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VAN DE BAO TON THIEN NHIEN TRONG QUAN LY TONG HOP VUNG VEN Bd BIEN MONG CAI BAC HAI VAN Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan va Chu The Cuoiig MdDAU Viing bd bien (VBB) la viing giau tai nguyen thien nhien v[.]
VAN DE BAO TON THIEN NHIEN TRONG QUAN LY TONG HOP VUNG VEN Bd BIEN M O N G CAI - BAC HAI VAN Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan va Chu The Cuoiig MdDAU Viing bd bien (VBB) la viing giau tai nguyen thien nhien va cd tilm nang phat triin kinh te - xa hdi to ldn va thuc te su phat triin sdi ddng vl kinh tl - xa hoi d viing bd bien nhixng nam gan day la minh chimg cho qua trinh dd Su phat triin sdi ddng da va dang tao sue ep rat ldn tdi ngudn tai nguyen va mdi trudng viing bd biin Viet Nam, ndi chung, va d phia tay vinh Bic Bd, ndi rieng, vl cac mat: suy giam chit lugng mdi trudng, can kiet ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, phat sinh mau thuan lgi ich giira cac nhdm ngudi, cac nganh nghe khac nhau, v.v Bit chip nhimg nd luc ciia cac cap, cac nganh quan ly tai nguyen va mdi trudng nhu hien nay, cac vin dl buc xuc tilp tuc dien bien phirc tap Do vay can ap dung nhimg thi thiic quan ly mdi tien tiln hon dl hudng tdi phat trien ben virng ca hudng: kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng, dd la quan ly tdng hgp viing bd bien (QLTH VBB) Trong QLTH VBB, mgt nhimg chiic nang quan la chuc nang sinh thai, dac biet la luu giir ngudn gidng thuy sinh vat, kha nang tu phuc hdi cac he sinh thai nhu cac he sinh thai rimg ngap man, ran san hd va tham cd bien, tri da dang sinh hgc va tiem nang ngudn lgi sinh vat cho he thdng thuy vuc ven bd va bien {Nguyen Hieu Cic, 2009) Day ciing la nhiem vu ciia bao tdn thien nhien, dd tien hanh cac hoat ddng bao tdn thien nhien cac vimg quan ly, dd viec lap cac khu bao tdn thien nhien (KBTTN) va hoat ddng ciia KBT se la mdt nhimg cdng cu hun hieu nhat ciia QLTH W B L KHU BAO TON THIEN NHIEN - CONG CU CUA QUAN LY TONG HQfP Theo Nguyen Hihi Cic (2009), QLTH VBB cd chiic nang ca ban, dd chirc nang qudn ly tdi nguyen qua viec bdo ve nen tdng sinh thdi, bdo ve da dgng sinh hoc VBB vd ddm bdo sic dung ldu ben cdc nguon lai tdi tgo chinh la nhiem vu ca ban ciia bao tdn bao gdm ca bao tdn bien Trong nhiem vu bao tdn thien nliien thi phat trien cac khu bao tdn thien nliien (KBTTN) la cdng cu hiru hieu va cd siic manh nhat KBTTN dau tien tren the gidi dugc lap nam 1872 d My vdi ten ggi Cdng vien Da vang (Yellow Stone Park) Cho den tren the gidi da cd han 100.000 KBTTN khac nhau, chiem han 19 trieu km^ Muc tieu, chiic nang, nhiem vu, phuang each hoat ddng cua cac KBTTN ciing da cd nhimg thay ddi ca ban: sat hon vdi su thay ddi ciia thien nluen va hda nhap han vdi cdng ddng dan cu dia phuang Nhd cac KBTTN hoat dong mgt hieu qua han Mdt md hinh hoat dgng mdi ciia KBTTN vdi nhirng quan diem mdi da dugc tdng ket va de xuat tai Hdi nghi lan thii V cua Hiep hoi bao tdn thien nhien qudc te (lUCN) nam 2003 d Durban (Nam Phi) Nhirng sai khac chii yeu giiia md hinh cii va mdi nhu sau (bang 1) Do ddi tugng can dugc bao ve thien nhien rat phong phii va da dang, vi vay, qua trinh xay dung, cac khu bao tdn thien nhien da dugc phan hang cac thir hang khac phii hgp vdi cac muc tieu, nhiem vu de Liic dau (1978) lUCN de xuat mdt he thdng phan hang gdm 10 thii hang, sau dd nit lai cdn thii hang nham chuan hda cac tieu chuin Tdi nam 1994, lUCN bd sung them thir hang thii va dugc danh sd theo chii sd La ma (I - VI) va van dugc lUCN sir dung cho den Day la tai lieu ca sd de cac nude tham khao va xay dung he thdng phan hang cac KBTTN cua mdi nude 202 Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan, Chu The Cu'dng Bang I Noi dung cac khu bao ton thien nhien cu va moi Mo hinh cii l.Muc tieu Vai tro quan ly Pham vi boat dong Lgi ich Phuang thirc boat dong, quan Nguon kinh phi Mo hinh moi Muc tieu khoa hoc chi don thuan Muc tieu khoa hpc va kinh te - xa hoi, van bao ton sinb vat hoang da, danh hoa, nham bao v^, phyc hoi thien nhien, thang, phuc vy nghien ciru, tham dong thdi ho trg phat trien kinh te dja phuong quan du lich la chu yeu Do Ban quan iy KBT dam Co nhieu phan tham gia cimg hgp nhiem thudng doc lap, co tac, cong dong trach nhiem vdi dja phuang doi lap vdi dja phuang Chi thu hep pham vi KBT Md rpng boat dong, quan h^ vdi mang ludi quoc gia, quoc te nhu mgt 6c dao Chii yeu ve mat khoa hpc d tam quoc gia, nhu mot tai san quoc gia Mang tinh ky thu^t dan thuan, cac chuyen vien kT thuat dam ly nhiem Do vien tham gia dong gop Lgi ich ve nhieu m$t: kinh te, van boa cho ca cong dong, nhu rngt tai san ciia cong dong dja phuong, quoc gia, qudc te Mang tinh thich umg, vdi sy tham gia cua cpng dong dja phuang, ca ve kinh te, xa hpi Do nhieu nguon khac nude va quoc te Nguon: A Phillips, 2003 Tir nam 1986, thdng qua Uy ban ve cac Vudn qudc gia va cac khu virc dugc bao ve (CNPPA), njCN tien hanh chuang trinh lap va quan ly cac khu bao tdn biin (MPAs) tren the gidi va da dugc Dai hdi ddng lan thii XVII tai Costa Rica thdng qua nam 1998 Muc tieu ban dau cua chuang trinh bao tdn bien la thilt lap he thdng cac khu bao tdn va quan ly cd hieu qua phu hgp vdi nhiing nguyen tac cua chien luge bao tdn the gidi de ngudi cd the sir dung va tan hudng dugc cac di san cua thien nhien mot each vTnh viln (Kelleher va nnk, 1995) Cho din nay, tren thi gidi da lap dugc han 4526 khu bao tdn bien, cac thii hang II (cdng vien biin) va thii hang IV (khu bao tdn loai/ nai cu tni) chiem ty le cao han ca (17% va 31 %) O Viet Nam, KBTTN dau tien la Vudn qudc gia Ciic Phuang dugc lap vao thang nam 1962 Trong thdi gian tilp theo, chiln tranh chdng My va nhimg khd khan ve kinh te nen cdng tac cd cham lai Sau chiln tranh, viec dilu tra, khao sat dugc Bg Lam nghiep day manh va den da cd gin 140 KBTTN, dd cd 31 Vudn qudc gia He thdng KBTTN dai dien cho hiu hit cac kilu he sinh thai va sinh canh cua Viet Nam vdi cac loai dgng, thuc vat cd nude, dac biet chii y din cac loai bi de dga tuyet chung He thdng KBTTN da gdp phin dang kl vao viec bao tdn da dang sinh hgc d cac cap khac nhau, bao ve cac cdng trinh kinh tl - van hda - lich sir thdng qua cac kieu loai Vudn qudc gia, Rimg dac dung, Rimg phdng hd Van de phan hang cac KBTTN ciing mdi dugc quan tam nghien ciiu khoang mudi nam gan day thdng qua cac nghien ciiu ciia Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng biin (Nguyen Chu Hdi, 1998; Dang Nggc Thanh, 1998); cua Cue Kilm lam va Vien Dilu tra quy hoach rimg (Vii Van Diing, 1998) Hien da cd van ban cua Nha nude thdng nhit quy dinh cac thii hang cua cac KBTTN tren dit liin gdm thii hang (thuc chit la 4), bao gdm: 204 Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien Tap XIV I Vudn qudc gia; II Khu bao tdn thien nhien, gdm tieu hang: Ila Khu du trir thien nhien; lib Khu bao tdn loai/sinh canh; III Khu bao ve canh quan (Bo NNPTNT, 2003) Va cac KBTTN bien gdm thii hang la: I Vudn qudc gia (cdng vien bien); II Khu bao tdn loai/sinh canh; III Khu du trir tai nguyen thien nhien thuy sinh (Nghi dinh 27/TTg) Ngoai ra, mot sd khu vuc dugc bao ve khac (protected areas) ciing cd the dugc xem la cac KBTTN nhu Khu Du trii sinh quyen, Khu Di san thien nhien, Khu bao ve dat ngap nude (Ramsar Site) Khu bao tdn bien dau tien la KBTB Hdn Mun d Nha Trang (sau ddi ten KBTB vinh Nha Trang), Khanh Hda vdi tdng dien tich ciia toan bo khu bao tdn la 160 km , dd 122 km la dien tich mat bien, 38 km' la tdng dien tich ciia cac hdn dao KBTB dugc lap vdi sir trg giup ciia cac td chirc Quy mdi trudng toan cau (GEF), DANIDA, Dan Mach va lUCN Khu bao tdn da dugc Quy Ddng vat hoang da the gidi (WWF) danh gia la khu vue da dang sinh hgc bien bae nhat d Viet Nam, dac biet rat phong phii ve san hd vdi khoang 350 loai Theo thdng ke tren the gidi cd khoang 2.000 loai san hd va sinh vat bien thi d Hdn Mun da cd tdi 1.500 loai Chuang trinh lap he thdng KBTB dugc de xuat nhiem vu thir tam ciia "De dn dn tong the ve dieu tra ca bdn vd qudn ly tdi nguyen — moi trudng bien den ndm 2010, tam nhin den ndm 2020" ciia Nha nude va giao cho Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn chii tri Qua day cd the thay rang, he thdng cac KBTTN tren dat lien, tren biin va cac thuy vuc nude nggt dugc Nha nude xem la mdt nhimg cdng cu de quan ly va sir dung tai nguyen - mdi trudng thdi diem hien tai ciing nhu tuang lai Vi vay, cdng tac BTTN ndi chung, dac biet la cdng tac lap he thdng KBTB cin dugc diy nhanh tien han nira II HIEN TRANG QUAN LY CAC KBTTN VIET NAM 2.1 Cff sff phap ly Vdi quylt dinh sd 72-TTg ciia Thii tudng chinh phii 07/7/1962 ve viec lap Vudn qudc gia Cue Phuang theo dl xuat ciia nganh Lam nghiep, Viet Nam da cd ca sd phap ly diu tien cho cdng tac xay dimg va quan ly cac khu bao tdn thien nhien Tir dd din nhiiu bo luat va van ban dudi luat ciia Dang, Nha nude, Chinh phii va cac bg nganh lien quan viec lap, quan ly cac KHBTN da dugc ban hanh, nhu: Luat Tai nguyen nude (1998); Luat Dit dai (2003); Luat Bien gidi qudc gia (2003); Luat Thuy san (2003); Luat Bao ve va phat triin rimg (2004); Luat Bao ve mdi trudng (2005); V v va mdt sd van ban dudi luat nhu: - Quylt dinh sd 47/2006/QD-TTg 01 thang 03 nam 2006 vl viec phe duyet de an tdng thi vl dilu tra ca ban va quan ly tai nguyen - mdi trudng bien den nam 2010, tim nhin den nam 2020; - K I hoach hanli ddng Da dang sinh hoc (BAP), 1995; 205 Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan, Chu The Cuang - Ngay 24'01; 1977, Thii tudng chinh phii da ban hanh quyet dinh sd 41./TTg cdng nhan 10 khu rimg dac dung diu tien ciia nude Viet Nam thdng nhat; - Ngay 09/8/1986, Chii tich Hoi ddng Bd trudng Chi thi sd 194/CT cdng nhan tiep 73 khu rimg dac dung nang tdng sd len 87 khu; - Thang nam 1991, Bo Lam nghiep da xay dung tai lieu hudng dan ndi dung, phuang phap xay dung luan chiing kinh te - ky thuat cho cac khu rimg dac dung; - Quylt dinh sd 08/2001/QD-TTg 11/01/2001 cua Thu tudng chinh phii vl viec ban hanh Quy chi quan ly rimg dac dung, rimg phdng ho, rimg san xuat \'a rimg tu nhien; - Quylt dinh 192/2003/ QD-TTg 17/9/2003 cua Thu tudng chinh phii vl viec phe duyet Chiln luge quan ly he thdng khu bao tdn thien nhien Viet Nam den nam 2010; - Nghi dinh sd 109/ND - CP 23/9/2003 vl Quan ly va khai fliac cd hieu qua cac vimg dat ngap nude; - Quylt dinh so 62''2005/QD-BNN Ngay 12/10/2005 cua Bo trudng Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat triin ndng didn \ i \iec ban hanh ban Quy dinh ve tieu chi phan loai rimg dac dung; - Chi thi sd 38/2005/CT-TTg 05/12/2005 cua Thu tudng chinh phu vl viec soat, quy hoach lai loai rimg (rimg phdng ho, rimg san xuat, rimg dac dung); - Quylt dinh sd 47/2006/QD-TTg 01 thang 03 nam 2006 cua Thu tudng chinh phii vl viec phe duyet dl an tdng the ve dieu tra ca ban va quan ly tai nguyen - mdi trudng biin din nam 2010, tim nhin den nam 2020; - Quylt dinh sd 485/2008/QD-TTg 02 thang 05 nam 2008 ciia Thii tudng chinh phii vl viec phe duyet D I an "Bao ve cac loai thuy sinh quy hiem cd nguy ca tuyet chimg din nam 2015, tim nhin den 2020"; - Nghi dinh sd 25/2009/ND-CP 06/3/2009 cua Chinh phu vl quan ly tdng hgp tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng bien, hai dao; Cac van ban tren dam bao ca sd phap ly cho viec quy hoach he thdng va lap cac KBTTN vdi cac thii hang khac tren toan lanh thd Viet Nam 2.2 Thyc te trien khai hoat d9ng va ket qua flat diro'c Gan 50 nam hoat dong Viet Nam da lap dugc he thdng KBTTN gdm 140, dd cd 32 Vudn qudc gia (theo http://vt'ww.vTippa.org.vn) He thdng da gdp phan tich cue vao viec bao ve da dang sinh hgc, dac biet la cac kieu he sinh thai rimg va nhiing sinh vat bi de doa tuyet chimg, khdng nhimg cd gia tri nude ma cdn cd gia tri toan cau thdng viec phat hien va bao ve, bao tdn nhiing gidng loai ddng thuc vat mdi cho Viet Nam va the gidi nhu Sao la {Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), Mang ldn {Megamuntiacus vuquanggensis), Mang Trudng Son {Muntiacus truongsonensis), Vooc ngii sac (Pygathrix nemaeus) - mot nhirng loai linh trudng dep nhat tren the gidi, va Tri (Rheinardia ocellata) - loai cd nhiing chiec long dudi dai nhat tat ca cac loai chim tren the gidi, v.v Cd the ndi he thdng KBTTN ciia Viet Nam tuang ddi hoan chinh, dai dien cho cac kieu rimg cua nude ta, la cac sinh canh quan trgng cho hau het cac loai ddng thuc vat cd nude, gdp phin bao tdn tinh da dang sinh hoc cua Viet Nam 2.3 Nhihig ton tai hoat dpng bao ton thien nhien Trong giai doan diu quan dilm bao tdn cdn mang tinh cue doan cho rang nhiem 206 Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien Tap XIV vu ciia cac KBTTN la bao ve nghiem ngat khdng cho ngudi dan vao khai thac sir dung ngudn lgi Cac KBTTN khdng cd cac hoat ddng hd trg phat trien cho ngudi dan dia phuang nen nhieu chd, nhieu nai ngudi dan da khdng hgp tac vdi cac KBTTN Tir dd, ho da dan dan tan pha rimg, tham chi cd nai KBTTN bi xda sd Nguy hiem han, nan pha rimg lai nhirng dau nau gd td chirc cac nhdm lam tac la nhiing phan bat hao tir nai khac den va chung san sang chdng ddi cac lire lugng chirc nang cua dia phuang va Kiem lam Thi du nhu cac vu pha rimg d Tra My (Quang Nam), Nam Hai Van (Da Ning), Vu Quang, Hd Ke Go (Ha TTnh), Phong Nha - Ke Bang (Quang Binh), Mdt sd KBTTN xay dimg khu vuc ciia cac dan toe it ngudi quen sdng kieu ciing tdn tai vdi rimg bang nhiing phong tuc, tap quan san xuat hoan toan khac vdi nhirng gi ma chinh quyen mdi ap dat nhu lam rudng, trdng liia nude, bdn phan hda hoc, dimg thuoc trir sau, hoan toan khdng thich hgp vdi ngudi dan toe Viec sir dung cac chat hda hoc va quanh cac khu bao tdn ciing khdng phii hgp vdi cdng tac bao tdn Tir cac tu lieu ve tinh hinh xay dung va quan ly cac KBTTN tren the gidi ciing nhu ciia Viet Nam hien thay rang: • Viec xay dung cac KBTTN tren dat lien va tren bien cang dugc day manh vi day la mgt cdng cu quan ly mdi trudng va tai nguyen, da dang sinh vat hiiu hieu, gdp phin tich cue vao viec quan ly tdng hgp cac viing dat lien, vimg ven bien va bien ven bd He thdng phan hang cua cac KBTTN cang dugc hoan thien phii hgp vdi tinh hinh ciia mdi nude, mdi khu vue; • Cac thir hang II, III, IV cua lUCN chiem ty le cao mang ludi cac KBTTN Cd thi day la cac thir hang cd nhirng hoat ddng mang lai lgi ich cho cong ddng nhu du lich, bao dam san lugng khai thac cac ddi tugng kinh te tir cac KBTTN • Khac vdi trudc day vai trd cua cdng ddng dia phuang cang dugc de cao qua trinh lap, quan ly, khai thac va phan chia lgi nhuan ma KBTTN mang lai Tir dd xac dinh dugc trach nhiem ciia cdng ddng ddi vdi cac KBTTN Viec xa rdi, tham chi la ddi lap vdi cdng ddng dia phuang thudng la mdt nhiing nguyen nhan din din thit bai hoat dong cua mot KBTTN {Ddng Ngoc Thanh, 2007) III VAI TRO CUA CAC KBTTN DOI V l QLTH VUNG VEN BCJ BIEN MONG CAI - BAC HAI VAN D I cd thi quan ly tai nguyen qua viec bao ve nen tang sinh thai VBB, bao ve da dang sinh hgc va dam bao sir dung lau ben cac ngudn lgi tai tao d viing VBB tir Mdng Cai din Bic Hai Van thdng qua nhiem vu ca ban ciia bao tdn thien nhien ndi rieng va QLTH ndi chung, nhiing vin dl sau day la hoat dong bao tdn nhung ciing la ddi tugng, nhiem vu cua QLTH 3.1 Thu-c trang bao v? da dang sinh hgc vung bd" bien Mong Cai - Bic Hai Van Da dang sinh hgc ciia khu vuc da dugc nghien ciiu d cap da dang he sinh thai va da dang loai, d cip ngudn gen rit phong phu va da dang nhung khdng cd nhimg nghiSn cim, thdng ke nen se la nhiem vu dieu tra, danh gia thdi gian tdi • Da dang h^ sinh thdi Vimg bd biin Mdng Cai - Bic Hai Van keo dai khoang 870 km qua 11 tinh, phd duyen hai - Quang Ninh, Hai Phdng, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri va Thira 207 Lang Van K6n, Nguyen Van Quan, Chu The Cu'dng Thien Hul Tren ca sd phan voing sinh thai Viet Nam ciia Nguyin Viet Phd (1997) thiv ring, khu MJC nghien cim nam mien sinh thai khac nhau: (1) Mien sinh thai phia bic gdm vimg la vimg sinh thai Ddng bae (Quang Ninh) va viing sinh thai dong bing Bic Bd (gdm cac tinh Hai Phdng, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh); (2) Miln sinh thai Ddng Trudng San cd mot \-img sinh thai Bae Trung Bg (gdm_ cac tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri va Thira Thien Hue); va (3) Miln sinh thai Bic Biin Ddng va vinh Bae Bd bao gdm phan bien cua cac tinh Trong khdng gian phan bd rong ldn tren tdn tai cac kieu he sinh thai sau (xep theo phuang nam ngang tir bd ra): * He sinh thai rimg mua nhiet ddi; * He sinh thai dong rudng - khu dan cu; * He sinh thai dam pha; * He sinh thai cdn cat ven bien * He sinh thai Ming trieu; * He sinh thai bai trieu lay ven bien; * He sinh thai rimg ngap man; * He sinh thai tham cd bien; * He sinh thai dao; * He sinh thai ran san hd; * He sinh thai cac timg, ang, hang dgng * He sinh thai cira sdng; va * He sinh thai xning ngap nude thudng xuyen day mem Trong cac kieu he sinh thai tren chi cd he sinh thai vimg ngap nude thudng xuyen day mem la phan bd tren mot khdng gian lien tuc, cac kieu he sinh thai cdn lai thudng phan bd theo kieu vanh dai hoac ddm da bao bj chia cat bdi dia hinh, sdng, sudi hay kieu loai chat day • Da dang loai Cac dac diem ve da dang loai cdn chua dugc nghien ciru day d i Cac sd lieu dieu tra chi tiet han va mdi nhat chu yeu d cac KBTTN nhu VQG Bai Tii Long {Idng Vdn Ken va rmk, 2004), VQG va Khu du trii sinh quyln Cat Ba {Vudn Quoc gia Cdt Bd, 2006), Khu Di san thien nhien the gidi vinh Ha Long {JICA, MOSTE UBND tinh Qudng Ninh, 1999; Nguyin Chu Hdi va nnk, 1999); VQG Xuan Thuy {Le Hdi Quang va nnk, 2001); KBTTN Hdn Me {Nguyin Huy Yit, 1999); KBTTN Con Cd {Ldng Van Ken, 2008), VQG Bach Ma, Darih thing thien nhien Bic Hai Van Gan day nhit, D6 Cong Thung & Sard (2004) da tdng hgp cac s6 lieu dieu tra d viing ven bd bien Viet Nam, dd da thdng ke sd loai cua cac nhdm sinh vat J bien chu yeu tir Tra Cd den bic deo Hai Van (Lang Cd) Theo Do Cong Thung & Sard (2004), ciu tnic phan loai khu he sinh vat bien gdm: 115 loai thuc vat ngap man; 494 loai thuc vat phii du; 259 loai rong, cd bien; 207 loai dong vat phii du, 1790 loai dong vat day; 199 loai san hd; 555 loai ca biin Ddi vd) khu he thuc \at tren can, da thdng ke dugc 1562 loai cua 843 chi, 187 hg ciia nganb^ Khu he dong vat tren can da phat hien dugc loai dong vat cac hang dong, 1^^ loai Than mim, 21 loai Ludng cu, 45 loai Bd sat, 247 loai Chim va 53 loai Thii Tren cc 208 Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi ta/dng bien Tap XIV sd cac sd li^u thu thap dugc, D6 Cong Thung vd Sard (2004) da phan chia bd bien tren cac tieu viing nhu sau: - Tieu vimg Tir Tra Cd den Do San._ Day la tilu viing cd da dang sinli hgc cao nhit ca d cap he sinh thai cung nhu d cip loai; - Tieu vimg Tir cira Van Uc din Lach Tmdng Day la tilu viing cd da dang sinh hoc thip nhit; - Tieu vimg Tir Lach Trudng din Cira Rodn Cd da dang sinh hoc cao han tilu vimg d cap he sinh thai ciing nhu cip loai - Tieu viing Tir Rodn din Bic Hai Van Day la tilu vimg cd da dang sinh hoc cao thii hai sau tieu viing d ca hai cip 3.2 Thuc trang cong tac bao ton thien nhien VBB Mong Cai - Bic Hai Van Do VBB cd da dang sinh hpe cao d ca cip he sinh thai cung nhu d cip dd loai nen cdng tac bao tdn thien nhien rit dugc quan tam Trong VBB hien dang tdn tai: VQG la Bai Tir Long (Quang Ninh), Cat Ba (Hai Phdng), Xuan Thiiy (Nam Dinh), Ba.ch Ma (Thira Thien Hue); Khu du trii sinh quyln la Cat Ba va viing ven biin Chau thd sdng Hdng; mdt Di san thien nhien thi gidi Ha Long; va KBTTN: Dao Trin, Cd Td, Ddng San - Ky Thugng, Tien Hai, Hdn Me, Cdn Cd, Rii Linh, Hai Van - Son Cha Ngoai cdn mdt sd khu vuc dugc bao ve vdi chirc nang rimg phdng hd theo quy ehl ciia Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn Trong sd cac KBTTN tren chi cd cac VQG, Khu du trir sinh quyen, Khu di san thien nhien, cac KBTTN Ddng San - Ky Thugng va Tien Hai la cd Ban quan ly Cae khu BTTN khac chua cd Ban quan ly Cac khu vuc rimg phdng hd dugc giao cho chinh quyen dia phuang Chinh quyen lai giao cho mdt sd ca nhan trdng coi Ve khu vuc bien ven bd, theo Thdng tu sd 02 hudng dan thuc hien Nghi dinh 59 ciia Chinh phu ve dieu kien san xuat, kinh doanh mdt sd nganh nghe thiiy san, Bd trudng Bg Thiiy san ky ban hanh 20/3/2006, 21 loai thuy san bi cam khai thac gdm: Trai ngoc, cd Chdy, cd Chinh mun, cd Com, cd Anh vU, cd Tra ddu, cd Coc Tam Ddo, cd Sdu hoa cd, cd Sdu xiem, cd Heo, cd Voi, cd Ong su, cd Ndng tien, cd Ho, cd Chia voi song Vich vd tricng, Rua da vd trimg, Doi moi dua vd tricng, Doi moi vd tricng Cdc lodi thuoc cdc bo San ho cicng, San ho simg vd San ho den Ngoai Bo Thiiy san cdn quy dinh mdt sd khu vuc cam khai thac cd thdi han nam viing bien nham bao ve cac bai gidng, bai de cua mdt sd ddi tugng cd gia tri kinh te nhung khdng cd lire lugng quan ly, bao gdm: - Hdn My - Hdn Milu (Quang Ninh): Tir 15/4 den 31/7 hang nam; - Quin dao Cd Td (Quang Ninh): 15/2-15/6; - Cat Ba - Ba Lat (Hai Phdng): 15/4-31/7; - Hdn Ne - Lach Ghep (Thanh Hda): 15/4-31/7; - Ven bd vinh Dien Chau (Nghe An): 1/3-30/4 3.3 Vai tro ciia cac KBTTN doi voi QLTH viing ven hif bien Mong Cai - Bae Hai Van Trong qua trinh triin khai QLTH ddi vdi VBB Mdng Cai - Bae Hai Van, cac KBTTN khu vuc da dugc xay dung va du kien xay dung dugc xac dinh la nhirng dilm chira dung nhiiu he va phan he tai nguyen da dang va da dung nhung ciing nha) 209 Lang Van K§n, Nguyen Van Quan, Chu The Ciidng cam vdi moi tac ddng cua cac qua trinh tu nhien ciing nhu cua ngudi, vi vay chiing cin dugc quan tam quan ly cd hieu qua de tranh nhiing rui ro sinh thai va mdi trudng cac hoat ddng phat trien Trong qua trinh thuc hien QLTH, viec quan ly cac hoat dong cua ngudi thugc cac nganh nghi khac khu vuc se la nhiem vu chinh Tuy nhien, cac hoat ddng phat triin khu vuc nhay cam ve sinh thai va mdi trudng can dugc quan ly chat che hon dl tranh nhung tham hoa sinh thai va mdi trudng cd the xay Cdng cu hiru hieu de quan ly cac hoat ddng phat trien, bao dam dugc cac dieu kien sinh thai de tri ngudn lgi la hoat ddng cua cac KBTTN vdi nhiing nhiem vu, chiic nang chuyen biet mdt cuong vuc nhit dinh va day la mot phan quan trong viec thuc hien chiic nang quan ly nha nude doi vdi cac hoat ddng phat trien nham dam bao phat trien bin viing ve mgi mat lien quan din kinh tl - xa hdi - mdi tmdng tu nhien Do cac KBTTN la mdt nhiing cdng cu hiru hieu de thuc hien cac nhiem vu quan ly va giam sat cac hoat ddng phat trien tai khu vuc tien hanh QLTH nen viec tri cac KBTTN da cd va lap cac KBTTN mdi vdi cac thii hang khac nhau, dam bao cac dieu kien phap ly, tai chinh de cac KBTTN thuc hien cac chuc nang, nhiem vu theo quy dinh la mdt nhirng nhiem vu ciia cac cap chinh quyln dl hoan muc tieu QLTH VBB Mdng Cai - Hai Van IV DANH GIA VA KET LUAN Mac dil cac KBTTN cd vai trd rat ldn quan ly mdi trudng va sinh thai, nhung nhiing khd khan ve kinh te, nhan thirc cua cdng ddng va phan nao cua cac cip chinh quyen dia phuang tren ca nude nen nhin chung, cdng tac bao tdn ndi chung va viec lap he thdng cac KBTTN, dac biet la cac KBTTNB ndi rieng du da cd nhiing cdng nhung van cdn nhirng tdn tai, cd the tdm tit nhu sau: 4.1 Thanh cong - Trudc thap nien 80, nhan thiic cua chiing ta vl bao ton thuy sinh vat cdn rit han chi Tuy nhien tir thap nien 90 trd lai day, nhd cd sir tham gia cac cdng ude qudc tl vl bao ve mdi trudng va tai nguyen biin, cho nen su hiiu bilt cua chiing ta v l bao tdn, dac biet la BTB va thiet lap KBTB dugc tang len rit nhiiu Nhan thuc cua cac ca quan quan ly, can bd khoa hgc, cac ca nhan va nhan dan cac dia phuang ven biin vl bao tdn bien cd chuyen bien tich cue - Nhd CO su trg giiip kT thuat ciia cac to chirc quoc tl nhu lUCN, WWF, Vi?t Nam da dl xuit he thdng 15 KBTB va 48 khu bao tdri fliiiy sinh vat ndi dia (KBTTSVND) He thdng KBTB la budc khdi dgng ban dau tuang ddi tdt va quan trgng lam tiln de cho cac budc tiep theo - Mot sd khu bao tdn biin da di vao hoat ddng va dugc quan ly tuong ddi tdt nhu Bai Tir Long, Cat Ba, Hdn Mun, Cdn Dao, Ran Trao Thanh cdng va kinh nghiem quan ly cua cac KBTB la nhiing bai hgc bd ich cho cac KBTB khac 4.2 Nhirng ton tai - Ve mat phap ly, nude ta chua cd he thong KBTB ciing nhu KBTTSVND dugc Chinh phu phe duyet chinh thiic Viec lam cham so vdi cac khu bao tdn tren dit liin da han che viec hoa nhap vao mang ludi cac khu bao tdn thuy sinh vat (KBTTSV) thi gidi 210 Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi truong bien Tap XIV va khu vuc, anh hudng den cac du an dau tu (trong nude, ngoai nude) cho cac KBTTSV Nha nude da ban hanh mot sd Luat, Nghi djnh va Chinli sach vl bao ve ngudn lgi thuy san, nhien mdi dinli hudng, chua cd cac van ban cu the va luc lugng de thi hanh de trien khai cac KBTTSV tren dit liin va tren biin - Trong thap nien 1990, cdng tac dieu tra, khao sat phuc vu cho viec thilt lap cac khu bao tdn bien da tien hanh, nhung van cdn chua diy dii rat han che ve thdi gian, trang thiet bj va kinh phi - Viet Nam da cd cac tieu chi cu the de xIp loai cac KBTTN va KBTB phii hgp vdi hoan canh cua nude ta Tuy nhien, cac KBTB dugc de xuat hoac da dugc xay dung mdi ehl chu y den bao tdn va bao ve cac gia tri ndi bat ve mat sinh hoc va sinh thai hoc tuong thich vdi ba kieu bao tdn da dugc quy dinh theo luat Thuy san, chua chii y den cac gid tri di kem vd cdc gid tri gia tdng nhieu rat ldn, ve cac mat ve my hgc, van hoa va dia chat hoc lien quan den cac kieu bao tdn cdn lai (danh thang, canli quan, hoang da, cac yeu td thien nhien dac sac va ddc dao can bao ve nghiem ngat) he thdng kieu ciia lUCN - Ve mat quan ly, can cd su phdi hgp thdng nhat giira cac Bd tham gia cdng tac bao tdn la Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn ma true tiep la Cue Kiem lam quan ly cac khu bao tdn tren can lien quan den cac VQG, cac KBTTN, cac khu rimg dac dung; Cue Khai thac va Bao ve ngudn lgi thiiy san quan ly cac KBTB va KBTTSVND; Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng true tiep la Cue Bao ve Mdi trudng quan ly cac viing dat ngap nude (RAMSAR), Bd Van hoa - The thao va Du lich ^uan ly cac khu Di san thien nhien, Khu Sinh quyen, cac cdng trinh van hoa, danh thang va lich sir tren bien va vimg ven bd biin; Cac dja phuang quan ly vimg dat va nude thugc cac khu bao tdn biin dl cdng tac bao tdn va hoat ddng cua cac KBTTN dugc hai hda hon TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Clark, J.R.,1996 Coastal zone management handbook Lewis Publishers, 694 ps Nguyen Hiru Cu-, 2009 Co sd phan vimg Quan ly tdng hgp viing bd bien phia tay vinh Bic Bd (ban thao) Vu Van Dung, 1998 De xuit he thdng phan loai cac khu bao tdn ciia Viet Nam Tt Cac bao cao khoa hgc tai Hoi nghi mdi trudng toan qudc nam 1998: tr 1013 - 1026 Nguyen Chu Hoi, 1998 Co sd khoa hgc quy hoach cac khu bao tdn bien Bao cao chuyen dl Luu trii tai IMER Nguyen Chu Hoi va nnk, 1999 Danh gia kha nang khai thac cac he sinh thai bien dac trung phuc vu du lich tai Ha Long - Cat Ba Bao cao de tai Luu trii tai IMER JICA MOSTE, UBND tinh Quang Ninh, 1999 Nghien cuu quan ly mdi trudng vinh Ha Long Bao cao khoa hoc, Luu trii tai IMER Kelleher G., C Bleakley and S Wells, 1995 A global representative system of marine protected areas Vol I, 219 pages Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Hiru Cir, Dam Due Tien va nnk, 2004 Du an quy hoach chi tilt phin biin Vudn qudc gia Bai Tir Long, Quang Ninh Bao cao tdng ket du 211 Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan, Chu The Cudng 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 an Luu trir tai IMER Lang Van Ken, 2008 Tai lieu va danh gia tai lieu lien quan den khu bao tdn bien dl xuit Cdn Cd Bao cao chuyen dl Luu trii tai IMER Nguyen Viet Ph6,1997 Khai thac tai nguyen ben virng va phan vung sinh thai Viet Nam Bao cao chuyen dl Luu trir tai IMER Le Hai Quang va nnk, 2001 Danh gia bien ddng tai nguyen khu bao tdn thien nhien dit ngap nude Xuan Thuy kl tir lap khu RAMSAR nam 1989 Bao cao dl tai Luu trii tai IMER Dang NgQc Thanh, 1998 Hudng dan thiet lap cac khu bao tdn thien nhien bien Bao cao chuyen dl Luu trii tai IMER Dang Ngoc Thanh, 2007 Vl vin dl phan hang cac khu bao tdn bien tren the gidi va Viet Nam Bao cao chuyen de Luu trii tai IMER Do Cong Thung & Sarti, 2004 Bao tdn da dang sinh hgc dai ven bd Viet Nam NXB Dai hoc qudc gia Ha Ndi Trang - Vuon Quoc gia Cat Ba, 2006 Bao cao du an Quy hoach vudn qudc gia Cat Ba, Thanh phd Hai Phdng (giai doan 2006 - 2010, tim nhin 2020) Luu trii tai VQG Cat Ba Nguyen Huy Yet, 1999 Luan chung khoa hgc - ky thuat xay dung khu bao tdn biin Hdn Me, Thanh Hda Bao cao chuyen de Luu trii tai IMER Summary THE ROLE OF NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS IN THE INTERGATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT FOR MONG CAI - HAI VAN AREAS Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Van Quan va Chu The Cuong The dynamic development in the coastal zone in the West coastal areas of Tonkin Gulf of Vietnam from Mong Cai to Hai Van gives a great pressue to coastal natural resources and environment It is nessesary to have effective management tools, among them, the protected areas (MPAs) are one of the best Up to now, the Viet Nam Government has determined three categories for protected areas as following: National Parks, Habitat/species protected areas and Strict Nature Reserve Besides that's, some other types of protection such as biosphere reserve, natural heritage, Ramsar sites must be considered as MPAs At present, protected areas related to west coastal zone of Tonkin Gulf are playing important role in conservation of biodiversity in species and ecosystem levels, ecological sceneries While integrated planning and management have an array of applicable and usefiil tools and approaches, marine protected areas (MPAs) offer perhaps one of the most comprehensive management strategies aimed at conserving natural areas and resources including those within the coastal and marine environment in areas While integrated coastal zone management may have been an objective for the establishment of protected areas in areas is potential for its implementation However, marine conservation in Viet Nam is a new action so a lot of problem must be done in general and especially in integrated coastal zone management in near fiiture 212 ... Lach Ghep (Thanh Hda): 15/4-31/7; - Ven bd vinh Dien Chau (Nghe An): 1/3-30/4 3.3 Vai tro ciia cac KBTTN doi voi QLTH viing ven hif bien Mong Cai - Bae Hai Van Trong qua trinh triin khai QLTH ddi... rudng - khu dan cu; * He sinh thai dam pha; * He sinh thai cdn cat ven bien * He sinh thai Ming trieu; * He sinh thai bai trieu lay ven bien; * He sinh thai rimg ngap man; * He sinh thai tham cd... quan tam Trong VBB hien dang tdn tai: VQG la Bai Tir Long (Quang Ninh), Cat Ba (Hai Phdng), Xuan Thiiy (Nam Dinh), Ba.ch Ma (Thira Thien Hue); Khu du trii sinh quyln la Cat Ba va viing ven biin