Tiiu ban Khoa hgc cong nghe Biin ISBN 978 604 913 015 1 TIEM NANG RONG BIEN LAM NGUYEN LIEU SAN XUAT ETHANOL NHIEN LIEU TAI VIET NAM Le Nhu Hau, Vo Duy Triet, Nguyen Bach Khoa, Vo Thanh Trung, Ngo Tha[.]
Tiiu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Biin ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1 TIEM NANG RONG BIEN LAM NGUYEN LIEU SAN XUAT ETHANOL NHIEN LIEU TAI VIET NAM Le Nhu Hau, Vo Duy Triet, Nguyen Bach Khoa, Vo Thanh Trung, Ngo Thanh Triic, Tran Quang Thai, Vo Xuan Mai, Tran Mai Due, Nguyen Van Sy, Lam Thu Ngan Vien Nghien cim va iTng dung Cdng nghe Nha Trang, 02 - Hiing Vuong, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda Email: lenhuhau2003@yahoo.com Tom tat: Viet Nam cd din 800 lodi rong biin da dugc xdc dinh Trong dd nhiiu chi cd sdn lugng tu nhien lan Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (rong Ndu); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea (Rong Dd); Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong Luc) vd mdt sd lodi khdc dang dugc nudi trdng ao dia, vinh, bdi triiu ven biin Ifac tinh diin tich mat mrac cd tiim ndng nudi trdng vd khai thdc rong biin thai ky 2010 - 2015 Id 900,000 vai sdn lugng 600 - 700,000 tdn khd/ndm.Trong dd, nhdm rong Luc cd tiem ndng Idm nhdt ve diin tich vd sdn lugng nudi trdng Rong biin cd hdm lugng carbohydrat cao, phii hgp cho qud trinh len men di sdn xudt ethanol Vi vay, cd the sdn xudt ethanol nhien lieu sinh hoc tir rong biin Kit qud nghien cuu ndy cho thdy birc tranh todn cdnh vi tiim ndng rong biin Idm nguyen lieu sdn xudt ethanol sinh hoc, gdp phdn vdo tdm nhin chiin luge cho sir phdt ben virng ndng lugng tdi tgo tgi Viet Nam Abstract In Vietnam, about 800 species of seaweed have been identified Among them, many genera have high natural production as Sargassum, Turbinaria, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (phaeophytes); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea (Rhodophytes) and, Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophra (Chlorophytes) and several other species are cultivated in the land-based ponds, bays, coastal tidal fiats as Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis, Kappaphycus, Eucheuma Estimated distribution area of 500,000 of seaweed and the standing crop of 600-700,000 dry tonnes/year in the period of 2010-2015 Among them, the green seaweed group has the largest potential in area and aquaeulture production Seaweed has high carbohydrate contents which are suitable materials for fermentation to produce ethanol Therefore, it is possible to produce bio-ethanol from seaweeds In this research shows that overall picture of the potential of seaweed for feedstock of bioethanol production as a strategic visionary for the sustainable development of renewable energy in Vietnam Mddau Ap lire ciia nen kinh te toan ciu cang tang, ciing vdi suy giam ngudn nhien lieu hda thach, hau ndng len va d nhiem mdi trudng tren pham vi toan cau mot phin sir dung nhien lieu hda thach da thue diy cac nha khoa hoc tim ngudn ngudn nhien lieu tai tao mdi de thay the De thao gd vin dk nay, cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hoc nhan thiy ring sinh khdi rong bien cd the sir dung lam nguIn nguyen lieu thay the de san xuat ethanol sinh hoe 260 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm I ien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10/2010 Trudc nay, Ethanol sinh hoc da dugc san xuat deu dua tren nguyen lieu tir cac loai cay trdng ndng nghiep (nhu dudng, hat ngii cdc, phe thai ndng nghiep ) deu anh hudng den gia luong thue va thirc pham, ngudn nude ngot, dat canh tac, ciing nhu den sir ngheo kiet \a xdi mdn dat Nhung rong bien dugc nudi trdng d mdi trudng nude man, khdng sir dung dat ndng nghiep, nude ngot, phan bdn So sanh vdi thirc vat can rong bien cd tdc sinh trudng rat nhanh 4- lan nam, nang suat 565 tan/ha Hon niia rong bien sir dung lugng CO2 cho phat trien sinh khdi khoang 36,7 tin/ha cao hon 5- lin so vdi thue vat can (Bang 1) Hau het sinh khdi tir thue vat can la gd cd chiia nhieu lignin, ma hien phuong phap thiiy phan lignin cdn gap nhieu khd khan Rong bien khdng cd lignin, dd qui trinh san xuat nhien lieu tir rong bien don gian va thuan lgi hon Rong bien chiia phan carbohydrate cao tir 25-90%) lugng khd (Bang 2) cd thi thuy phan va chuyin hda glucose va fructose bang enzyme hoac acide, va sau dd de len men de san xuat ethanol Da cd nhirng cdng trinh san xuat ethanol tir rong Dd, tir rong Nau, tir rong Luc vdi hieu suat lit cdn sinh hoe/5 kg rong khd hoac tuong duong 500 lit/ tin rong khd [4,8] Trong dd, vi tao biin chiia 28-63% protein, 4-57% carbohydrate, va 2-40% lipids, cd the sir dung lipid va acid beo de san xuat biodiesel [8] Tuy nhien hien gia san xuat biodiesel tir vi tao cdn cao, USD/lit, chi phi diu tu he thong nudi, thu hoach va cdng nghe chiet dau tir te bao tao [8] Do dd, viec sir dung rong bien lam nguyen lieu san xuat ethanol thay the cho cac ngudn nguyen lieu tir cay ndng nghiep cd nhieu hira hen [4,8] Viet Nam la mot nude nhiet ddi cd dieu kien tu nhien thuan lgi cho rong bien phat trien Thanh phan loai rong bien ciia Viet nam da dugc xac djnh khoang 800 loai Mot sd loai da dugc sir dung lam thue pham, che bien cac loai keo rong bien[6], nhung nhiing loai cd gia trj kinh te thap chua dugc khai thac sir dung, gay lang phi cd the sir dung lam nguyen lieu san xuat bioethanol Va nhirng ddi tugng cd kha nang nudi trdng vdi nang suat cao gia thap, ciing la ngudn nguyen lieu tiem nang cho cdng nghe san xuat cdn sinh hoc tai Viet Nam Chiing cd the thay cho ngudn nguyen lieu san, mia hien dang sir dung tai cac nha may san xuat cdn nhien lieu sinh hoc Tam Ndng, Binh Phude, Dung Quat cd cdng suat 100.000m ethanol/nam/nha may, tieu thu khoang 240.000 tan san lat khd/nam/nha may Bai bao tdng ket mot phan ket qua budc dau tron^ de tai "Nghien cim danh gia tiem nang rong bien Viet Nam sir dung lam nguyen lieu san xuat ethanol nhien lieu (Biofuel)" ciia Bd Cdng thuong (2009- 2011) nham phat trien phat trien nhien lieu sinh hoc den nam 2015, tam nhin den nam 2025 d Viet Nam Tai lieu va phuong phap 2.1 Tdi lieu Tham khao cac bao cao Quy hoach tdng the nudi trdng thiiy san ciia cac tinh ven bien thdi ky 2001-2015 (www.agroviet.gov.vn)/"71 /, bao cao cac chuyen de ciia de tai "Nghien cim danh gia tiem nang rong bien Viet Nam sir dung lam nguyen lieu san xuat ethanol nhien lieu (Biofuel)" [1,2], sd lieu tir bao cao Quy hoach nudi tdm 2015-2020 ciia Vien nudi trdng Thiiy San [10], cac tai lieu cdng bd ve rong bien Viet Nam [3,5,6,7] 2.2 Phirang phdp Dieu tra ngudn lgi rong bien theo "Quy pham tam thdi dilu tra ting hgp biin" (phin Rong biin) ciia Uy ban KH & KT (1981) [9], tai 28 tinh, phi ven bien (Bang 1) vdi sl mau 700 (28 tinh x tram/tinh x khung sinh lugng/tram) Ket qua 3.1 Thdnh phdn lodi chi Viet Nam cd khoang 800 loai, dd nhilu loai cd san lugng tu nhien ldn thudc cae nhu Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (Nganh rong Nau): Gracilaria, 261 Tiiu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1 Hydropuntia, Hypnea {Rong Do); Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong Luc) Nhung ,oai phan bl d cac bai trilu ven bien gdm Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus, Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea Chiing tim thay tir viing trieu cho den phin tren \iing dudi trieu noi cd nen day san hd hoac da Nhiing loai phan bd cac ao dam, vung vjnh nhu cac loai rong cau {Gracilaria), rong Bun {Enteomorpha), rong Men {Chaetomorpha), rong Ldng cirng quan {Cladophora), vdi nen day cat bim, sau 0,20- 1.5 m 3.2 Hien trang vd tiim ndng ngudn lgi rong bien: Gdm cdc nhdm chinh sau: 3.2.1 Nhdm Alginophyte Nhdm rong Mo, la ngudn lgi tu nhien ldn nhat ciia Viet Nam Khoang 73 loai phan bd doc ven biin, dd nhiing loai uu the la Sargassum mccliirei, S polycystiim S crassifolium, S henslowianum, S siliquosum, S oligocystum, S serratum Phan ldn chiing phan bd d bd ven cac dao phia Bic vjnh Bic Bo, ven bien mien Trung va vjnh Thai Lan Miia vu tdt nhit tir thang 12 din thang Miia vu thu hoach tdt nhat tir thang den thang San lugng hang nam khoang 15.000 tin khd (Bang 1) Hien nay, mdt phan nhd de san xuat phan bdn, phu gia cho thirc an gia siic, thue pham chirc nang nude [6] 3.2.2 Nhdm Agarophyte C) Viet nam cd 20 loai rong Cau, da sd phan bd d cac bai trieu ven bien nhu Gracilaria arcuata, G tenuistipitata, G firma, G salicornia, G bailiniae, Hydroputia edulis, H eucheumomatoides H divergens, H ramulosa Tuy nhien chi cd loai Gtenuistipitata, G bailiniae, G firma, hien dang dugc nudi trdng lam nguyen lieu cho cac nha may san xuat agar nude Do dieu kien sinh thai d Viet Nam ma nhung loai rong cd ham lugng va chat lugng agar khdng cao, nen gia nguyen lieu rat thap khoang 2.300-2.500 d/kg khd Nen ciing dugc xem nhu la nguyen lieu chu yeu cho san xuat ethanol, hoac ciing cd the la ngudn nguyen lieu cho san xuat ethanol sau chiet agar Theo thdng ke, tiem nang dien tich cho nudi trdng rong cau khoang 5.000ha vdi san lugng la 14.000 tan khd, phan ldn tap trung d phia cac tinh phia Bac (Bang 1) San lugng rong Cau khdng cao mot phan tieu chuan nguyen lieu phai sach khdng lan tap Tuy nhien su dung rong nguyen lieu de san xuat cdn sinh hoc vdi tieu chuan thuan chiing la khdng can thiet, dd san lugng se gia tang ddng thdi gia thap hon giam chi phi cdng thu hoach va dap ling vdi tieu ehi gia ciia nguyen lieu de san xuat cdn sinh hoc 3.2.3 Nhdm rong Carrageenophyte Ben canh cac loai Kappaphycus {K cottonii, K enerme) Eucheuma arnoldii and Betaphycus gelatinum \k cac loai rong Ddng {Hypnea) da tim thiy doc ven biin Viet Nam vdi san lugng tu nhien tin khd, la nhung loai cd gia cao (25.000-30.000 d/kg khd) dugc ngudi dan sir dung lam thirc phim Rieng rong Sun {Kappaphycus alvarezii) dang dugc nudi trdng phd bien d cac tinh mien Trung, san lugng hien khoang 2.150 tin khd/nam, ma phin ldn dugc xuit khau Trien vong dien tich nudi trdng cd thi tang len din 7.700 vdi san lugng dir kiln dat 47.000 tin khd/nam (Huynh Quang Nang, 2008)[10] Ben canh dd, cdn cd nhung ddi tugng rong Dd khac, khdng dugc khai thac bao gdm cac loai thudc ehi Laurencia, Gigartina, Gymnogondrus, Hypnea Nhirng loai rong phan bd tren cac bai trilu, nhilu nhat vao cac thang 3-5 nam vdi san lugng udc tinh khoang 14810 tin khd, nhilu nhit d cac tinh miln trung tir Thanh Hda din Ninh Thuan (Bang 1) 3.2.4 Nhdm Chlorophyte Gdm cac loai cac chi Ulva, Caulerpa, Chaetomorpha, Enteromorpha, Cladophora Mot sd loai Ulva recticulata, Caulerpa racemosa, Enteromorpha intestinalis phan bd d cac bai trilu cd nin day cat biin xen ke san hd chit cd san lugng hang nam khdng 262 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm I 'ien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10:2010 ldn (khoang 1.000 tan khd) Trong dd cd cac loai Chaetomorpha linum, C capilaris C aerea, Enteromorpha flexuosa, E torta, Cladophora crispula, C social is, C prolifera phan bd d viing nude can hon cd nen day mem (cat, cat bim, biin cat ) cac dam, pha vjnh va ca cac ao nudi tdm bd hoang cd man 5-50%o, nhiet tir 20-45°C Chung phat triln rit nhanh, sinh lugng len den 0,5 kg khd/m^, san lugng rong Luc khoang 42056 tan khd (Bang 1) Thdng ke sd lieu dat khao sat thue te ve dien tich phan bd rong va san lugng hien tai (2009) cho thay kha nang khai thac tu nhien va nudi trdng cd the dat dien tich 79126,32 va san lugng thu hoach dugc la 69703,26 tin khd (Bang 1) Bdng Diin tich vd sdn lugng tgi i'hai diim khdo sdt (2009) vd du kiin din ndm 2015 Alginophyte Hien trang & tiem nang DT (ha) SL (Tan kho) Agarophyte Hien trang DT (ha) SL (Tin kho) Chlorophyte Tiem nang DT (ha) SL (Tdn kho) Hien trang DT (ha) SL (TSn kho) Carrageenophyte Tiem nang DT (ha) SL (Tan kho) Quang Ninh 70 50 196 183 310 514 334 160 4388 5276 Hai Phong 81 12 223 39 436 796 399 139 3146 3495 Thai Binh 187 37 460 708 702 88 4067 4176 Nam Dinh 161 171 425 799 481 160 4331 4853 Ninh Binh 219 341 265 443 308 38 2175 2308 Hien trang DT (ha) SL (TSn kho) Tiem nang DT (ha) SL (Tan kho) 50 35 445 2672 30 15 211 1264 Thanh Hoa 120 98 490 103 122 136 495 96 120 131 60 130 66 393 Nghe An 145 133 1090 241 241 394 1110 132 1580 1897 120 140 140 842 Ha TTnh 60 36 365 24 95 128 375 174 274 326 55 120 49 295 Quang Binh 67 110 190 139 89 125 176 172 523 646 38 180 75 448 Quang Trj 127 200 32 10 32 38 23 16 296 381 56 160 86 518 Thira Thien Hue 88 50 71 29 172 326 90 89 1938 2370 60 180 60 180 TP.Da Nang 83 35 40 14 40 30 65 23 90 79 35 70 35 70 Quang Nam 61 320 212 103 212 280 96 74 1526 1887 420 1325 420 1325 Quang Ngai 356 2500 188 94 188 109 61 60 264 332 560 3560 560 3560 Binh Dinh 83 500 185 100 185 319 204 211 109 89 320 1545 1050 6220 Phil Yen 60 120 300 113 300 451 270 245 1570 1894 200 1220 635 3970 Khanh Hoa 356 4000 300 126 300 333 155 164 264 332 300 2830 1120 6660 Ninh Thuan 149 169 262 80 262 204 84 81 968 1152 619 2800 974 6300 Binh Thuan 64 33 148 43 148 154 176 105 188 223 22 150 22 10 Vung Tau 94 75 10 42 84 197 207 5249 6229 15 50 1420 8740 4600 5520 Long A n 42 263 Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1 Ti(;n Giang 2480 2976 Ben Tre 9671 5503 10740 65880 Tra Vinh 7470 7444 24965 149970 Soc Trang 8455 8956 72250 43650 Bac Lieu 1119 7300 10740 65880 Ca Mau Kien Giang 5780 577 185 3699 1857 9674 24965 149970 745 72319 43786 4205 89881 165 1048 207 773 207 773 1534 2229 9488 10889 3350 638 1084 6269 565709 350 3310 300 1420 8740 14810 8788 52206 Tuy nhien, chi mdt lugng nhd rong dugc sir dung lam phan bdn cho hanh tdi, Ca chua, khoai lang d vai dja phuong, gia khoang 1- 2.000 d/kg khd, cdn phan ldn chua dugc khai thac Hien viec nudi tdm Sii cd phan giam bdt djch benh Theo djnh hudng ciia Bo ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, cac md hinh nudi tdm hien phai theo hudng phat trien ben viing, nghia la phai de lai 5-10% dien tich nudi cho ao xir ly nude trudc dua vao nudi ciing nhu trudc thai mdi trudng Vi the nhiing dien tich cd thi dugc xem la ngudn tiem nang cho phat trien nudi trdng rong bien den nam 2015, udc tinh dien tich khoang 916212,78 vdi san lugng nudi trdng dat dugc la 638245,26 tin khd/nam (Bang 1) Ky thuat va quy md nudi trdng bang md hinh nudi trdng kit hgp hoac luan canh cac ao nudi tdm cd the dap ling ngudn nguyen lieu vdi gia thip dudi 2.000 d/kg, phii hgp cho gia nguyen lieu cua cac nha may san xuat cdn sinh hoc nude Ket luan Rong bien Viet Nam gdm nhung chi cd san lugng ldn Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (rong Nau); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea, Kappaphycus (Rong Dd); Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong Luc), hien cd thi khai thac 79.126,3 tin rong khd tren dien tich 75.322.0 Dien tich mat nude cd tiem nang nudi trdng va khai thac rong biin thdi ky 2010-2015 khoang 900.000 vdi san lugng 600- 700.000 tin khd/nam Rong bien Viet Nam cd kha nang dap ling nguon nguyen lieu cho cdng nghe san xuat cdn sinh hoc d quy md cdng nghiep, vdi gia nguyen lieu thip dudi 2.000 d/kg khd, bing khai thac ngudn nguyen lieu tu nhien va nudi trdng bing md hinh kit hgp hoac luan canh cac ao nudi tdm va d cac bai trilu ven biin, vjnh TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dam Diic Tien "Diiu tra, khdo sdt, ddnh gid hiin trgng vd tiim ndng phdt triin ngudn lgi rong biin cd hdm lugng Carbohydrate cao a Thanh Hda, Nghi An, Hd Tinh " Bao cao chuyen dl, 27 tr.,(2009) Dam Dire Tien "Diiu tra, khdo sdt, ddnh gid hiin trgng vd tiem ndng phdt triin 264 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ngi 10/2010 ngudn lgi rong bien cd hdm lugng Carbohydrate cao a Hdi Phdng, Qudng Ninh Thdi Binh, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh " Bao cao chuyen dl, 35 tr.,(2009) Huynh Quang Nang, "Diiu tra qui hogch vd di xudt cdc gidi phdp phdt triin trdng rong Sun bin virng" Bao cao dk tai cip Bd Thuy san 2005-2007 240 tr., (2008) J-1 Park, H-C Woo, J-H.Lee, "Production of Bio-energy from Marine Algae: Status and Perspectives" Korean Chem Eng Res 46, 833-844, (2008) Nguyen Hun Dinh, Huynh Quang Nang, Trin Ngoc But, Nguyen Van Tien Rong biin Viet Nam (phdn phia Bdc), NXB KH & KT, HCM, 364 tr., (1993) Nguyen Van Tiln "Ngudn lgi Rong biin" Chuyen khao biin Viet Nam, IV (nguon lgi Sinh vat va cac he sinh thai biin) Ha Ndi Tr 236-280 (1994) Pham Hoang ho "Rong bien Viet Nam (phia Nam) " NXB Sai Gdn, 560 tr , 1969 S M Lee, and J H Lee, "Production of Bio-ethanol from Brown Algae by Physicochemical Hydrolysis" J Korean Ind Eng Chem., 20(5), 517-521, (2009) Uy ban Khoa hgc & Ky thuat Nha Nude, "Quy phgm tgm thai diiu tra tdng hgp biin (phdn Rong biin) " Nxb Khoa hoc & Ky thuat Ha Ndi 205 tr., (1981) 10 Vien Nudi trdng thiiy san II, "Quy hogch phdt triin nudi tdm nuac Ig Viet Nam din ndm 2015 vd dinh huang den ndm 2020" Bao cao Bd NN & PTNT 2007-2009, 147 tr (2009) 11 www.agroviet.gov.vn 265 ... xuat ethanol Da cd nhirng cdng trinh san xuat ethanol tir rong Dd, tir rong Nau, tir rong Luc vdi hieu suat lit cdn sinh hoe/5 kg rong khd hoac tuong duong 500 lit/ tin rong khd [4,8] Trong dd,... 100.000m ethanol/ nam/ nha may, tieu thu khoang 240.000 tan san lat khd /nam/ nha may Bai bao tdng ket mot phan ket qua budc dau tron^ de tai "Nghien cim danh gia tiem nang rong bien Viet Nam sir... loai rong cau {Gracilaria), rong Bun {Enteomorpha), rong Men {Chaetomorpha), rong Ldng cirng quan {Cladophora), vdi nen day cat bim, sau 0,20- 1.5 m 3.2 Hien trang vd tiim ndng ngudn lgi rong