A N TOAN MOI TRUONG D A U KHI Su* dung hieu qua chat phan tan dau TS Vu Cong Thang Vien Diu khi Viet Nam Tom tat Chat phan tan la eong eu hieu qua trong cong tae irng pho sir eo trim diu, tuy nhien ch[.]
A N T O A N - MOI TRUONG D A U KHI Su* dung hieu qua chat phan tan dau TS Vu Cong Thang Vien Diu Viet Nam Tom tat Chat phan tan la eong eu hieu qua cong tae irng sir eo trim diu, nhien chat phan tan cung eo the gay nguy hai eho moi trw&ng neu khong sw dung hg'p ly va dung each Bai viet de cap mot so thong tin ve sir dung chit phan tan sw eo tran diu Deepwater Horizon tai vjnh Mexico thang 4/2010, lam ro ban chit, vai tro, dge tfnh, kha nang phan sinh hge, quy djnh ve sir dung, eae khfa canh luat phap lien quan den cae chit phan tan dong th&i cung dwa mot so kien nghj doi v&i viec sir dung chit phan tan a nw&c ta Sir dung chat phan tan SLP CO tran lugng c h i t phan tan can diing Vao giai dau Deepwater IHorizon doan dinh d i l m , 474m3 (125.000 gallon) Ngay 20/04/2010 gian khoan Deepwater Horizon nam each bo' Louisiana 50 dam bat ngo' phat no va chim, 11 nguo'i thiet mang Dau tu' mieng gieng khoan tham IVIacondo 6' khu vyc bien co dp sau 1.500m phun vai luu lugng 5.400 t i n (40.000 thung) moi Theo thong ke chinh thirc eua cac nha khoa hpe lam viee eho ehinh phu (Viy va dpc lap, uac khoang 600.000 t i n d i u (4,9 theu thung) da tran vjnh Mexico, khoang 18% (108.000 t i n ) dugc dpn va hut vao cac tau chira 43.000 nguo'i, vo'i 6.500 phuang tien du6'ng thiiy, cung hang chuc may bay da tham gia cong tae khac phuc hau qua Hai loai chat phan tan Corexit 9500A va Corexit 9527A dugc BP dua vao sir dung c h i t phan tan dugc dung m l i K i t thuc s y c l , da dung h i t 7.000m3 (1,84 theu gallon) Day la lugng c h i t phan tan duge diing Icfyn n h l t Ijch sir mpt vu tran dau tir trud'c tai 6' Hoa Ky Ngay 10/05/2010, Cue Bao ve Moi truo'ng Hoa Ky (EPA) yeu cau BP thyc hien mpt dgt quan t r i e moi truo'ng va len k l hoach danh gia qua trinh sir dung c h i t phan tan ca tren va duo'i mat nuo'c EPA cung sir dung may bay, cac tram quan t r i e khong CO djnh va di dpng de quan t r i e lien tuc c h i t lugng khdng viing duyen hai sau co nhieu than philn cua nguo'i dan viing v l sire khoe bj anh huo'ng khong bj nhiem chat phan tan Ngay 17/05/2010, Thugng nghi sy Ngoai each thdng thuo'ng phun len cac lap Edward Markey, chii tjeh tieu ban Nang dau troi noi tren mat b i l n , l i n dau tien lugng va Moi truo'ng cua quoe hoi My da giri Ijch sir irng ciru d i u tran, chat phan tan thu eho EPA neu ro r i n g ca chat phan tan duge dua vao d i u nguln tran dau dud'i day dang dugc diing 6' vinh Mexico da bi nuo'c bien Vai phuang phap mo'i nay, hieu qua Anh loai khoi danh sach cae c h i t phan tan phan tan d i u tang len ro ret, giam duge khIi dugc phep su' dung each day han 10 nam DAU KHi - S6 12/2010 PBTROVIBTNAM Tren thyc te Corexit 9527A dpc han da dugc BP thdi sir dung sy c l tu' culi thang t u va Hai duang Hoa Ky tuyen b6 3/4 s6 4,9 theu thung d i u bj rd n vjnh Mexico da biln m i t qua b l e hai, dIt, cac bien phap phan tan d i u va thu hIi d i u Ngay 20/05/2010, EPA yeu c l u BP vong 24 gio' phai ehpn dugc danh sach cac c h i t phan tan it dpc han, sir dung cac c h i t phan tan mai vong 72 gia ke tir luc de trinh danh sach BP phai chia se thong tin, minh bach han v l phin c h i t phan tan cung nhu qua trinh sir dung d l nguo'i dan My hieu d l y du nhO'ng hoa chit nao dang dugc dung de giam thiiu tac dpng mdi tru6'ng Ngay 06/08/2010, ea quan Dugc va Thyc p h i m Hoa Ky (FDA) tuyen b6, cac c h i t phan tan sir dung 6" vjnh Mexico khdng tich tu hai san va kh6ng anh huo'ng d i n sire khoe ngud'i Dap irng lai yeu c i u ciia EPA, BP da gu'i ban danh gia khoa hpe cua BP v l cac chit phan tan thay t h i d6 ehi ro chi CO Sea Brat c6 du khIi lugng d l dung, tinh hieu qua va it dpc han c6 the thay the dugc, nhien lai c h i t phan tan lai tilm I n nhiiu rui ro sinh nonylphenol (Mpt doe chat doi vo'i sinh thai m6i truo'ng) Bao cao kh6ng lam thoa man EPAva lye lugng t u i n duyen Hoa Ky Do vay EPA va cac nha khoa hpe da thIm djnh mpt each dpc lap v6'i cae s l lieu v l chit phan tan BP cung e l p K i t qua cac nghien ciru cua nhom dugc cong b l 02/08/2010 xac nhan Corexit 9500A h I n hgp v6'i d i u khong dpc han c h i t phan tan dugc ehpn thay t h i khac va cOng khdng lam d i u nhiim dpc han D l h i l u duge quy m6 sir dung chit phan tan sy c l tran dau nay, c6 the tham khao cae s l lieu tir mpt s6 vu xay tru6'c day: Nam 1979, sy e l phun trao gieng IXTOC-I, g i n Vera Cruz, Mexico, khoang 3.800 - 9.500m3 (1 - 2,5 trieu gallon) chit phan tan (ehii y l u la Corexit) duge diing khoang tho'i gian han thang Nam 1989, sy c l tran d i u Exxon Valdez 6' Alaska, 38.000 t i n d i u tran bien Chi c6 21 m^ chit phan tan Corexit 9527 dugc phun xuIng lap dau loang sau c l gang b i t dieu kien ky thuat va thd'i tilt khong thuan Igi, lam tupt mat ca hoi sir dung Nam 2009, sy e l tran 34.000m3 d i u tu' gian West Atlas, b i l n Ddng Timor, da dung h i t 190m3 (50.000 gallons) c h i t phan tan Tir sy CO tran d i u Deepwater Horizon dugc trinh bay 6' tren, nhirng eau hoi dugc dat la ban chit chat phan tan la gi, dpc tinh cua chung, vai tro cua ehung cong tac irng ciru d i u tran va vi ehiing lai duge du luan xa hoi, cae nha chirc trach, cac cong ty d i u quan tam den mire nhu vay? Phin trinh bay du(i>'i day phin nao giup giai dap cac cau hdi tren: Ngay 26/05/2010, EPA va lye lugng tuIn duyen Hoa Ky yeu cau BP giam 75% tong lugng c h i t phan tan dugc dung va ngu'ng han viec sir dung c h i t phan tan tren mat nuae Lugng c h i t phan tan dOng dual nuae ehi dugc dung t i i da 57m3 (15.000 gallon) moi Ngay 15/07/2010, BP day dugc nap gilng khoan, k l tir dd thdi dOng c h i t phan tan, tru' 19/07 dung h i t 0,76m3 (200 gallon) Ngay 04/08/2010, Ca quan Khi tugng Hinh Phun chit phan tan sw cd Deepwater Horizon DAU K H i - s d 12/2010 51 A N T O A N - MOI TRUONG D A U K H I Ban chat cua chat phan tan C h i t phan tan e6 p h i n g I m cae c h i t hoat dpng b l mat, dung moi va chat on djnh C h i t phan tan co vai tro giam sire cang b l mat giO'a pha nuae va d i u giup cho d i u c6 t h i phan tan vao dp to'i 50% khIi lugng nuo'c (bien) hay cac dung mdi ether glycol thay cho d i u hoa, lilu dung 6' mu'c 1/20 - 1/30 the tieh d i u tran dae biet thuan Igi eho viec sir dung may bay va tau thuy Viec diing nuae bien tai cho lam dung mdi da giam bo'i dang ke khIi lugng c h i t phan tan d n chuyen cho' nuae dual dang cac hat nhu tuang Cac c h i t hoat dpng b l mat anion hay khdng ion hay dugc dOng lam c h i t phan tan, tieu bieu nhu: Cac ester ciia cae axit beo, cua sorbitan, cac m u l i cua axit sulphosueeinic Cae c h i t hoat dpng b l mat cation khdng dugc dung thuo'ng chira cac muoi amoni Tham s l quan trpng n h l t ciia c h i t hoat dpng b l mat la he s l can bang ua nud'c - ua dau HLB Cac chat hoat dpng b l mat ed the dung lam c h i t phan tan can ed HLB khoang gia trj - 11 Moi chat hoat dpng b l c6 mpt gia trj HLB nhat djnh nen phu hgp vai moi loai dau nhat djnh Cac dung moi tieu bieu gom phan doan chung d t d i u nhe, dau hoa, ethylene glycol, butyl glycol, nuae bien Trai qua qua trinh phat then, cho d i n da CO t h i he c h i t phan tan The he c h i t phan tan dau tien ehinh la cac c h i t tay rira cdng nghiep dugc diing nhO'ng nam 60 the ky truae Trong sy c l tran d i u Torrey Canyon nam 1967, Lg'\ ich va rui ro diing chat phan tan Muc dich eiia viec sir dung c h i t phan tan la thue day lap d i u noi tren mat nuae phan tan vao cot nuo'c dud'i dang eae hat dau nho eon gpi la cae hat nhu tuang Cac hat nhu tuang chii yeu t i n tai 6' lap nuo'c b l mat day co' 10 - 20m va dugc cac ddng hai luu di chuyen, phan tan tren pham vi rong 16'n han dan d i n ham lugng d i u nuae giam d i n td'i mire kh6ng eon dii gay nguy hiem Do be mat tiep xuc diu/nuo'c tang len rIt nhiiu keo theo t i c dp phan sinh hpe tang len tuang irng Sir dung c h i t phan tan giiip han e h i sy t i i p xue ciia dpng vat song tren mat nuae (chim, dpng vat co vu) v6'i lap d i u noi, ngan chan dugc qua trinh troi dat eiia 16'p d i u vao vung nuae nong, ven bd", nhO'ng nai co dp nhay cam moi truo'ng cao Tuy nhien rui ro b i t gap dung c h i t phan tan la tang nguy ca t i i p xuc ciia sinh vat bien sing cot nucJc vo'i cac gipt d i u phan tan ept nu6'c 10.000 tan c h i t tay rira dugc diing de lam sach 14.000 tan d i u nhiem cf bai b i l n Comwall, UK M6i truo'ng sinh thai da bj huy hoai te hai doe tinh cao va hieu qua kem ciia cac c h i t tay rira Tir dd, cac c h i t tay ru'a cong nghiep bj h l u h i t cac nuae d m sir dung C h i t phan tan t h i he thir sir dung cac chat Quylt djnh sir dung chat phan tan hay khong la mpt lya ehpn khong de dang va phai tren ea so' danh gia so sanh giO'a Igi ich va riii ro t i l m an Cac yeu to c i n xem xet 6' day la eo nhtrng nguln Igi nao e6 hay vang mat tai khu vyc nhiem, dp sau nuae bien, mire dp luu chuyen eiia nucfyc, diiu kien bien (dpng hay em ) phan tan la cae ester cua cae axit beo (10 - 25%) hoa tan dung mdi hO'u ea it hydrocarbon tham (nhu d i u hoa), phun vao 16'p d i u nhiim 6' ty le 30 - 50% t h i tich d i u Do lilu dung 6' mire eao nhu vay nen v i n de hau d n , chuyen cho' c h i t phan tan den khu vyc d i u tran la mpt thach thirc rIt lan C h i t phan tan the he thir gpi la c h i t phan tan dam dac, doe tinh thIp, c6 t h i hoa tan a n i n g 52 DAU KHi - S 12/2010 Cac yeu to anh hu'ang den hieu qua SIP dung chat phan tan Sau c h i t phan tan t i i p xuc vo'i dau, de biln 16'P d i u eae hat nho phan tan cot nuae c i n phai c6 nang lugng khuly trpn du 16'n Nang lugng chu y l u l l y tu' gi6, song va dong chay be mat Cac y l u to lien he mat t h i l t vai va gid la yeu to ca ban quan trpng nhat Trong dieu PBTROVIBTNAM kien bien lang, gid co toe dp nho han 5m/s (u'ng vai gio d p 3) h l u nhu khong the tao duge nhO, hieu qua sir dung c h i t phan tan rIt thIp [2] Ngugc lai, n l u gid va s6ng qua manh, qua trinh phan tan ty nhien tro' nen uu t h i c h i t phan tan co rIt it ca hoi t i i p xuc vai lap d i u , viec phun c h i t phan tan tro' nen v6 nghTa Cac nghien CU'U cho t h i y hieu qua c h i t phan tan bat d i u giam a t i c dp gio 12 - 14 m/s, tuang irng vai gid c i p Sy e l tran d i u Exxon Valdez la truang hgp dien hinh Trong d i u tien, b i l n qua lang nen hieu qua sir dung c h i t phan tan h l u nhu khdng dang k l Sang thir 3, mot can bao b i t ng6' xult hien v6'i t i c dp 21 - 36m/s (elp d i n c i p 12) lam tupt m i t ca hoi sir dung Phin lan c h i t phan tan dugc pha e h i de dung d i i u kien nud'c man Cac c h i t hoat dpng b l mat khong ion nhay cam vd'i dp man djnh huang cac d i u ua nud'c va ua d i u 6' ranh giai be mat va giam tac dung phan tan dp man thIp han 1% Mpt so c h i t phan tan duge san xult heng de dung cho nuae Ig, nuae ngpt nhu Disper ED, Inipol IPF, OD 4500 [2] Chat phan tan c6 hieu qua tot vd'i d i u cd dp nhat nho han 1.000 mPa.s 6' dieu kien nhiet dp nuae biln Khi dp nho't eiia d i u lan han 10.000 mPa.s, nhlt la d i u dong dae 6' nhiet dp moi truang se rIt kh6 phan tan d i u vao ept nu6'e Trong sy co vo' dud'ng ong n g l m a m6 Bach Ho thang nam 2006, d i u tho Bach Ho dong dae a nhiet dp nud'c bien nen viec phun chit phan tan chi thyc hien duge vao thd'i d i l m giO'a trua d i u tan chay dud'i sire ndng ciia mat trai Sau tran bien, cac thupc tinh vat ly va p h i n eiia d i u bj b i l n doi r i t nhanh qua trinh bay hai, phan tan, khuylch tan, hoa tan cua cac p h i n dau vao ept nuae Qua trinh gpi la "sy phong hoa" (weathering) cua d i u Dp nhd-t ciia d i u se tang len theo thd'i gian Cae y l u t l m6i tru6'ng ehi p h i i d i n qua trinh la nhiet dp, t i e dp gid va d i i u kien sdng Nhu vay, SU' dung c h i t phan tan chi hieu qua mpt khoang th6'i gian n h l t djnh gpi la "cira so ca hoi" Tuy theo loai d i u , y l u t l mdi truo'ng, cira s l ea hoi thu6'ng keo dai tu' vai gia d i n vai ke tu' thd'i diem d i u tran [2], Phin lan d i u tho Viet Nam co cira so ca hoi rIt ngIn co dilm ddng dac cao D l danh gia hieu qua sir dung chit phan tan, ngud'i ta sir dung mpt s l thir nghiem khac nhau, vi du phuang phap IFP, MNS, WSL, binh lac EPA, be tao sdng, be tuIn hoan Nhin ehung eae phuang phap mang tinh quy uac, dugc thyc hien nhIm lya chon chit phan tan t i t nhlt cho moi loai d i u , san pham d i u Phdng Hoa hpe M6i truo'ng ciia Trung tam Nghien ciru Phat triln An toan M6i tru6'ng D i u (CPSE), Vien D i u Viet Nam duge trang bj bp thilt bj IFP Test, la dan vj nhit 6' Viet Nam cd dieu kien thyc hien cac phep danh gia Dpc tinh cua chat phan tan Dpc tinh eua mot chit la nhirng anh hu6'ng x i u den sinh vat bj phai nhiim vcji c h i t Cae tae dpng x l u c6 the la gay tir vong hoae nhO'ng thuang ton cua ca the sinh vat nhung chua du gay tir vong (sublethal) Mu'c dp phai nhiem la mpt ham cua nong dp c h i t dpc va thd'i gian t i i p xue T h i he chit phan tan d i u tien hay chinh xae la chit t l y ru'a edng nghiep c6 chira nhiiu dung mdi dpc hai nen da gay tai hoa eho eae he sinh thai dud'i nuae nhiiu han chinh d i u nhiem Cae c h i t phan tan hien e6 dp doe e l p tinh thIp hay it nhit la thIp han dp dpc c i p tinh ciia cac loai d i u d nhiem Trong sy e l tran d i u Deepwater Horizon tai vjnh Mexoco vu'a qua, chit phan tan Corexit 9527A cd hieu qua phan tan 63%, t i t han so vai 55% ciia Corexit 9500A, nhung bj cao bupe e6 doe tinh cao phin cd chira tai 30 60% khIi lugng butyl glycol - Mot loai dung mdi ether ed son, c6 the gay hai eho h i n g c l u , than, gan va dj irng da Corexit 9527A vu tran d i u Exxon Valdez nam 1989 duge cho la da lam ton hai sire khoe keo dai cho nhtrng ngud'i tham gia lam sach bai bien DAU K H i - S 12/2010 53 A N T O A N - MOI TRUONG D A U K H I Doc tinh cua dau SLP dung chat phan tan Nhd' phan tan ept nu6'c dud'i dang cac hat nhu, b l mat ranh giai pha nud'c - d i u tang len rat nhiiu d i n d i n lam tang t i c dp di chuyin cua cac hgp c h i t de tan nud'c tir cac gipt d i u sang pha nud'c Khi dd nIng dp cua nhiiu c h i t dpc hai tang len cue bp tru6'c ehung dugc pha loang ddng chay Day chinh la ea so' cho lap luan eua mpt s l ngu6'i m u l n han e h i dung chat phan tan irng phd d i u tran NhO'ng ngud'i cho rang n l u c h i t phan tan sir dung c6 hieu qua, cOng d6ng nghTa se lam tang ham lugng d i u cot n\sac d i n d i n gay dpc cho nhiiu sinh vat bien O mire - ppm-gid' (nIng dp nhan vd'i thd'i gian phai nhiem) se c6 anh huo'ng 16'n den cac sinh vat b i l n nhu cac l u trung, ca va cac loai giap xac Tuy nhien thyc t l sir dung c h i t phan tan cho thiy, nIng dp d i u nud'c giam r i t nhanh theo thd'i gian, tu" gia trj eye dai 30 - 50ppm dat dugc thd'i gian ngan sau xCy ly t i n tai 6' dud'i 16'p d i u se giam nhanh chdng xuIng mire nho han - lOppm lap nu6'c mat day 10 - 20m sau vai gid' O nhii'ng vOng nuae c6 dii dp sau, sy luu thong cua nuo'c dii manh se giam thieu r i t nhiiu nguy ca dat td'i mire nguy hai noi tren Kha nang phan sinh hoc cua dau du'p'c phan tan Cac p h i n khac cua dau co t i e dp phan khac Thuo'ng cac hgp c h i t hoa hpe dan gian cd t i c dp phan sinh hpe cao, cd the chuyen hoa hoan toan sinh khoi, tham chi carbonic va nuae Trong mpt lugng nho p h i n d i u ed trpng lugng phan tu" lan nhu asphaltene, nhya khong the phan sinh hpe se ton tai rat lau, tich tu tram tieh day bien 54 DAU KHi - s o 12/2010 Toe dp phan sinh hpe ciia lap d i u rat cham kha nang cung d p dinh dud'ng va oxy tu' pha nuae bj han e h i Khi d i u phan tan cac gipt nho phan tan ept nuo'c, b l mat ranh gi6'i nuae d i u tang r i t 16'n, kha nang cung d p dinh duo'ng va oxy dugc cai thien va nhd' vay t i e dp phan sinh hpe tang len r i t nhieu Kha nang phan cua chat phan tan Khdng c6 nhiiu cac nghien eiru v l kha nang phan sinh hpe cua chinh cac c h i t phan tan Tuy nhien, dya tren p h i n cac c h i t phan tan ghi m i u khai so lieu an toan vat lieu MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), hau h i t cac c h i t phan tan cd p h i n la cac c h i t de phan huy sinh hpe Cach SLP dung chat phan tan Cho ta\ trud'c xay s y e l tran d i u Deepwater Horizon, each dung c h i t phan tan bien n h l t la phun c h i t phan tan tir tau, thuyin len 16'P d i u cho c h i t phan tan tham tot n h i t vao Ic^p d i u sau song se phan tan lap dau cac hat nho Chi c h i t phan tan t h i he 3, dang dam dac md'i nen phun tir may bay Trong qua trinh phun, mot p h i n dang ke chat phan tan khong e6 ca hoi tiep xue hoae khong kip t h I m vao d i u bj cuon theo gio, phun khdng triing muc tieu, nu6'c bien rira tr6i vira t i i p xuc Trong sy e l tran d i u Deepwater Horizon, diem md'i la la c h i t phan tan la dugc d i n vao dau gilng (Hinh 2) tai day c h i t phan tan duge trpn l i n vd'i d i u truae thoat ngoai moi truo'ng B i n g each da giam sy t h I t thoat c h i t phan tan n l u dung phuang phap cu cung nhu han che rui ro t i i p xuc vai c h i t phan tan cho ngud'i cOng nhu sinh vat b i l n PBTROVIBTNAM dugc c h i p thuan 6" cae nuo'c chau Au khac Cac nuae Phin Lan, Tho NhT Ky, Slovenia, Thuy Dien d m sir dung chat phan tan u'ng phd d i u tran [2] Dirang ong din cti&t phan tan Nap day gieng dau 1^ ffl HJQ fSSULM i ED I X ^ Cs Viet Nam, chi sir dung cac chit phan tan da dang ky va dugc phep eua bp Khoa hpe Cong nghe M6i tru6'ng (nay la Bp TNMT) [1] Co mpt s l chit phan tan dugc phep sir dung nhu la Seacare OSD, Finasol OSR 052, Enersperse 1037, Seagreen 805 va Shell VDC, Superdispersant 25 Quy djnh ve vung nipo'c SLP dung chat phan tan Hinh Nip day gieng dau ciing vai dwang din chat phan tan dwac BP thwc hien cdng Quy djnh ve SLP dung chat phan tan Quy e h i cua h l u h i t cac nuo'c d m dua hda p h i m vao bien neu khong dugc phep cua ea quan nha nud'c cd tham quyin Cac chit phan tan cung dugc xem la hda pham nen cOng chju diiu chinh bd\ nhtrng quy djnh Tuy nhien quy dinh eua cac nwac khdng gilng Cue Bao ve Mdi tru(D'ng Hoa Ky (EPA) c6 mpt danh sach cae hoa pham dugc cap nhat hang nam dung cho irng phd dau tran Ban danh sach ban hanh 01/09/2010 g I m 14 c h i t phan tan, 37 chat ru'a b l mat, 15 sinh pham phan huy d i u va 13 tac nhan dung cho cac muc dich khac irng phd d i u tran [3] D l cd mat danh sach, chit phan tan phai dat hieu qua phan tan toi thieu 45% theo phuang phap binh lac (Swihing Flask) va dugc phan loai tren thang dpc sinh thai d p tinh ciia EPA theo mire tir r i t dpc den khdng dpc sau dugc thir nghiem heng va thir nghiem 6' dang h I n hgp v6'i d i u ty le 1:10 tren ca {Menidia beryllina) va tom {Mysidopsis bahia) Cac nuae khac nhu Anh, Phap, Nauy, Tay Ban Nha, Hy lap, Malta, Sip cOng cd cac quy djnh tuang ty v l thir nghiem hieu qua va dpc tinh Mpt so nu6'e nhu Ao, Dan Mach, Du'c, Ireland, Ha Lan, Ba Lan eho phep sir dung chat phan tan neu c h i t dd da Cac nuo'c quy dinh kha chat v l cac vung nud'c dugc phep sir dung chat phan tan H l u h i t cae nud'c yeu c l u phai dugc phe duyet trud'c sir dung chit phan tan 6' mpt vung nuae nao d6 Mpt s l nucire dya theo dp sau, mu'c dp nhay cam cua vOng bien ma khong cho phep dung hoae duge dung nhung phai duge phe duyet heng Hoa Ky quy djnh cac vung nud'c each bo' tu" lan han 0,5-3 hai ly, dp sau 16'n han - 18m (20 - 60 feet) theo tirng tieu bang c6 the sir dung chit phan tan ma kh6ng d n xin phep Cae truo'ng hgp cdn lai phai dugc phe duyet eho tirng truang hgp Truo'ng hgp khin d p cd the ap dung bien phap phe duyet nhanh (duge c h i p thuan cua mpt so nhan vat then c h i t nhu cac dong chu tjeh cua EPA va lye lugng tuIn duyen, dai dien ed uy quyin eua tieu bang, lien bang) V\\sac Anh cho phep sir dung chit phan tan 6' vOng nuae sau D i i v6'i vung nucjc n6ng dugc djnh nghTa nhu la vung nuae each ba khong qua DAU K H i - S 12/2010 55 A N T O A N - M O I TRUONG D A U KHi hai ly hoae chieu sau khong qua 20m d n phai duge phe duyet cua d p co tham quyen Nuae Phap chia b i l n san vung va quy djnh truae viec sir dung c h i t phan tan theo quy md cua sy c l tran d i u Cac nuae Y, Dire, Hy Lap, Phin Lan, Dan Mach eho phep sir dung neu d p tham quyin cho phep Cac nuae nhu Hoa Ky, Phap, Anh c6n co quy djnh heng v l sir dung c h i t phan tan vung nuae Ig va nud'c ngpt [4] Viet Nam d m dung c h i t phan tan vung nud'c each bd' dual 2km va dp sau nho han 20m [1] Quy djnh nhu vay kha cu'ng n h i c va "khd" han so v6'i nhieu nu6'c (vi du nhu My) Vai d i i u rut tip SIP C tran dau Deepwater Horizon Mac du gilng d i u Macondo da dugc ddng lai vTnh v i l n , nhung du am cua nd se eon ton tai r i t lau gid'i chuyen mon va nhtrng ngu6'i quan tam R i t nhiiu bai hpe v l cac mat an toan, m6i truo'ng, luat phap, phii hgp irng eiru se duge moxe, dua giang day nhu nhtrng tinh hulng dien hinh Rieng ve sir dung chat phan tan, xin c6 mpt s l danh gia nhu sau: Ben canh cac giai phap khac dugc sir dung irng ciru sy c l , c h i t phan tan dugc coi la cdng cu r i t hieu qua Nho' c h i t phan tan da ngan ehan dang ke lugng d i u trdi dat vao vung bd" cOng nhu cac vung nhay cam v l sinh thai Viec sir dung c h i t phan tan n g l m dud'i nud'c la ddng gdp md'i cua nhO'ng bp phan tham gia chi dao edng tac irng ciru Tuy nhien, e l y sir dung c h i t phan tan Corexit 9527A chira nhtrng p h i n luan da d i n d i n phan irng manh me xa hdi nud'c My Mac du nuo'c My co nhtrng quy djnh kha chat che, dugc cap nhat thuo'ng xuyen v l sir dung c h i t phan tan, cd t i l m lye han han cae nuae khac san x u i t va cung d p chat phan tan, nhung khdng c6 san eae phuang an uu tien, gap nhirng tinh hulng 16'n da to lung tung, bj dpng, thiiu s i n sang, the hien qua viec phai to chirc tham dinh cac so lieu BP cdng b l Mac dO danh sach cua EPA cd 14 c h i t phan tan dugc phe duyet nhung theo danh gia cua BP thyc t l chi cd mpt chat (Sea Brat 4) dugc eho la it dpc han va c6 san v l khIi lugng de dung thay Corexit 9500 D^U KHi - s o 12/2010 So vd'i My, quy djnh eiia Viet Nam v l vung nud'c sir dung c h i t phan tan rd rang la kha cirng nhae, se han che kha nang sir dung chat phan tan, vay can thay doi cho linh hoat han Danh sach cac chat phan tan dugc phe duyet cOng nen duge md" rong va cap nhat thud-ng xuyen cho phii hgp vai tinh hinh thyc t l Nen khan truang xay dyng cac quy chuan quIc gia v l hieu qua va dpc tinh cho c h i t phan tan Ket luan C h i t phan tan la eong cu h i t sire quan trpnc irng phd s y eo d i u tran D l sir dung hieu qu c h i t phan tan, d n hieu rd ban chat, doe tinh cu« c h i t phan tan, cae quy luat b i l n doi ciia d i u nhiem cac khia canh luat phap lien quan Do d i u tho Viet Nam co "cira so ca hoi" sir dune ngan, c h i t phan tan nen dugc chuan bi tai eho vj xem xet tru6'c phuang an dung may bay phun cha phan tan cho cac s y c l 6' khu vyc xa bo', nhat la kh triln khai khoan d i u 6' cae vung nud'c sau D l irng phd tot ya\ sy c l d i u tran 6' nuae, can chu y han cac quy djnh v l sir dung c h i t phan tan, thay doi quy dinh ve vung nuo'c dugc phep sir dung va ca viec su' dung c h i t phan tan vung nuae ngpt va nuae Ig, mo' rdng va cap nhat cac chat phan tan duge ph§ duyet Tai lieu tham khao Bp KHCN (1998) Quy che bao ve mdi trw&ng viec tim kiim, tham dd, phat then mo, khai thae, tang trir, van chuyin, chi biin diu va cac dich vu lien quan (QD so 395/1998/QD-BKHCNMT) EMSA (2009) Manual on the applicability of oh spill dispersants, version European Maritme Safety Agency EPA (2010) Guide to using the NCP product schedule notebook US Environmental Protection Agency SL ROSS (2010), Literature review of chemieal\ oil spill dispersants and herders in fresh and brackish water, SL Ross Environmental Research Ottawa, ON PVN (2010) Ki hoach irng phd si/ c6 tran dau - cap nhat thang 6/2010 Tap doan Dau Quoe gia Viet Nam