KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE CHUYEN GIAO Stf DIJNG MO HIMI RIAM BASIC DAMI GIA TAC D 6 ] ^ G T 6 I \ G H O P T d i MOI TRUdl^G iwfAc tit Viec Hhai thac Apatit tai Lao Cai ThS NGUYEN QUANG MINH, CN TRAN ANH QUA[.]
Trang 1Stf DIJNG MO HIMI RIAM BASIC DAMI GIA
tit Viec Hhai thac Apatit tai Lao Cai
ThS NGUYEN QUANG MINH, CN TRAN ANH QUAN
Trudng Dai hoc Mo - Dia chat
Tom tat: Danh gia tong hgp cac tac dong tdi moi trudng nudc tir viec khai thac khoang
san la viec can thiet giiip cho cac nha quan ly moi trudng xae dinh dugc nguyen nhan, nguon goc va mUc do tac dong tdi moi trudng, dua ra cac bien phap quan ly, giam thieu 6 nhiem Trong bai bao nay bang cac ket qua thuc dia, tac gia da sir dung mo hinh RIAM Basic (Rapid Impacts Assessment Model) de danh gia tac dong tich hgp cua cac nguon tac dong tdi moi trudng nudc doi vdi viec khai thac va che bien khoang san Apatit tai Lao Cai
Abtract: Nowadays, the general water environmental impact assessment from mineral
exploiting and sift are very important for environmental specialists and managers, it is a method which helps us to carry out the solutions in management and technology to reduce pollution in environment This paper show the water environmental impact assessment from apatite exploiting and sift in Lao Cai province by using the results of field work and Rapid Impacts Assessment Model (RIAM Basic)
i.Moroliu
"Hif u irng domino" cua cac hoat ddng danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (DTIVI) da khien vide irng dung ode DTM ban dau chi don gian nhu du doan cac tac ddng tU sinh vat den cac du doan phUe tap hon, pham vi rdng, toan dien hon va phd bien hon nhu tai thdi diem hien tai Su phat trien eiia edng cu DTIVI da lam tang tinh phUe tap trong sir dung va ddng thdi qua dd lam tang tinh chii quan trong cac danh gia cudi eung De khae phue nhUng han che trong thuc hien cac DTIVI, md hinh danh gia tac ddng nhanh RIAM da dugc phat trien, he thd'ng nay dugc dua tren nhieu ITnh vuc vdi eae tieu chi nhat djnh, cu the ehung cho tat ca DTM, va bang each lugng hda theo trpng sd cac tieu chi nay nd trd thanh cd thd dd phan anh chfnh xae cdc tac ddng tidm tdng
Md hinh RIAM danh gia ca tac ddng tieu cue vd tfch cue Khdng phai tat ca cac tieu chf cd thd dugc dua ra ciing mu"e do anh hudng tdi mdi trudng, do dd cac tieu chf dugc chia thanh hai nhdm: cac tac ddng cd mUc anh hudng Idn true tiep va cac tac ddng cd anh hudng Idn va lau dai tdi nhieu thanh phan khae Bang each sir dung cac edng thirc ddn gian, mUc do anh hudng cua cac tae ddng deu dugc
lugng hda dd tdng hgp ode tae ddng ndy theo cac thang diem danh gia cudi ciing Viec djnh lugng cac tac ddng theo diem theo tUng dd'i tugng hay pham vi ddu mang tfnh ddnh gia chii quan Do dd, md hinh RIAM Basic da djnh ra cac pham vi danh gia khae nhau, vdi dieu kien tdi da va tdi thieu ddi vdi tUng tae ddng Kdt qua danh gia tdng hgp cudi cung cung dugc du bao trong mdt pham vi djnh trudc Hien nay viee khai thac khoang san ndi chung, khai thac khoang san Apatit ndi rieng, ben eanh nhUng tac ddng tfch cue ddng gdp eho su phat trien nen kinh td qudc dan, da va dang cd tac ddng xau tdi mdi trudng nhu: lam bid'n ddi dja hinh do md cac khai trudng vd dd eae bai thai, gay d nhidm bui vd khf thai, lam suy giam chat lugng mdi trudng nudc do nudc thai ra tU cac khai trudng va nudc tham qua cac bai quang Vi vay, vife nghien eiru sir dung md hinh RIAM Basic de ddnh gia tac ddng tdng hgp mdi trudng nudc tu viec khai thae va che bien Apatit tai Lao Cai ed y nghTa thiet thuc va cap thiet cho cac nha quan ly mdi trudng
II PHirOTNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
/ PhWdngphap dieu tra, khao sat thi/c dia: thdng
qua vide dieu tra, khao sat, ket qua quan trac, chup anh, phdng van cac can bg phu trach mdi trudng tai Cty Apatit,
Trang 2KHOA H O C , CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
Cdng nhan dang lam viec tai cac khai trudng, ngudi dan sdng trong pham vi khu vuc Cty Apatit, tien hanh xae djnh tae ddng mdi trudng, chat lugng mdi trudng
2 Cac nguon tac dpng difdc sCf dung trong mo hinh tlnh toan: la cac tac ddng phat sinh tU hoat ddng
khai thac quang, van chuyen va tuyen quang cung nhu la cac tac ddng phat sinh tU cac tac nhan ben ngoai cd the phat sinh nhung tac ddng cdng gdp cung nha may tuyen
a Cac thanh phan mdi trudng
• Thanh phan Hoa hocA/at ly (PC): bao gdm cac khia canh ve vat ly va hda hgc cua mdi trudng nhu cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien hUu han khdng phai la sinh hgc vd su suy thoai ciia mdi trudng vat ly do d nhidm Cac thanh phan PC dugc xae dinh nhu sau:
+ PC01: d nhidm do tac ddng tU nudc thai nha may tuyen tdi khu vuc hd chira nude tuan hoan, dae biet la d nhidm do COD, BOD, TSS, ham lugng cac chat dinh dudng cd ngudn gd'c tU Nitd va Phdt pho, cac loai kim loai va dae biet la Flour;
+ PC02: d nhidm nudc mat do tac ddng tU nude thai ngam ra sud'i Trat va cac khu he sinh thdi xung quanh hd chira nude, dae biet la TSS, eae chat dinh dudng ngudn gd'c tu Phdt pho, kim loai nang va Flour;
+ PC03: d nhiem do cdc chi tieu mdi trudng vugt qua TCCP trong nudc thai moong chira nudc, dae biet la eae loai kim loai va Flour;
+ PC04: d nhidm nudc mat sud'i Ngdi Dun do nudc thai tu moong chay ngam ra sud'i, dae biet la do TSS, cac loai kim loai, Phdt pho;
+ PC05: d nhidm dat va nudc ngam do nude thai tU hd tuan hoan, eae moong khai thae, sud'i tiep nhan nudc thai ngam xudng cac tang nude ngam phfa dudi Dac biet la tU hd tuan hoan do dung tfch rat Idn va dien tieh Idn nhung khdng cd bat cU bien phdp ky thuat nao dd chdng tham, ngoai ra vj trf eua hd nam d sudn ddi cd dp cao Idn thuan Igi cho qua trinh tham thau va rira trdi;
+ PC06: suy thoai mdi trudng dd'i vdi hd chira nudc tuan hoan do hdm lugng chat ran lo lirng trong nudc cao cd kha nang gay bdi lang lam suy giam dung tfch Idng hd va lam giam thdi gian lang hieu lue, dan den giam chat lugng nudc dugc tuan hoan;
+ PC07: su ed mdi trudng do hd chUa nudc tuan hoan cd kha nang bj vd de chUa khi luu lugng nudc thai qua Idn hoac lugng mua qua Idn, hien nay vj tri va thiet ke ciia hd tuan hoan rat dd phat sinh eae su cd mdi trudng;
+ PC08: su cd mdi trudng ddi vdi moong chUa nudc thai do dung tfch chUa eua moong rat Idn cd kha nang lam vd de chira gay nguy hai cho cdc khu vuc ben dudi;
+ PC09: suy giam tai nguyen dat khi dien tieh hd ehUa
dugc md rdng gay chuyen ddi muc dfeh sir dung ciia mdt sd loai dat khae sang dien tfch Idng hd khi Idng hd dugc md rdng hon do dien tfch bj bdi lang ngay cang ldn;
+ PC10: suy giam tai nguyen nude do nha may tuyen sir dung lugng nudc rat Idn cho qua trinh SX;
+ PC11: suy thoai mdi trudng do viec khai thae nude ngam va nude mat qua Idn, dan den suy kiet tai nguyen nude va gay sut dat
- Thanh phan Sinh hoc/Sinh thai (BE): bao gdm cac khfa canh ve sinh hgc ciia mdi trudng nhu cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien cd the phue hdi, bao tdn da dang sinh hgc, tuong tae loai va d nhidm sinh quyen Cac thanh phan BE dugc xao dinh la:
+ BE01: anh hudng den he sinh thai thiiy sinh do nudc thai tU hd tuan hoan chay vao suoi Trat cd ham lugng cac chat d nhiem rat cao, cd the gay hiiy diet eae he sinh thai thiiy sinh tai ha luu ddng chay;
+ BE02: anh hudng den he sinh thai dat do nude thai tu nha may tuyen, tU hd tuan hoan ngam vao dat va lan truyen den cac khu vuc xung quanh Trong thanh phan nudc thai cd nhieu chat ddc cd the hiiy diet he sinh thai va kha nang san xuat eua dat;
+ BE03: anh hudng den he sinh thai rUng va he sinh thai dat xung quanh khi didn tfch Idng hd dugc md rdng de tang dung tieh chUa nude;
+ BE04: anh hudng den he sinh thai thiiy sinh tai cac sud'i Ngdi Dun hay cac con sudi khde tU nudc thai trong cac moong khai thac;
+ BEOS: anh hudng den he sinh thai dat va he sinh thai rUng do viee md rdng khai trudng va Idng moong;
+ BE06: anh hudng den noi eu tru ciia khu he ddng thuc vat hoang da de lay dat va mat bang cho eae khu md
• Van hoa/ xa hoi (80): bao gdm cac khfa eanh vd nhan van ciia mdi trudng nhu cdc van de ve xa hdi anh hudng den cac ca nhdn va cdng ddng cung nhu cac khfa canh ve van hda nhu bao tdn di san van hda va phat then nhan loai Cac thanh phan ciia SC dugc xae djnh la:
+ SC01: anh hudng den sire khde ngudi dan do nudc thai lan truyen theo sud'i tdi khu vue ngudi dan sinh sdng; + SC02: anh hudng den sUc khde ngudi dan do d nhidm nude ngam trong khu vuc do nudc thai tU nhd may tuyen va tU moong;
+ SC03: anh hudng den ddi sdng ciia cac hd dan sinh sdng dua vao ngudn Igi thiiy san tren cac con sud'i tiep nhan nudc thai tU nha may tuyen;
+ SC04: tinh trang thieu nudc vdo mua khd do suy kiet nude ngam va nudc mat do hoat ddng khai thac tU Cty;
+ SC05: anh hudng tdi ti'nh mang va tai san ngudi dan neu de xay ra su cd mdi trudng
4/2011 BAO HO LAO DONG 17
Trang 3Bang 1: Mi/c dp tac dpng
Diem moi trUdng (ES)
72-108 36-71 19-35 10-18
1-9 0 - U - 9 -10^-18 -19^-35 -36 + -71 -72^-108
Gia tri khoang (RV) (chu'cai)
E D C B A N -A -B -C -D -E
Gia trj khoang (RV) (chOr so)
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Md ta tac dong
Thay ddi/tac dong rat tich cue Thay ddi/tac dong tfch cue dang ke Thay ddi/tac dpng kha tich cue Thay ddi/tac dpng tich cue Thay ddi/tac dong cai thien nho
Khong thay ddi/khong ap dung/khong eai thien Thay ddi/tac dpng tieu cue khong dang ke Thay ddi/tac dpng tieu cue
Thay ddi/tac dpng tieu cue vUa Thay ddi/tac dong tieu cue dang ke Thay ddi/tac dpng rat tieu cue
• Kinh te (EO): nhan dien ode he qua kinh te do
suthay ddi mdi trudng mang tfnh chat tam thdi va lau dai cung nhu su thay ddi phirc tap trong quan ly cac hoat ddng tU du an Cdc thanh phan ciia EO dugc xae djnh la:
+ EOI: Thiet hai ve do cac su cd mdi trudng cd the
phat sinh;
+ E02: eae ehi phf de phue hdi mdi trudng vd canh quan, chi phi djnh ky bao dudng he thdng xir ly nudc thai, nao vet Idng hd vv ;
+ E03: Igi feh kinh te tU hoat ddng cua Cty; + E04: Igi ich kinh te do viec tao them cdng an vide lam cho NLD;
+ EOS: Igi ich kinh te tU vide eai thien dudng giao thdng va he thdng thoat nude
b Tieu chua'n va thang diem danh gia
Cac tidu ehuan va thang diem dugc xae lap cho cdng tac danh gia bang phudng phap ma tran danh gia tac ddng nhanh:
- A I : pham vi eiia tac ddng: 4 = quan trgng dd'i vdi qudc gia; 3 = quan trgng ddi vdi viing;
2 = quan trgng ddi vdi khu vuc xung quanh; 1 = quan trgng ddi vdi khu vuc du dn; 0 = khdng quan trgng;
-A2: he qua eiia tae ddng: 3 = tae ddng rat tfch cue; 2 = tae ddng cai thien ddng ke; 1 = tae ddng cd kha nang cai thien; 0 = khdng cd thay ddi, anh hudng;
-1 = cd anh hudng tieu cue so vdi hien trang; -2 = tidu cue dang ke so vdi hien trang;
-3 = rat tidu cue; - B I : thdi gian tac ddng:
1 = khdng ap dung/khdng thay ddi;
Bang 2: Ma tran danh gia tac dpng nhanh cua thanh phan vatly/hoa hpc
Thanh phan
PCI PC2 PC3
PC4 PC5 PCS PC7
PCS PC9 PC10 PC11
ES
-28 -28 -8
-12 0 -7 -8 -6 -3 -6 0
RB
-C -C -A
-B N -A -A -A -A -A N
AI
2 2 1
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
A2
-2 -2
-1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0
BI
3 3 3
2 2 2
B2
2 2 3
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
B3
2 2 2
2 1 3
Bang 3: Ma tran danh gia tac dpng nhanh cua thanh phan sinh hoc/sinh thai
Thanh phan BE1 BE2 BE3 BE4 BE5 BE6
ES -20 -4 -5 -12
-3 0
RB -C -A -A -B -A N
A1 2 1 1 2 1 1
A2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 0
B1 2 2 1 3 1 1
82 2 1 3 2 1 1
B3
1
2 = ngan han/trung han; 3 = dai han;
- B2: kha nang phue hdi:
1 = khdng thay ddi/khdng ap dung; 2 = cd thd phue hdi;
3 = khdng the phue hdi;
- B3: mire do tfch luy cua tac ddng: 1 = khdng thay ddi/khdng ap dung; 2 = don Id;
Trang 4KHOA H O C , CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
3 = tfch luy c MUc dp tac ddng
De danh gia mUc dp cua cac tac ddng nguOi ta dung ehl sd ES (diem mdi truang) ES dugc xae dinh nhusau:
AT = (A1)x(A2) BT = (B1) + (B2) + (B3) ES = (AT) x (BT) Trong dd:
Bang 1 cho thay barem diem mdi trudng (ES) phu thude vao mUc tac ddng
III KET QUA DANH GIA
Ket qua danh gia dugc trinh bay trong cac Bang 2 -f 6 va cac Bieu dd tren eae Hinh 1, 2
IV KET LUAN
TU md hinh danh gia tac ddng tdng hgp theo RIAM Basic ehung ta danh gia dugc tac ddng tdng hgp tdi mdi trudng nudc tU vide khai thac va che bien Apatit tai Lao Cai Ket qua cho thay tac ddng tieu cue cua Cty Apatit Lao Cai tdi mdi trudng chu yeu la cac tac ddng vat ly va hda hgc, tiep den la cac tac ddng tdi mdi trudng sinh thai - khu he ddng thue vat trong viing, cudi eung la eae tae ddng den mdi trudng xa hdi Tdc ddng tfch cue chii yeu tu cac thanh phan kinh te
Trong sd cac tae ddng tidu cue, 73,7% (14/19) cac tdc ddng d mire -A la tac ddng tieu cue nhd, khdng dang ke; 10,5% (2/19) cac tac ddng d mUc -B la mUc tieu cue; 15,8% (3/19) d mUc -C la ta ddng tieu cue vUa Khdng ed tae ddng nao d mUc dang ke hoac rat tieu cue MUc -B la bao gdm cac tac ddng tu thanh phan vat ly/hda hgc vd sinh thai
Trong sd cac tae ddng tfch cue thi ehl bao gdm eae tac ddng tfch cue tU ITnh vuc kinh te xa hdi, trong dd mUc do tae ddng rat tieh cue dugc danh gia d mUc 33% tdng tac ddng
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Bo Cong nghiep, (11/2005) Bao cao de tai Nghien ciru ap dung cac giai phap
Bang 4: Ma tran danh gia tac dpng nhanh cua thanh phan van hda/xa hoi
Thanh phan
SCI SC2 SC3 SC4 SC5
ES -4
0 -3 -6 -6
RB -A
N -A -A -A
AI 1 1 1 2 2
A2 -1 0 -1 -1 -1
B1 2 1 1 1 1
ES -3
0 72 32 10
RB -A
N E C B
A1 1 1 3 2 1
A2 -1 0 3 2 2
BI 1 1 3 3 2
B2 1 1 3 3 2
B3 1 1 2 2 1
Bang 6:
Khoang Loai
PC BE SC EO
Total
Tong hdp tac dpng cua di/an tdi Moi trUdng • Kinh te- Xa hpi
-108 -72
-E 0 0 0 0 0
-71 -36 -D 0 0 0 0 0
-35 -19 -C 2 1 0 0 3
-18 -10 -B 1 1 0 0 2
-9 -1 -A 6 3 4 1 14
0 0 N 2 1 1 1 5
1 9 A 0 0 0 0 0
10 18 B 0 0 0 1 1
19 35 C 0 0 0 1 1
36 71 D 0 0 0 0 0
72 108
E 0 0 0 1 1
Hinh 1: Bieu dien tac dpng cua cac thanh phan moi trudng
4/2011 BAO HO LAO DONG 19
Trang 514 12 10 81
6 4 2
Hinh 2: Bleu diSn tac dpng tong hcfp cua Di/ an tdi Moi tri/dng va Kinh te- Xa hpi
7 Cong ty Apatit Viet Nam (2002,2003,2005,2006), Bao cao
ket qua do kiem tra chat lugng moi trudng Cong ty Apatit Viet Nam 8 Cong ty Apatit Viet Nam (2000), Mo Apatit Lao Cai 45 nam xay dung va truang thanh (1955-2000), Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi
9 Le Van Khoa (1995), Moi trudng va 6 nhiem, Nha xuat ban Giao due
10 Pham Nggc Ho, Hoang Xuan Ca (2000), Danh gia tac dong moi trudng, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
11 Le Nhu Hung (1998), Bai giang "Moi truang khai thac mo" Ha Noi
12 Sa KHCN&MT tinh Lao Cai, Trudng dai hoc Mo • Bia chat (1999), Tiem nang tai nguyen nudc mat va hien trang thuy igi tinh Lao Cai, Ha Noi •
CD CTY CP Dl/CING (Tiep theo trang 29)
CBCNVC-LD hgc tap, qudn triet eae Nghj quyet eua Dang, chfnh sach phap luat ciia Nha nudc, dae biet ehii trgng tuyen truyen phd bien che do chfnh sach lien quan den NLD, chii truong ve sap xep, ddi mdi DN Nha nudc de giup NLD nang cao nhan thUc, hieu biet phap luat, y thUe dugc day dii nhUng quyen Igi, trach nhiem, nghTa vu eua minh, tU dd nd luc phan dau, hoan thanh tdt nhiem vu dugc giao Cac phong trao thi dua "Lao ddng gidi, lao ddng sang tao", cdc hoat ddng van hoa, the due the thao dugc CD cac cap phat ddng thudng xuyen gdp phan tfch cue vdo viec thuc hien thang Igi cac nhiem vu ehfnh trj eua don vj, thue hien vugt mUc ke hoach cac chi tidu kinh te dd ra
La mdt don vj ed sd CNVC-LD Id nU tuong ddi ddng, lanh dao va td chirc CD ludn quan tam, tao mgi dieu kien thuan Igi eho cdc hoat ddng nU cdng CD da'y manh cdng tae tuyen truyen, giao due nang cao nhan thUc cho chi em ve chfnh trj, phap luat, hgc tap ve chua'n muc cua ngudi phu nU Viet Nam, nhUng kien thUc vd luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh Ngoai ra, CD Cty td chUc phat ddng thi dua hudng irng phong trao "Gidi viee nude, dam vide nha" da thu hut dugc ddng dao chj em dang ky tham gia Vdo cac ngay
Qudc te Phu nU (8/3) va Phu nO Viet Nam (20/10), CD vd chuyen mdn td chirc cac budi mft tinh, van hoa van nghe, giao luu, toa dam dn lai truyen thdng ve vang vd ndu len vai trd, vj trj ciia ngudi phu nU trong gia dinh, xa hdi Phat huy truyen thd'ng udng nude nhd ngudn, Id lanh dum la rach, CD Cty CP Dudng Quang Ngai da van ddng toan the CBCNVC-LD tich cue tham gia edng tae xa hdi tU thien, ung hd ddng bao bj thien tai, ddng gdp eho quy Den on dap nghTa CD Cty eung td chUe tang qua cho ode chau thieu nhi nhan ngay 1/6, Tet trung thu, khen thudng eho cac chau la con em CNVC-LD ed thanh tich xua't sac trong hgc tap Td chUe eae dgt tham quan, nghi mdt, di phue hdi chirc nang cho CBCNVC-LD, tao khdng khf vui tuoi, phan khdi, doan ket cung nhau phan dau hoan thanh cac kd hoach dugc giao
Tren co sd nhUng ket qua da dat dugc trong thdi gian qua, nam 2011, CD Cty CP Dudng Quang Ngai tiep tue duy tri edng tae cham lo ddi sd'ng, phat ddng sau rdng phong trao thi dua tdi ddng dao NLD Ben canh dd, CD phdi hgp chat che vdi ehuyen mdn trien khai cdng tae BHLD mdt each day du, dam bao an toan tfnh mang cho NLD Vdi nhUng viec lam thiet thuc, hieu qua dd se la nen tang vUng chac tren chang dudng ddi phat trien cua
cty.a