Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Tap chiKHKTMo Dia cha''''t, so 34, 4/2011, (Chuyen de Trac dia), tr 27 32 K H A N A N G UrVG D U N G D I A T I N H O C T R O N G D A N H G I A M O I TRUTJfNG C H I E N L V O C P H U C V U Q U Y H O A C H[.]
Tap chiKHKTMo - Dia cha't, so 34, 4/2011, (Chuyen de Trac dia), tr.27-32 K H A N A N G UrVG D U N G D I A T I N H O C T R O N G D A N H G I A M O I TRUTJfNG C H I E N L V O C P H U C V U Q U Y H O A C H K H A I THAC K H O A N G SAN v u THI HANG, Vien Khoa hoc Do dac va Ban dd NGUYEN THI LE HANG, Trudng Dai hoc Tdi nguyen va Mdi trudng Ha Ndi Tom tat: Trong nhitng nam gan day, danh gid mdi trudng chien luoc (DMC) da trd yeu cau va trach nhiem phdp ly ciia cdc chinh sach, quy hoach va ke hoach phat trien cdng nghiep khai thdc khodng sdn tam vi md Muc dich ciia danh gid mdi tnedng chien luoc la nham bao dam ket hop hdi hda cua cdc hoat ddng khai thdc khodng sdn vdi cdc nhu cau phat trien xa hdi vd bdo ve mdi tnedng Su tich hop tu lieu dia tin hoc la phuong phdp the hien nhieu uu diem danh gid mdi trudng chien luoc ndi chung ddc biet Id ieng dung cho quy hoach khai thdc khodng san Bai bdo de cap phuong phdp tich hop cdng nghe 3S ma tam la he thdng tin dia ly va tie lieu vien tham DMC phuc vu quy hoach vung khai thdc than Quang Ninh danh gia mdi trudng chien luoc la cac chien Y nghia cua danh gia moi truong chien lucre luoc phat trien, cac quy hoach, ke hoach vT md quy hoach khai thac khoang san Hien nay, cung nhu nhieu nuac tren the cac viing lanh thd va cac nganh (sau day goi tat giai, a Viet Nam, cong nghiep khai thac khoang laCQK)(hinh 1) san van giu vai tro quan trong nen kinh te De thuc hien cac nhiem vu tren ciia cac du quoc dan Ben canh loi ich, khai thac mo la an DMC phuc vu quy hoach khai thac khoang nganh cong nghiep tac dong manh me doi voi san da cd nhieu phuong phap duoc de xuat va cac phan tai nguyen, moi truong; pha va ling dung [1,2] Mdi mdt phuong phap deu cd the hai hoa v6n co ciia canh quan thien nhien nhung uu nhuoc diem va dieu kien ling dung tren mot dien ti'ch rong Ion [3] Nhieu nghien rieng Cd the ke den mdt sd cac phuong phap cuu da minh chung rang: Cong nghiep mo tac DMC ling dung d Viet Nam cac dir an dong den cac phan tai nguyen - moi CQK ndi chung va ling dung quy hoach khai trudng mdt each toan dien, sau sac, bao gom: thac khoang san ndi rieng, nhu sau [2,5]: tac ddng true tiep - gian tiep; tac ddng tuc thdi - Phuong phap danh muc kiem tra (Formal lau dai; khdng nhirng tac ddng mang dac tinh and Informal Checklists) tiing diem ma lan tda anh hudng tren mot pham - Phuong phap ma tran tac ddng (Matrices vi rdng Idn of Impacts) Trong nhung nam gan day, Luat mdi - Phuong phap md hinh hda (Modelling) trudng Viet Nam da quy dinh cac du an chien - Phuong phap phan ti'ch xu hudng va ngoai luoc, quy hoach, ke hoach can phai danh gia suy (Trend analysis and Extrapolation) mdi trudng chien luoc (DMC) [9,10] Su danh Tiiy thudc vao ddi tuong gay tac ddng, dac gia tdng quan tam vT md ve cac tac ddng tdng tinh tac ddng ciia cac phan du an quy hop ciia DMC hoat ddng khai thac khoang hoach khai thac khoang san, viec lira chon cac san tren mot lanh thd nham hudng tdi su giam phuong phap DMC hop ly se cho cac ket qua sat, quan ly tai nguyen mdi trudng mdt each chinh xac, khach quan va trung thuc De cd the toan dien hon mdi tdng hda ciia cac du an xac djnh ro quan he cac dac tinh tac ddng (true khai thac va cac hoat ddng kinh te-xa hdi khac tiep-gian tiep, lau dai-ngan han, hinh thai tac viing Su ddi ciia DMC la ket qua kinh ddng tuyen-dien-diem, pham vi khdng gian-thdi nghiem ciia nhieu nam hoat dong danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng ciia cac du an phat trien Khac gian, tac ddng tich luy v.v ) can phai ti'ch hop ket vdi danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng, ddi tuong qua phan tich ciia cac phuong phap khac 27 Chien lucre N Qui hoach Dir an phat trien cong nghiep mo tam vT mo Ke hoach DMC - Danh gia moi truang chien luge ciia mot chien luge, quy hoach hoac ki hoach phat trien cong nghiep khai thac khoang san - Muc tieu: Bao clam hai hoa giua phat trien cong nghiep khai thac khoang san, bao ve moi truang va xa hoi, nham muc tieu phat trien ben vung DMT - Danh gia tac (long moi truang ciia mot du an khai thac mo cu the - Muc tieu: Bao clam cho qua trinh thuc hien du an khai thac mo dap ung cac tieu chuan ve moi truong Hinh Danh gia tac dong moi trudng (DTM) va danh gia mdi trudng chien luoc (DMC) khai thac md Dir an dau tir khai thac mo Ung dung dja tin hoc DMC phuc vu quy hoach khai thac khoang san Dia tin hoc la mdt thuat ngu' khoa hoc mdi, hien dai ma npi dung co ban la thu thap xu ly, quan ly, luu tru va hien thi cac lieu khdng gian cac ddi tupng tu nhien va nhan tao tren be mat Trai dat Dja tin hoc bao gdm cac phuong phap trac dia- ban dd truyen thdng va cac phuong phap cdng nghe mdi nhu GPS, GIS, vien tham, ky thuat laser v.v Tir nhung thap ky cudi ciia the ky 20, cung vdi sir phat trien ciia khoa hoc ky thuat, nhieu loai hinh cdng nghe hien dai mdi lan lupt ddi da va dang dupe ung dung de hd trp hieu qua cho nhu cau thu thap, cap nhat, quan ly phan tich va hien thj cac thdng tin tren be mat Trai dat Nhu vay, ben canh cac phuong phap trac dja - ban dd truyen thong, cac cong nghe mdi da va dang gdp phan quan trpng cdng tac nghien ciiu sir bien ddng cac phan tai nguyen va mdi trudng Moi mot phuong phap cdng nghe mdi deu cd nhung uu, nhupc diem va cd cac dieu kien ung dung rieng Tinh hieu qua ciia cac phuong phap doi vdi tirng ddi tupng nghien cuu cung khac Ket qua nghien ciiu ly thuyet va kinh nghiem thuc tien cho thay rang su tich hpp cac cong cu tien tien ciia dja tin hoc dd cd tu lieu viln tham, GIS va GPS cho phep nghien ciiu rat hieu qua sir bien ddng cac phan tai nguyen-moi truong anh hudng ciia qua trinh khai thac khoang san ndi chung va danh gia moi 28 trudng chien lupc phuc vu khai thac khoang san ndi rieng [6,7,8] Mdi mdt qudc gia deu co nhung hudng dan rieng ve yeu cau DMC cho cac quy hoach khai thac khoang san Tuy vay, ve co ban, cac ndi dung yeu cau cac DMC cd nhieu diem gidng nhau, dd can phai the hien [10]: - Dien bien sir bien ddng cac phan tai nguyen-mdi trudng qua khu - Hien trang cac phan tai nguyen-mdi trudng - - Dir bao dien bien cac phan tai nguyen mdi truong anh hudng ciia khai thac khoang san - Danh gia tac ddng ti'ch lQy ciia cac hoat ddng khudn khd quy hoach khai thac khoang san - Xay dung co sd du lieu phuc vu quan ly va giam sat cac phin tai nguyen mdi trudng pham vi quy hoach khai thac khoang san K i t qua nghien ciiu cho thay ring: Viec ling dung tu lieu viln tham da thdi gian, vdi kha nang phan ti'ch khdng gian va chdng ghep ban dd he thong GIS, hiu hit cac ndi dung yeu cau DMC phuc vu khai thac khoang san da dupe ho trp va giai quylt hieu qua bing cac ky thuat va du lieu dia tin hoc ma trpng tam la sir ti'ch hpp tu lieu viln tham va GIS k i t qua nghien ciiu dupe t h i hien bang 2, sau day: Cac noi dung DMC phuc vu quy hoach khai thac khoang san Mo ta cac dieu kien tu nhien, kinh texa hoi, cac phan tai nguyen-mdi truong tu nhien khu vuc quy hoach khai thac Xac dinh sir bien dong cac phan tai nguyen-moi truong qua khu Ung dung du lieu dia tin hoc Co sd du lieu GIS, hien thj cac loai ban dd chuyen de tai nguyen-mdi trudng GIS Tich hop tu lieu vien tham da thdi gian va cac phan mem phan tich khdng gian GIS Xac dinh sir bien dong tai nguyen-moi Tich hop tu lieu vien tham va GIS dir bao sir truong truong hop khong thuc hien bien ddng tai nguyen-mdi trudng vdi hien quy hoach khai thac khoang san (phuong an trang quy hoach 0) Du bao sir bien dong cac phan- Tich hop tu lieu vien tham va GIS du bao su tai nguyen moi trudng trudng hop bien ddng tai nguyen-mdi trudng tac ddng thuc hien quy hoach khai thac khoang san ciia cac phan du an Danh gia tac ddng tich luy ciia quy Chdng ghep ban dd, phan hoach khai thac khoang san ddi vdi cac phan tai nguyen-moi trudng \ Bang Ma tran bien dong sir dung dat nam 2001 va 2009 (Don vi: ha) 2009 Dat Mat Cay Rung Dan cu Lua Nuac ho Nuac Than 200 r x song nuoc bui Rimg 8023,76 395,64 0,51 14,67 1,35 677,25 0.45 4992,21 192,14 Dan cu 1,09 4680,27 0,9 0,83 1,19 85,98 8,73 30,77 5,15 Liia 1,36 3458,52 4125,21 15,3 13,63 106,15 156.96 42,2 1910,52 Nuac ho 0.58 125,82 5,76 546,55 0,57 127,89 61,92 6,96 0,09 Nuoc song 0,11 1,92 302,19 54,36 1970,64 21,4 234,63 32,13 2,02 Than 2,09 9.23 8.1 4,5 1,44 2068,7 2.79 109,8 97,65 RGM 2.52 96,21 100,8 1,35 155,7 17,93 260,1 15,21 1,79 Cay bui 5470,38 928,35 43,74 11,52 1,71 855,63 0,63 7870,76 2346,93 Dat 304,74 67,23 19,17 10,8 95,46 4,32 1225,44 1178,82 5048,4 BAN DO Bl£N DONG StJ DUNG BAT NAM 2001- 2009 CHU GIAI KhacJ