cac loai dat khac lai duoc thd hien bang ma sd: Dat trdng cay hang nam, k y hidu - 03 - V i tri phan bd trung tam xa Thach Son, vi t r i phan b d cac cdng trinh kinh te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc lpi quan cua xa {nhu trudng hoc, tram y te ) - He thdng cac didm dan cu, ghi chu dia danh (bao gom ten song, ten thon xdm) va cac ghi chu can thiet khac KET LUAN V A KIEN NGHI KET LUAN Qua qua trinh thuc hien cac ket qua thu nhan dupe cho thay de tai da dat dupe nhung muc tieu dd pham vi nghien cdu, cu thd nhu sau: De tai da he thdng hoa dupe nhung van de rat co ban lien quan den m d i trudng ndi chung va mdi trudng dat ndi rieng lam can cd ve mat nhan thdc vide nghien cdu co sd khoa hoc va thuc tidn dd xay dung he thdng ban dd m d i trudng da't toan didn, ddy du va thdng nha't Dac didm cac tac nhan anh hudng den mdi trudng da't va cac hinh thai suy thoai mdi trudng da't d nude ta dupe lam sang td qua trinh nghien cdu la co sd dang tin cay de xac dinh cac yeu t d npi dung cd lien quan den m o i trudng da't k h i xay dung he thd'ng ban Ket qua nghien cdu co sd thuc tidn ve cdng tac xay dung ban dd cung nhu cac van de ly luftn co ban ve ban dd m d i trudng da't da giup cho vide xac dinh he thd'ng ban dd mdi trudng da't phu hop theo dac diem cua tirng vung lanh thd nghien cdu De tai da xac dinh dupe danh muc cac loai ban dd m d i trudng da't, ty le ban do, cac yeu to ndi dung chuyen mdn, yeu cau the hien ndi dung, each thdc trinh bay ban phu hop vdi tirng cap v i m d va v i m d lam co sd cho viec tridn khai xay dung cac loai ban mdi trudng dat d Viet N a m thai gian tdi Trong do: a He thd'ng ban dp m d i trudng da't (theo cac cap lanh thd hanh chmh) dinh bao gdm nhom ban dd co ban, dd la: dupe xac (1) Ban dd mdi trudng dat cap tinh, cap huyen va cap xa (2) Nhom ban dd phan gdm: Ban thoai hoa da't va ban dd d nhidm da't ca'p tinh, ca'p huyen, cap xa b Ty le ban m d i trudng da't dupe xac dinh nhu sau: - Cap xa: bao gdm cac ty le 1/2.000, 1/5.000, 1/10.000 va 1/25.000 - Cap huyen: bao gdm cac ty le 1/10.000, 1/25.000 va 1/50.000 - Cap tinh: bao gdm cac ty le 1/25.000, 1/50.000 va 1/100.000 1053 KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002 c N p i dung chuyen m o n tren mpt ban m o i trudng dat bao gom yeu to ca ban, la: npi dung chuyen de nghien cuu (yeu to mdi trudng dat) va yeu to co sd dia ly {yeu toned), do: - Yeu to m o i trudng da't dupe the hien bang mau sac, k y hieu + M d c dp suy thoai dupe the hien dudi mpt hinh thdc: the hien bang k y hieu (dupephan theo cap: nhieu, trung binh va it) hoac the' hien bang mau sac (dugc xac dinh tren cosdmdc dd dam nhat ciia gam mau) Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh "da't co van dd" va cac loai da't khac lai dupe the hien bang ma so (theo quy dinh ciia Bp Tai Nguyen va Mdi trudng vd xay dung ban hien trang su dung dai) gop phdn viec nhin nhan day d i i buc tranh toan canh vung nghien cdu dudi gdc dp m o i trudng va thuc te su dung da't, lam ca sd cho viec cai tao, bao ve, su dung hop l y tai nguyen da't - N p i dung co sd dia l y : the hien nhung yeu to ca ban n h u didm khdng che trac dia, thuy he, dudng giao thdng, dia gidi hanh chinh cac cap, dia hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng Ket qua nghien cuu, thu nghiem xay dung ban dd m d i trudng dat tren dia ban vung Tay Nguyen va xa Thach San da phan anh phu hop vdi ket qua nghien cuu cua de tai Ben canh dd, ket qua thd nghidm xay dung ban dd thoai hoa da't x d i mdn, rua trdi viing Tay Nguyen va ban hien trang m d i trudng da't xa Thach San - huydn Thach Ha - tinh Ha Tinh ddng gop budc dau viec nhin nhan ve thuc trang mdt so van de mdi trudng da't d cac dia ban nay, t u dd giup cho viec hoach dinh cac chinh sach, nghien cdu de xuat cac bien phap nham bao ve m d i trudng da't de su dung bdn vung KIEN NGHI De hoan thien ve npi dung chuyen mon yeu cau the hien npi dung va trinh bay ban moi trudng da't phu hop vdi tung cap, cdn cd nhung nghidn cuu thu nghidm (mang tinh dng dung) tiep theo viec xay dung cac loai ban dd lien quan dd'n viec bao ve mdi trudng dat tren cac dia ban khac 1054 ... tuong nghien cdu " 2.2 Vai trd, y nghla khoa hoc cua ban mdi trudng ddt He thd''ng ban dd m d i trudng da''t cd y nghla quan trpng v d i vai trd la ngudn t u lieu khoa hoc can thidt cho vide quyet dinh... dd mdi trudng dat bao gom: KY YEU XAC Pg TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRl/ONG GIAI BOAN 2002- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung dat b i thoai hoa va nhiem (ddi cd van... thuc vat; da''t b i nhidm khai thac tai nguyen khoang san; da''t b i nhidm cha''t ddc hoa hoc - M d c dd thoai hoa va d nhidm - Hidn trang su dung cua cac khoanh dat, vung da''t " c d va''n de" - Hidn