Hdi nghi khoa hoc kT thudt md quoc te 2010 Cong nghiep md tien tien vi su phat trien ben vung KHAI THAC MO LO THIEN 6 VIET NAM V A S I T P H A T T R I E N B E N V l f N G GS TS Tran Manh Xuan(a), PGS[.]
Hdi Cong nghi khoa nghiep md hoc kT thudt tien tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 vung KHAI THAC MO LO THIEN VIET NAM V A SIT P H A T T R I E N B E N V l f N G GS.TS Tran Manh Xuan , PGS.TS H6 Sy Giao , PGS.TS Bui Xuan Nam (a) (a) ( a ) (b) (b) H o i K h o a hoc C o n g nghe M o V i e t N a m T r u m g D a i hoc M o - D i a chat, H a N o i , V i e t N a m Tdm tat: Nganh cong nghiep md hien tqi rdt quan ddi voi su phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam Cdc md khai thdc Id thien chiem khoang 80% tdng gid tri sdn luong hang nam nganh khai thdc khoang ran cua Viet Nam Bdi bdo gidi thieu khdi quat ve nganh khai thdc Id ciia Viet Nam, phdn tich nhung ddc diem co ban ve dieu kien tu nhien, cdng nghe vd thiet bi thdc tqi cdc md than, md quang (apatit, sat, bauxit, sa khoang) vd cdc md vdt lieu xdy dirng, thai cung de xudt nhung van de can gidi quyet thdi gian tdi cho cdc md tren quan tan thu tdi da tdi nguyen, bdo ve mdi trudng vd phat trien ben vung ciia thien khai ddng diem Mo dau K h a i thac 16 t h i e n cac m o khoang san ran V i e t N a m t r o n g qua khir, hien tai va tucmg lai van d o n g vai tro quan va c h i e m dia v i chu dao t r o n g viec cung cap nguon nguyen, n h i e n l i e u khoang cho cac nganh k i n h te cua dat nuac K h a i thac 16 thien chiem 100% n g u o n vat lieu xay d u n g , gan 100% cac loai quang va p h i quang, than c h i e m khoang % (nam 2009) Theo tong gia t r i san l u o n g hang nam cua nganh khai thac khoang san ran V i e t nam, khai thac 16 thien c h i e m khoang 80% Cac m o duoc khai thac bang p h u a n g phap 16 thien V i e t N a m da dang ve quy m o khai thac, ve dieu k i e n dia h i n h , dieu kien dia chat thuy van va dia chat cong t r i n h , ve cau tao cua via va chat l u o n g cua v i a khoang san Cac m o phan bo chu yeu v i i n g nui va ban son dia, mot so m o nam v i i n g dong bang va ven bien K h a i thac 16 thien a V i e t N a m c h i u anh h u o n g true tiep b o i dieu k i e n k h i hau nhiet doi co gio mua M u a bao xay nhieu ve mua m u a keo dai tir thang den thang 10 hang nam L u o n g m u a t r u n g b i n h nam thuoc vao tirng v u n g , n h u n g phan 16m deu 16m h o n 2100 m m / n a m va hang n a m co tren d u o i 10 tran bao anh h u o n g den lanh tho V i e t nam V i vay, cong nghe khai thac 16 thien V i e t N a m mang nhirng dac t r u n g rieng Dac d i e m cac m o k h a i t h a c 16 t h i e n V i e t N a m 2.1 Khai thdc than Than dugc khai thac bang p h u a n g phap 16 thien tap t r u n g chu yeu v u n g Quang N i n h (than antraxit), t i n h T h a i N g u y e n (than antraxit, than m o ) , t i n h L a n g Som (than lira dai) Cac m o deu ap dung cong nghe khai thac x u o n g sau cac v i a than deu co doc x i e n va doc dung Phan 16m cac tang da boc va tang than deu nam d u o i mire thoat n u a c t y chay De thich irng v a i dieu k i e n k h i hau nhiet d o i m u a nhieu ve m u a mua, cac nha khoa hgc va thiet ke khai thac m o 16 thien V i e t nam da nghien cuu, de xuat va ap d u n g cong cong gnhe khai thac viec dao sau day m o chi tien hanh vao mua kho, ve mua mua cho phep lam ngap n u o c m o t phan day m o , tire la to chiic day m o hai cap dgc theo chieu dai cua m o Phan day thap cua m o dugc sir dung de chiia n u o c mua m u a ket hgp v a i tram b o m n o i co trang b i ong n o i k h o p m e m de b a m n u a c k h o i m o Phan day cao ciia mo va cac tang tren d u g c tien hanh boc da quanh nam va co the tien hanh khai thac 191 Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc mo tien kT thudt tien mo qudc vi sit phat te - trien bin 2010 vung cac via than phu Phan thap ciia day mo vao miia kho dugc bom can nuoc, tien hanh vet biin va sau dao sau day m o tiep theo B e ap dung c o n g k y thuat t r o n g thoi gian m o t n a m phai dao x o n g m o t ho nuoc m o i (cap thap ciia day m o ) t r u o c m i i a m u a B o n g bo thiet b i t h i c h h g p sir dung t r o n g cong nghe k h a i thac la m a y xiic tay gau ket hgp v o i v a n tai t o T r e n cac m o 16 t h i e n k h a i thac than h i e n V i e t n a m sir dung rong rai cac l o a i m a y xuc tay gau ( m a y xiic tay gau keo cap v a m a y x i i c t h u y lire gau thuan hoac n g u g c ) co d u n g t i c h gau tir , - m de xuc da X i i c than c h u y e u d u n g m a y xiic thuy lire gau n g u g c ( M X T L G N ) co dung t i c h gau bien , - , m V a n tai da dung oto tai t r g n g - tan, v a n tai than sir dung h i n h thirc v a n tai l i e n h o p ( v a n t a i than tren tang den tram chuyen t a i d u n g oto co tai t r g n g - tan) M o t so m o co k i c h t h u o c day m o han che dung oto k h u n g m e m t a i t r g n g 20 tan L o a i oto co ban k i n h v o n g nho, v u g t dugc doc I o n nen l a m viec rat co h i e u qua t r o n g dieu k i e n chat c h o i v a dia n i n h p h i i c tap.Tren b o m o sir dung h i n h t h i i c v a n tai bang bang t a i , c o n tren mat bang den nha m a y t u y e n than dugc van chuyen bang d u o n g sat K h o a n g each v a n tai da t r u n g b i n h - k m T r e n cac mo khai thac than antraxit he so boc khoang - m / t t u y tirng m o , c o n k h i k h a i thac than m o he so boc dat tren 30 m / t Cac m o deu sir d u n g bai thai n g o a i v a t h a i tang, bai thai cao (tren 100 m ) T r o n g n h u n g n a m gan day tren hau het cac m o 16 t h i e n k h a i thac than deu ap dung cong nghe v o i goc doc b o cong tac dugc nang cao ( 2 - ° ) thay cho cong nghe boc theo lop x i e n (goc doc b o cong tac - ° ) V o i cong nghe k h a i thac cac m o c h i i dong cong tac boc da v a d i e u c h i n h l i c h boc da, g i a m dugc he so boc t r o n g giai doan dau khai thac, g i a m d u o c v o n dau t u va do tang dugc hieu qua cua p h u o n g phap k h a i thac 16 thien n o i chung N h o ap d u n g cong nghe day m o hai cap cung v o i viec dau t u cac k y thuat m o i phuc v u cong tac k h o a n no m i n , xuc boc va v a n tai (theo h u o n g tang t i n h c o d o n g va tang cong suat), dac biet tir k h i cac m o dugc trang b i loai M X T L G N da hoan t h i e n t h e m m o t buoc cong nghe dao sau day m o t r o n g dieu k i e n chat c h o i , d i e u k i e n dia chat t h u y v a n va dieu kien dia chat cong t r i n h p h i i c tap N h o m a tang d u g c toe x u o n g sau cua m o ( - m/nain), tang gap k h o a n g lan so v o i k h i sir dung m a y x i i c gau cap (toe x u o n g sau trung b i n h chi dat - m / n a m ) San l u g n g than cua cac m o do m a tang - lan Them vao viec sir d u n g M X T L G N v o i viec ap d u n g cong nghe xuc c h g n lgc p h u h g p da giam ton that than k h i k h a i thac tir - % x u o n g c o n - % , cho phep xuc cac v i a than mong den 0,3 m , tien hanh phan l o a i than co chat l u o n g cao t a i g u o n g , l a m tang gia t r i m o t tan than k h a i thac, tiet k i e m t a i n g u y e n n o i chung V i e c bao ve m o i t r u a n g t r o n g k h a i thac than 16 t h i e n dugc c o i t r g n g G i a m l u g n g bui m o bang each t u o i n u o c t h u a n g x u y e n tren cac t u y e n ducmg v a hao co d i n h vao mo, xay d u n g cac t u o n g chan tai cac chan bai thai cao de ngan da l a n gay b o i lap cac v u n g dat lan can, cac d o n g song, suoi nam gan v u n g thai da A p d u n g p h u a n g phap thai theo phan tang de g i a m x o i m o n va tang o n d i n h , t i e n hanh t r o n g cay hai ben d u o n g van chuyen va t r o n g cay, co tren suon va mat bai thai da ket thiic sir d u n g N g u o n n u a c b a m k h o i m o loai n u o c m a co n h u n g p h u a n g phap x i r l y khac nhau, t r o n g ho lang dugc sir dung ph6 b i l n nhdt M a c dau da co nhieu thuc n g h i e m v a ap d u n g thirc te khac de 192 Hpi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien kT thudt tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 vung giam luong bui no va xuc boc nhung chua co bien phap nao dem lai hieu qua thuc sir Can tiep tuc nghien ciru va can dugc chia se k i n h n g h i e m v o i cac m o a nuac ngoai Trir l u g n g than k h a i thac 16 t h i e n k h u v u c C a m Pha, Quang N i n h t i n h den nam 2009 khoang 350 t r i e u tan k h i k h a i thac den mire -375 m D e n n a m 2015 n h u n g m o than quy m o nho se cham d u t k h a i thac va bat dau dong cira m o m o t so m o than I o n n h u mo than H a T u va m o than N u i Beo K h a i thac than bang p h u o n g phap 16 thien c h i tap trung tai mot so m o co quy m o k h a i thac t u o n g d o i I o n n h u m o than Deo N a i , m o than Cgc Sau, m o than Cao Son, m o than K h e C h a m I I va I V v o i cac dac d i e m sau day: • C h i e u sau k h a i thac l a n , chieu cao b o m o k h i ket thuc k h a i thac co the dat den 400-500 m ; • C u n g v o i viec tang chieu sau k h a i thac, bien g i o i m o tren mat dat cung tang them lam tang l u g n g nuoc m u a chay vao m o , dac biet k h i gap n h u n g tran m u a I o n keo dai; • San l u g n g than k h a i thac cua cac m o dat , - , trieu tan/nam ; • K h o i l u g n g da boc hang nam phai hoan kha I o n , tren d u o i 40 trieu m / n a m v o i he so boc - m / t V o i nhirng dac d i e m tren day l a m xuat hien n h u n g k h o khan ve mat cong nghe cung n h u k y thuat k h a i thac can phai giai quyet: • T r u o c het la nghien c u u k y cang ve kha nang t r u g t 16 cua b o m o va dua cac bien phap khac phuc d o i v o i tirng giai doan k h a i thac B o c t h e m dat de g i a m goc doc b o mo ve phia t r u la b i e n phap d o n gian se dugc thirc hien t r o n g thuc te n h u n g tang chi p h i khai thac G i a co b o m o bang cac k y thuat khac cung la m o t p h u o n g phap bao ve b o m o can dugc can nhac • Tang chieu sau k h a i thac m o k e m theo tang khoang each v a n tai t r o n g m o va cho thai thuan l g i tren mat dat k h o n g nen tang ca khoang each v a n t a i da boc tren mat dat, khoang each v a n tai da t r u n g b i n h co the dat den - k m va h o n D e giai quyet van de can tan dung m o t each t o i da khoang t r o n g da k h a i thac cua cac m o nho de l a m bai thai, nang cao chieu cao bai thai, dac biet phai chgn m o t t r i n h tir k h a i thac va thai hgp l y nham dam bao cong v a n chuyen dat da ( m k m ) la nho nhat, tan d u n g t o i da kha nang sir dung bai thai t r o n g de g i a m c h i p h i v a n tai va gop phan giai quyet dien t i c h thai C o n g tac thai phai dugc lap quy hoach chung cho toan c u m m o , gan l i e n q u y hoach thai da va quy hoach thoat nuoc chung cho toan v u n g • Can tien hanh khan t r u o n g viec nghien ciru cong nghe v a n chuyen da m o sau phu hgp V o i k h o i l u g n g van chuyen da hang nam I o n va khoang each v a n chuyen l a n co the d i sau nghien c u u theo cac h u o n g sau day: + D o cac m o 16 t h i e n k h a i thac than v u n g C a m pha co dac d i e m chung la k h o i lugng da boc phan bo tap t r u n g phan giua theo chieu sau cua m o nen co the can nhac phuong an van tai bang oto d o n thuan v o i viec lira chgn oto co tai t r g n g khac p h u h g p v o i khoang each v a n tai m a loai to l a m viec chac chan v a co h i e u qua + Sir dung h i n h thirc van tai hon hgp D a boc phan tren v a m o t phan cua phan giua cua m o dung oto de van chuyen T r o n g t r u o n g h o p to chay c h i i yeu theo d u o n g nam ngang va khoang each v u g t doc k h o n g l a n l a m ; khoang each v a n tai n a m t r o n g khoang - k m dung to tai trgng 0 - tan la p h u hop M o t phan dat da n a m phan g i u a cua m o va phan d u o i cua m o ( c h i e m ty le k h o n g l a n so v a i toan bo k h o i l u o n g da boc t r o n g m o ) se 193 Hdi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc md tien kT thudt tien md qudc vi sic phat triin te bin 2010 viing dugc van chuyen bang p h u o n g phap h o n h g p oto - bang t a i D a d u g c dap den c a co the van chuyen bang bang t a i n h a t r a m dap ban co d i n h bo t r i tren b a m o H i n h t h i i c v a n tai da dugc ap d u n g k h a r o n g r a i a V i e t n a m de v a n chuyen da v o i l a m x i m a n g va v a n chuyen quang tai n h i e u m o t r e n the g i a i K h i d i i n g h i n h t h i i c v a n t a i de v a n c h u y e n da v a i k h o i l u g n g l a n a cac m o sau V i e t n a m can dugc n g h i e n c i i u va can nhac k y l u o n g va t h a m khao k i n h n g h i e m ciia cac m o n u a c ngoai 2.2 Khai thdc quang apatit Cho den m o A p a t i t L a o C a i la n g u o n cung cap quang apatit d u y nhat de san xuat phan b o n a n u a c ta K h o a n g sang apatit phah bo tren m o t d i e n t i c h k h a I o n , dai den 40 k m tren dia phan hai t i n h L a o C a i v a Y e n B a i V i e c t h a m v a k h a i thac quang apatit hien chii yeu tap t r u n g a k h u T r u n g t a m Cac v i a quang apatit a k h u v u c rat phan tan va b i chia cat manh, d u g c thiet ke 38 khai t r u o n g tach biet de k h a i thac theo cac thai ky, m o i t h a i k y d u a vao k h a i thac m o t so k h a i t r u o n g t i i y thuoc vao san l u g n g y e u cau Quang apatit L a o C a i chia loai Quang loai I va l o a i I I I n a m tren mire p h o n g hoa hoa hgc, quang l o a i I I v a loai I V n a m d u o i m i i c p h o n g hoa hoa hgc H a m l u g n g P2O5 quang loai I la - , % ; c o n quang loai I I I co h a m l u o n g t r u n g b i n h - % Quang loai I co h a m l u o n g P2O5 3 + % la quang hang hoa, n g u y e n l i e u d i i n g de san xuat phan b o n true tiep k h o n g qua tuyen Quang I I I sau k h a i thac p h a i d a m bao h a m l u g n g P2O5 trung b i n h + % d u g c dua ve nha m a y t u y e n de t u y e n t h a n h quang t i n h co chat lugng n h u quang loai I D o n g bo thiet b i sir dung t r o n g k h a i thac la: x i i c dat da bang m a y xiic tay gau, dung t i c h gau , - m ; v a n tai bang to tai t r g n g - tan D a t da boc phai tien hanh pha v o bang k h o a n no m i n Quang loai I v a loai I I I m e m co the x i i c true tiep bang may xiic va v a n tai bang h i n h thiic h o n hop: quang tir g u o n g k h a i thac d u g c v a n chuyen bang oto den bai chira ( k h o t r u n g chuyen) T i r k h o t r u n g c h u y e n quang d u o c t r o n deu sau diing m a y xiic chat tai vao toa xe d u o n g sat de c h o ve nha m a y t u y e n V i a quang loai I co the chia hai k i e u d o n gian v a phirc tap theo d i e u k i e n khai thac K i e u d o n gian la k i e u t r o n g cac l o p quang I va quang I I I n a m c h i n h h g p v o i K i e u phiic tap bao g o m cac k h u v u c v i a b i dirt gay, xao t r o n hoac co cac m a c h lamprophia cat cheo v a chia nhanh qua than quang I Quang loai I co g i a t r i nhat ve mat k i n h te v i no d u g c k h a i thac va t r o quang hang hoa v o i c h i p h i nho nhat T u y nhien t r u l u g n g loai quang c o n k h o n g n h i l u , g i o i han dugc phep k h a i thac c h i k h o a n g t r i e u tan B a i v a y no p h a i d u g c khai thac v o i cong nghe k h o n g t o n that d o i v o i n h u n g k h u v u c d a n gian co h a m l u g n g P2O5 tren 35% D o i v o i v i a quang phirc tap can sir d u n g M X T L G N de x i i c c h g n lgc v a i viec sir dung chieu cao va chieu r o n g l u o n g xiic khac d a m bao tach r i e n g quang l o a i I , quang loai I I I va da xap nhap Quang loai I I I a k h u v u c trung t a m c o n k h o n g n h i l u , k h o a n g 100 t r i e u tan D l tan dung t o i da tai n g u y e n apatit h i e n co, keo dai t u l i thg ciia m o v a i cong suat n h u hien hoac cao h o n t r o n g t h a i g i a n t a i (san l u g n g quang cac loai t r o n g hai n a m 2008 v a 2009 bao g o m : quang loai I - 600 n g h i n tan/nam, quang l o a i I I I - 1,5-2 t r i e u tan/nam) c i n t i l n hanh nghien ciru giai quyet cac v a n de sau : 194 Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien ki thuat tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 viing + Tien hanh khao sat, danh gia tru lugng cac bai quang III Tien hanh thiet ke khai thac cac bai quang I I I can d o i v a i l u g n g quang I I I k h a i thac d u g c tir cac k h a i t r u d n g , m a rong quy m o k h a i thac quang I I I k h i het trir l u g n g quang I + C i n t i l p tuc x e m xet kha nang sir dung quang I sau k h a i thac co chat l u g n g thap han d l san xuat phan b o n v a i ham l u g n g P2O5 c h i c o n 30 ± % v a k h a nang tuyen quang I I I cung v a i ham l u g n g dau vao thap h o n T i r can co d i n h h u o n g xuc rieng quang I I I co ham l u g n g - % d l m o t k h u v u c rieng n h u k h o d u t r u , d o n g t h d i t d chuc dang kho phii hgp tao dieu k i e n thuan l g i cho viec k h a i thac l a i , dam bao an toan va tiet k i e m + C i n cd k l hoach tham dd de xac d i n h trir l u g n g quang apatit cac loai d hai k h u v y c lai d l cd can c u lap quy hoach khai thac va che bien quang apatit nhung thap k y t d i + C i n tiep tuc nghien c u u m d rdng h u d n g sir d u n g va quy m d k h a i thac quang loai I I V i n d l bao ve m d i t r u d n g t r o n g k h a i thac d m d apatit L a o C a i cung dugc coi trgng M d ap dung cac p h u a n g phap t r u y e n t h d n g de dap b u i , x i r l y t i e n g dn, x i r l y nude thai Rieng phan k h d i phuc m d i t r u d n g t h i rat d o n gian v i dat da cd chira khoang vat apatit nen cay mgc thuan l g i T h a m thuc vat chu yeu d day la lau lach Cac hat ciia cac hoa lau, lach dugc gid mang den va gieo x u d n g mat tang va sudn tang, t y m g c v a phat t r i e n rat nhanh chong N h i r n g khoang t r o n g da khai thac sau m o t vai nam da d u g c p h i i day b d i t h a m thuc vat, ngoai lau lach c o n cd m o t sd cay than go khac 2.3 Khai thdc quang sat Trir l u g n g quang sat d V i e t N a m khong nhieu (khoang 1,1 t y tan), dang ke nhat la m d sat Thach Khe d t i n h H a T i n h va m d sat Quy Sa d tinh Y e n B a i M d sat T r a i Cau d tinh Thai Nguyen trir l u g n g khong l d n , quy m d khai thac nho nhung cd vai trd rat quan trgng doi v d i nganh san xuat gang, thep ciia V i e t N a m cho den San l u g n g khai thac hang nam nhung nam gan day la 200 n g h i n tan/nam, phuc v u cho k h u gang thep T h a i N g u y e n 2.3.1 Md sat Thach Khe M d sat Thach khe cd t r u l u g n g khai thac Id t h i e n kha l d n , tren 500 t r i e u tan M d dugc lap luan c h i i n g k i n h te k y thuat vao nam 1984 v i e n G i p r d r u d a ( L i e n X d cu) lap Do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, dac biet la dieu k i e n k h d k h a n ve k h a i thac va che bien, mai den nam 2005 m d i bat dau k h d i dong l a i v a cung v i e n G i p r d r u d a ( L B N g a ) chii t r i lap d y an M d sau (dd sau ket thiic k h a i thac - 5 m ) l a i n a m gan b d bien ( n a i gan nhat, each bien g i d i m d tren mat dat khoang 500 m ) v a cd d i e u k i e n dia chat t h u y van, dieu kien dia chat cdng t r i n h rat p h i i c tap: Tang dat p h i i day g d m cat, cat set h d n hgp, set ket, cat ket thuoc loai da yeu, gdc m a sat t r o n g thay d d i tir - ° , l y c d i n h tir 0,025-0,148 MPa, l u g n g nude n g a m rat p h o n g p h i i ( 0 - 0 0 m / h ) T r o n g dieu k i e n dd cac giai phap cdng nghe de k h a i thac m d sat Thach K h e (theo thiet ke) la: + Thao k h d m d de thap m i i c nude ngam bang he t h d n g l d k h o a n hut nude bd t r i vong tron theo c h u v i k h u v y c k h a i thac D i i n g he thong m u o n g thoat n u d e bao quanh m d de han che ddng n u d e mat chay vao m o De thao kho cue bd d i i n g cac l d khoan ngang hay xien khoan vao tang da de n i t nude va cho nude tap t r u n g vao cac h d chiia ve t i n h bd t r i tren cac tang cdng tac r d i b o m k h d i m o + P h u o n g phap k h a i thac ap d u n g la diing m a y x i i c t h u y l y c va m a y xiic tay gau co dung t i c h gau - m d l xiic da va quang, v a n tai sir d u n g d t d tai t r g n g 0 - t i n 195 Hdi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien ki thudt tien md qudc vi su phat ti trien - 2010 bin vung Quang va dat da c u n g p h a i t i e n hanh khoan - no m i n Be" oto co the c h u y e n d o n g tren nen dat yeu phai t i e n hanh lat m o t l o p da d a m day 100 c m San l u o n g quang theo thiet ke: tir nam thir den n a m t h u 10 la tr.tan/nam; tir n a m 11 t r o d i la 10 tr.tan/nam va da boc nam cao nhat la - t r i e u m / n a i n , t r o n g dieu k i e n dia chat m o phirc tap v a k h i hau khac nghiet m i e n t r u n g n h i e u n g u o i cho rang can can nhac sir d u n g d o n g bo thiet b i m o - van tai co t i n h c o d o n g h o n n h u d i i n g M X T L G N co d u n g t i c h gau m ket h o p v o i oto tai 40 tan la p h i i h o p de k h a i thac quang va boc da Can can nhac t h e m ve t r i n h t u khai thac va v i t r i bai t h a i , cac t h o n g so cua bai thai cung n h u p h u o n g phap thai n h a m dam bao an toan t r o n g qua t r i n h k h a i thac m o M o sat T h a c h K h e co v a i tro rat quan t r o n g d o i v o i k h u c o n g nghiep V u n g A n g T u y nhien viec k h a i thac m o sat Thach K h e cung t i e m an n h u n g r u i ro can l u o n g truoc nhu: + B u c nuoc tir cac hang kasto co quan he t h u y lire v o i n u o c b i e n v a k h o n g c h i u tac dong ciia he t h o n g b o m thap m u c nuoc m o + N g a p l u t m o t r o n g m u a m u a bao, dac biet t r o n g t r u o n g h o p xuat h i e n song trieu dang cao + Sat 16 b o m o p h i a d o n g k h i chieu sau k h a i thac I o n : dat da b o d o n g c h u y e u la cat, cat set h o n h o p , set ket, cat k e t theo do, tac d o n g cua n u o c v a song b i e n cung la yeu to dang quan ngai H i e n m o sat T h a c h K h e dang t r o n g t h o i k y xay d u n g m o , dang boc l o p dat phu tren noc v i a quang D e n g i u a n a m 2009 da boc duoc m o t k h o i l u o n g m o tren dien tich dai 1,2 k m , rong 0,8 k m v a sau khoang 30 m , den m i i c -22 m (da bat gap 16 v i a m u c -4,5 m ) Thiet b i t h i cong sir d u n g la M X T L G N co dung t i c h gau m k i t h o p v o i oto k h u n g m l m tai 40 tan de xuc v a v a n chuyen dat da T r o n g qua t r i n h t h i c o n g da n i t m o t s i nhan xet sau: + Oto tai 40 tan chay tot tren nen cat am, nhung k h o n g chay duoc tren nen cat kho + De oto co the chay duoc tren nen dat co set k h o n g can p h a i trai da d a m m a chi can sir dung cat de lat d u o n g lay tir tang tren x u o n g + Rat kho k h a n k h i dao ho b o m v i gap phai h i e n t u o n g cat chay + L u o n g n u o c chay vao k h a i t r u o n g 0 - 0 m / h 2.3.2 Khai thdc md sat Quy Sa M sat Q u y Sa n a m dia phan t i n h Y e n B a i , t r u l u o n g quang k h o a n g 120 trieu tan, duoc khai thac tir v a i n a m v o i cong suat t r i e u tan quang/nam P h u o n g phap k h a i thac sir dung la d u n g M X T L G N c6 d u n g t i c h g i u 1,8-2,5 m de khai thac quang va boc dat da p h i i h o p v o i oto tai t r o n g 15 t i n V a n de can quan t a m k h i k h a i thac m o s i t Q u y Sa la c i n boc tach l o p quang d e l u v i co ham l u o n g sat thap ( d u o i % ) dem d l k h o chiia t a m d u o i dang bai thai va bao quan can than de sir d u n g tiep sau k h i nha m a y t u y e n d u p e x a y d u n g V i t r i bai chiia quang d e l u v i , cac t h o n g so cua no can dupe xac d i n h theo h u o n g tao d i l u k i e n thuan l o i k h i t i l n hanh khai thac l a i c h i i n g 2.4 Khai thdc quang bauxit V i e t N a m la m o t t r o n g nhirng nuoc co t i e m nang bauxit I o n , v o i t o n g trir l u p n g dir bao t o i 5,3 ty tan, t r o n g M i e n Bac chi co 90,95 t r i e u tan Phan c o n l a i la cua M i l n N a m , 196 Hoi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien r r kT thudt mo quoc te - 2010 f A tien vi su phat trien ben vung t a i 5.205, 45 t r i e u t i n , tap t r u n g a t i n h T a y N g u y e n ( K o n T u r n , G i a L a i , D a k L a k , D a k N o n g va L a m D o n g ) , t r o n g D a k N o n g la t i n h co t i e m nang b a u x i t I o n nhat, v o i 3.424,466 trieu tan, c h i l m t y le , % t r u l u g n g ca nuac Theo quy hoach k h a i thac, che b i e n b a u x i t v u n g T a y N g u y e n t h i t h a i gian 0 - se xay d u n g nha m a y a l u m i n N h a m a y N ° l c o n g suat ban dau 0,65 t r t i n / n a m , co kha nang nang len 1,2 tr.tan/nam, nha m a y lai deu co cong suat 1,5-2 tr.tan/nam Cac nha m a y deu dugc lan l u g t xay d u n g a D a k N o n g v a Tap doan cong nghiep Than - K h o a n g san V i e t nam ( T K V ) dau t u N g o a i c o n x a y d u n g t h e m cac nha may a l u m i n T a n Rai-Bao L o c ( L a m D o n g ) , cong suat 1,2 tr.tan/nam va nha may K o n p L o n g - K a n a k ( K o n T u r n ) , cong suat 1-1,5 tr.tan/nam G i a i doan - 2 , t i n h h i n h t h i t r u o n g cu the m a m a rong cong suat cac nha m a y cho t h i c h hop T a i n a m 2015 cac mo bauxit Tay N g u y e n phai d a m bao san l u g n g khoang - t r i e u tan quang nguyen khai nham t h u h o i , - t r i e u tan quang t i n h cung cap cho cac nha m a y de san xuat 7,2-8,3 trieu tan a l u m i n Dac d i e m ve cau true dia mao, dia chat va dia chat c o n g t r i n h cua cac khoang sang bauxit v i i n g T a y N g u y e n n o i chung va D a k N o n g n o i rieng rat thuan l g i cho viec k h a i thac chiing bang p h u o n g phap 16 thien Phan l a n co dia h i n h b i n h nguyen, bao g o m cac d o i thap va thung lung nong T r e n c i i n g la l a p dat trgt, phan bo hau khap be mat dia h i n h , day 0,4-0,6 m , bao g o m set va a set; tiep den la l o p tram t i c h e l u v i - d e l u v i , phan chu yeu la a set lan - % d a m san co mat tang dan theo chieu sau, chieu day bien d o i tir 0,5-0,6 m , co chua nhieu hat quang bauxit dang manh, dang x i t a i x o p ; tang da goc la cac da cat ket, set ket va bot ket, co chieu day thay d o i tir - m Cac khoang sang b a u x i t co chieu day than quang tir - m , co cau tao dang mang, khoi hoac dang v o laterit bgc cac d i n h d o i thap C h i e u day l o p dat p h i i c h i tir , - m , dat phu va quang hau het deu co c i i n g nho f ~ 1-3, co the xiic boc true tiep m a k h o n g phai no m i n D i e u k i e n thoat n u a c thuan l g i , co the sir dung hoan toan bang p h u o n g phap tir chay D i e u k i e n dia h i n h cho phep bo t r i cac nha may t u y e n v a bai chira quang d u o i d i dong theo tirng k h u v u c k h a i thac de g i a m chi p h i van tai quang n g u y e n k h a i D i e u k i e n hoan phuc m o i t r u a n g sau k h a i thac thuan l g i chieu sau cua k h o a n g da k h a i thac nho, k h o i l u g n g san lap k h o n g dang ke va i t t o n k e m ve c h i p h i , Cong nghe k h a i thac ap dung cho bauxit T a y N g u y e n t u o n g d o i d o n gian K h a i thac theo p h u o n g phap chia 16, chia khoanh v a i trir l u g n g d u de m o hoat dong t h a i gian 3-5 nam D o i v o i m o i k h a i t r u a n g t h i sir dung he t h o n g k h a i thac k h o n g x u o n g sau, re quat hoac vanh k h u y e n h u o n g t a m K h a i thong, m o v i a bang hao ngoai hoan c h i n h hoac ban hoan chinh Sir d u n g bai thai t r o n g (la chu yeu) Thoat n u o c v a thao k h o m o theo p h u o n g thiic tir chay T h i e t b i sir dung la m a y xuc thuy luc dung t i c h gau 3,5-5 m , may b6c banh lop tai trgng - tan, may u i - 2 k W , oto (nen dung l o a i k h u n g m e m ) tai trgng - tan, H i e n T K V va hang W i r t g e n ( C H L B Dire) dang co dir an thir n g h i e m dung may phay cat lien hop 2 0 - S M de xiic boc dat p h u va quang a m o T a n Rai ( L a m D o n g ) N h u n g van de birc xuc ve m o i t r u a n g k h a i thac b a u x i t T a y N g u y e n la: 197 Hoi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien ki thudt tien mo qudc vi su phat te - trien 2010 ben vung + Phuc h o i t h a m thuc vat sau k h a i thac: T u y a ciing t h a i d i e m , cac k h a i t r u a n g bauxit chiem dung k h o n g n h i e u dien t i c h cay rirng t u nhien, n h u n g day la v i i n g r i r n g dau nguon, co anh h u o n g true tiep t a i v i k h i hau ciia t i e u v u n g tay bac N a m bo + V a n de can bang sir d u n g n u o c : Q u a t r i n h k h a i thac - che b i e n b a u x i t can sir dung m o t k h o i l u o n g n u a c k h a l a n t r o n g k h a u t u y e n rira q u a n g v a t a c h chiet a l u m i n V o i cong suat 600.000 tan a l u m i n / n a m ciia m o t to h o p k h a i thac - che b i e n t h i can khoang ft ' ft ' 14.10 m / n a m n u a c cho nha m a y t u y e n k h o a n g v a 3.10 m / n a m n u o c cho nha m a y che bien a l u m i n , t r o n g n u a c sir d u n g tuan h o a n la % , v a y m o i to h o p m o i n a m can khoang 5,1.10 m n u o c N e u t i n h day d u cho toan bo D u an (6 to h o p ) t h i n h u cau tieu ft % t h u n u a c hang n a m l e n t a i ( - ) 10 m n u o c D o v a y v a n de d a m bao d u nuoc cho t u o i t i e u va s i n h hoat ciia d o n g bao dia p h u o n g can d u g c t i n h t o a n k y l u o n g A + L u u giir b u n ciia nha m a y che bien a l u m i n da dugc d u luan canh bao nhieu va da dugc chii dau t u quan tam thich dang, nhien can canh giac v o i nuoc m u a chay tran, v i Tay N g u y e n la k h u v u c t h u a n g co n h u n g tran m u a I o n ( L u g n g n u a c m u a trung b i n h hang nam la 2339 m m , thang co v u l u g n g l a n nhat (khoang 0 - 5 m m ) v a gay l u quet 2.5 Khai thdc quang sa 2.5.1 Khai thdc sa khoang khoang vang va dd quy Sa khoang v a n g co a cac t i n h Quang N a m , T h a n h H o a , T h a i N g u y e n , L a n g Son va mot so t i n h khac Dac d i e m chung ciia sa khoang vang a V i e t n a m la phan bo phan tan, t r u l u g n g nho, viec to c h i i c cac x i nghiep m o de k h a i thac tap t r u n g rat kho khan Nha nuoc dia p h u o n g k h o n g quan l y dugc cac m o vang sa k h o a n g n a m tren lanh tho ciia minh, viec k h a i thac trai phep dan dia p h u o n g tien hanh v a n c o n x a y l a m n h i e m m o i t r u o n g va that thoat tai nguyen D a quy ton tai chii yeu a tinh Y e n B a i va mot phan ciia t i n h Phii T h g , quy m o nho, phan tan va ciing n h u vang nha chiic trach dia p h u o n g cung k h o n g quan l y dugc thau dao, hien tugng khai thac trai phep van ,gay that thoat tai nguyen va l a m n h i e m m o i truong 2.5.2 Khai thdc sa khoang thiec V i e c k h a i thac quang thiec va san xuat thiec t h o i da m o t t h a i la n g u o n t h u c h i n h cua nganh k h a i thac quang a n u a c ta Sa khoang thiec c h i i y e u tap t r u n g Cao B a n g , Tuyen Quang, T a m D a o , T h a i N g u y e n va N g h e A n N h u n g m o sa k h o a n g I o n a cac dia d i e m noi tren da k h a i thac het, c h i c o n l a i k h o n g dang ke a Q u y H g p , N g h e A n T r e n dia phan tinh Cao Bang n h i e u d i e m sa khoang thiec co trir l u g n g nho, n a m p h a n tan c h i p h i i hgp v o i khai thac t h i i cong hay ban c o g i o i quy m o nho 2.5.3 Khai thdc sa khoang titan ven bien Sa khoang t i t a n v e n b i e n phan bo dgc theo b a b i e n V i e t N a m tir T r a C den B i n h Thuan cue n a m T r u n g bo, n h u n g tap t r u n g c h i i y l u o H a T i n h , T h i r a T h i e n - H u ! , B i n h D i n h , N i n h T h u a n v a B i n h Thuan Sir dung siing ban n u o c hay tau hut de k h a i thac quang, t u y e n de lay t i n h quang tai cho K h u vuc k h a i thac x o n g se dugc hoan tho va tien hanh t r o n g cay C u n g n h u cac khoang sang sa khoang khac, sa khoang t i t a n v e n b i e n cung b i k h a i thac trai phep l a m ton that tai nguyen va pha hoai m o i t r u o n g , c h i n h quyen dia p h u o n g can co b i e n phap ngan chan va quan l y chat che loai quang co gia t r i 198 Hpi nghi Cong nghiep r r khoa hoc ki thuat md qudc te - 2010 md tien tiin vi su phat trien ben viing N g o a i t i n g t i t a n v e n b i l n cat x a m , cac nha ciia chat V i e t N a m da phat h i e n m o t m o titan n a m a tang cat t i n h B i n h T h u a n co t r u l u o n g I o n ngang t a m cac m o I o n ciia the gioi v o i khoang 500 t r i e u t i n quang t i n h ( g o m ca i n m e n i t , r u t i n , z i r c o n , m o n a z i t ) H a m luong tong cac phan co i c h quang khoang 12% V i a n a m each mat dat khoang - m , co cho 16 tren mat dat, chieu day v i a - m v o i t o n g t r u l u o n g quang tren t y tan rat thuan l o i cho k h a i thac 16 thien 2.5.4 Khai thdc quang sa khoang cromit Sa khoang c r o m i t Co D i n h ( T h a n h H o a ) la m o c r o m i t co t r u l u o n g kha I o n va la m o nhat V i e t N a m cho den g i o , v o i t r u l u o n g c r o m k h o a n g 10 t r i e u tan M duoc xay dung va bat dau k h a i thac tir n a m 1956 T r u n g Quoc thiet ke v a trang b i thiet b i k h a i thac va tuyen quang M sa khoang c r o m i t Co D i n h co hai tang quang, g i u a hai tang quang la tang cat co chieu day - m C h i e u day tang quang tren thay d o i tir - m T h o i gian dau m o dung p h u o n g phap k h a i thac bang sue n u o c : d i i n g sung ban nuoc de pha v o dat quang tir tang v a tao dong b u n quang tap t r u n g chay vao ho b o m b u n , tir day b u n quang duoc b o m v a v a n chuyen bang d u o n g ong co ap ve nha m a y t u y e n Sau m o t t h o i gian sir dung cho thay p h u o n g phap k h a i thac k e m h i e u qua ap lire nuoc p h u n tir mieng sung k h o n g d u de pha cac tang da set deo n a m phan tan k h o n g q u y luat tang quang De khac phuc hien t u o n g m o da tien hanh thir n g h i e m k h a i thac bang p h u o n g phap co g i o i ket h o p v o i sire nuoc: dung m a y cap de xuc dat quang, v a n chuyen dong sau dung sung ban nuoc de v a n chuyen b u n quang ve nha m a y tuyen Phuong phap khai thac b i that bai tir dau do a m cua dat quang cao, dac biet vao mua mua, xe cap dat b i sa lay k h o n g d i chuyen duoc M cung da sir d u n g tau cuoc de khai thac nhung k h o n g giai quyet duoc van de m a nguyen nhan c h u y e u la set d i n h vao phay cat lam hong bo phan cong tac cua tau cuoc M c r o m i t C o D i n h co dac d i e m chung la san xuat k h o n g o n d i n h v i san pham t i n h quang phu thuoc vao n g u o n t i e u t h u (chu yeu la xuat khau) San l u o n g t i n h quang san xuat hang nam k h o n g deu, co t h o i gian phai n g u n g san xuat H i e n t a i , T K V da co d u an k h o i phuc lai khai thac m o nay, n h u n g v a n de nan giai nhat v a n chua dupe giai quyet la dung phuong phap nao de k h a i thac co hieu qua T r o n g dieu k i e n d j a chat m o phuc tap, dat quang thuoc loai k h o k h a i thac n h u m o cromit Co D i n h , co the nghien c u u , ap d u n g thir n g h i e m p h u o n g phap k h a i thac c o g i o i ket hop v o i sue nuoc v o i cac h i n h thirc sau day : • D u n g M X T L G N d u n g tren noc tang quang tren, tien hanh xuc d u o i chat dat quang d o n g chan tang sau diing sung ban nuoc ban vao d o n g dat quang r o i van chuyen bang sire n u o c ve nha m a y tuyen Cac tang set de l a i k h o n g xuc D e M X T L G N co the d i chuyen de dang tren mat tang quang phai tien hanh dao m o t he t h o n g ranh thoat nuoc de thao k h o mat tang Hoac M X T L G N d u n g nen tang (tren noc tang cat), xuc tren, chat dat quang dong chan tang sau d u n g sung ban n u o c ket h o p v o i t r a m b o m bun dua b u n quang ve nha m a y tuyen • N h u n g k h u v u c n a m gan chan n u i , h a m l u o n g set it n h u n g t y le cac cue da co k i c h thuoc I o n n a m t r o n g dat quang nhieu h o n co the d u n g M X T L G N de x i i c quang k i t h o p v o i van tai to v a n c h u y e n quang ve m o t n o i nhat d i n h , chat d o n g , sau dung sung b i n nuoc de x i r l y n h u tren 199 Hpi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien kT thudt tien mo quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 vung K h i k h a i thac tang quang d u o i cung ap dung p h u o n g phap M X T L G N d u n g tren noc tang cat, t r u a c het xuc cat chat vao oto r o i v a n chuyen c h u n g vao khoang t r o n g da khai thac cua tang quang d u o i , sau xiic quang d o n g d u o i chan tang r o i diing sung ban n u a c de v a n chuyen b i i n quang ve ho b o m T i r ho b o m b i i n quang duac b a m va van chuyen bang d u o n g ong co ap ve nha m a y tuyen K h o a n g t r o n g da k h a i thac k h i k h a i thac x o n g ca hai tang quang, theo t r i n h t u khai thac co the m o t phan d u g c sir dung l a m bai thai ciia nha m a y t u y e n , c o n k h i ket thiic khai thac hoan toan d i i n g l a m ho chiia nuoc de phuc v u t u o i t i e u cho san xuat n o n g nghiep ciia cac v i i n g lan can 2.6 Khai thdc vat lieu xay dung Cac m o vat l i e u x a y d u n g a V i e t N a m rat p h o n g p h i i bao g o m cac m o cat, set, da cac loai v o i k h o i l u g n g san xuat hang n a m den hang t r a m trieu m phuc v u dac luc cho viec xay d u n g co so tang ciia t h a i k y dau phat trien cong nghiep hoa va h i e n dai hoa San l u g n g k h a i thac m o t so loai vat l i e u x a y d u n g c h i i y e u (theo so l i e u t h o n g ke nam 2007) n h u sau: D a d u n g l a m nguyen lieu san xuat x i m a n g 53 t r i e u tan, da xay d u n g 88 trieu m , cat xay d u n g 80 t r i e u m , da op lat t r i e u m 2.6 l.Khai thdc dd voi phuc vu sdn xudt xi mang T r e n lanh tho V i e t N a m t r u l u g n g da v o i phan bo k h o n g deu M i e n Bac v a bac M i e n T r u n g co trir l u g n g da v o i n h i e u nhat, t h i i den la cac t i n h m i e n tay N a m bo Cac n u i da v o i co dac d i e m chung la dia h i n h rat phiic tap, sudn n u i phan l a n d u n g d i i n g , d i n h n u i va suon niii t h u o n g 16m c h a m Cac n u i da v o i co the la d o n doc hay l i e n ket day T o n g t r u l u g n g da v o i d u n g de san xuat x i mang khoang 44 ty tan San l u o n g cua cac m o p h u thuoc vao cong suat cua nha m a y x i mang va thay d o i t r o n g p h a m v i tir 1,5-3,5 t r i e u tan da/nam De k h a i thac cac m o da v o i co dieu k i e n phiic tap, co the d u n g cac p h u o n g phap khai thac sau: K h a i thac theo l o p bang v a n tai true tiep tir tang bang to; K h a i thac bang l o p d u n g chuyen tai da qua s u o n n u i ( b o m o , m a n g t r u o t ) bang nang l u g n g no m i n hoac bang c o g i o i (sir d u n g may xiic tay gau, m a y i i i hoac m a y xuc lat) Tir mep suon n u i ciia tang dang k h a i thac da dugc r o i x u o n g mat bang tiep nhan d u o i chan nui n h o lire t r g n g l u g n g P h o i h g p g i u a hai p h u a n g phap tren D o i v o i cac n u i co chieu cao d u o i 150 m t h u a n g d u n g p h u o n g phap (1) de khai thac Cong viec k h o k h a n nhat, t o n k e m nhat la l a m d u o n g len n u i v thap d i n h n i i i de tao mat bang k h a i thac dau tien D o i v o i cac n i i i co chieu cao I o n h o n 150 m t h u o n g d u n g p h u o n g phap (3) de khai thac C o n g tac thap d i n h n i i i de tao nen mat bang k h a i thac dau tien t h u a n g ap dung p h u a n g phap cat tang nho v o i chieu cao tang k h o n g qua m , k h a u theo tirng l o p dirng tir ngoai suon niii vao t r o n g , chuyen tai dat da bang no m i n D a t da sau k h i no m i n dugc tap trung tai mat bang t r u n g gian D a y la mat bang k h a i thac dau t i e n k h i ap d u n g p h u a n g phap khai thac xuc chuyen T a i day d i i n g m a y xuc lat xiic dat da da no m i n chay mep suon nui va d o x u o n g d u o i mat bang tiep nhan bo t r i tai chan n i i i Sau do, da d u g c xuc bang may xiic chat len to c h a ve t r a m nghien sang T r o n g qua t r i n h k h a i thac c h i e u cao n i i i thap dan 200 Hpi nghi Cong nghiep khoa hoc kT thudt mo tien tien mo qudc vi su phat te - trien 2010 ben viing va den mot cao nao cho phep dua to len tang thi viec khai thac khoi nui lai se dugc ap d u n g p h u a n g phap k h a i thac (1) T r u a c day k h i thiet ke k h a i thac cac n u i da v o i , bien g i a i m o t h u a n g dugc quy d i n h tai cao cao h o n mat dia h i n h x u n g quanh T u y nhien qua n h i e u n a m k h a i thac t r u l u g n g cac m o da v o i n a m gan k h u vuc nha m a y cang can kiet, phai t i e n hanh khai thac d cac k h u v u c x a h o n l a m tang chi p h i k h a i thac T r o n g dieu k i e n m o t so m o sau k h i ket thuc khai thac phan n u i x o n g se tien hanh k h a i thac phan sau cua m o T r o n g t r u d n g hgp phai ap d u n g day m d hai cap n h u n g d dang d a n gian h o n : c h i can tao m o t hd t u nude, diing may b o m de b o m n u d e k h d i m d Thiet b i d i i n g de k h a i thac tren cac m d da v d i d i i n g l a m n g u y e n l i e u cho san xuat x i mang n o i chung la n h u n h u n g c d ddng bd thiet b i khac t u y theo quy m d khai thac D i i n g may khoan dap k h i nen hay may k h o a n t h u y l u c , cd m d d i i n g may khoan xoay cau d u d n g k i n h l d k h o a n - 0 m m de khoan l d k h o a n nap m i n pha da; may xiic tay gau keo cap, may xiic t h u y luc hay may xiic lat co dung t i c h gau 1,5-5 m de xiic dat da; diing d td tai t r g n g - tan de c h d da tir m o den t r a m dap sang T a i day, da dugc dap den cd p h i i hgp v d i v a n tai bang bang tai den nha may san xuat x i m a n g M o t sd d u d n g bang tai c h d da dai den 20 k m 2.6.2 Khai thdc dd xdy dung Da xay d u n g d V i e t n a m phan bd kha rdng rai t r o n g p h a m v i toan qudc v d i t r u l u g n g khoang tren 53 t y m , chat l u g n g kha tot G" k h u vuc M i e n Bac tir T h a n h H d a t r d tap trung nhieu loai da granit, gabrd, cam thach, quaczit, cat ket v a da p h i m trao K h u vuc mien trung tir N g h e A n den B i n h Thuan xuat hien n h i e u da granit, bazan, c u d i ket da khoang va da p h u n trao K h u v u c M i e n N a m da granit tap t r u n g c h i i y e u d cac t i n h D d n g Nai, Tay N i n h ; da bazan d Song Be, D d n g N a i t h u d n g cd l d p da p h i i p h o n g hda kha day Cac niii da v d i tir bac m i e n t r u n g t r d cd chat l u g n g thap ( k h o n g d i i d i e u k i e n de san xuat x i mang) dugc phep k h a i thac de l a m vat l i e u xay d u n g phuc v u cho cac cdng t r i n h giao thong, thiiy l g i , l a m cdt l i e u be t d n g Dac d i e m chung ciia cac m d la san l u g n g khai thac k h o n g l d n (tren d u d i 100 n g h i n m / n a i n ) , cdng nghe k h a i thac lac hau, k e m an toan M o t h u o n g la m o t phan ciia suon n i i i D i i n g biia k h o a n c o n cd d u d n g k i n h n h d de khoan cac 16 khoan nap m i n pha da D a d u d i tac dung cua nang l u g n g n d m i n v a luc t r o n g l u g n g lan theo suon n i i i x u d n g tap t r u n g tai chan n i i i T a i day da duoc chat vao p h u o n g tien van tai bang cac thiet b i xuc bdc khac Theo quy chuan an toan ve k h a i thac m d da xay dung, cdng nghe k h a i thac b i cam, n h u n g nd v a n c o n t o n tai t r o n g thuc te, chua cd cong nghe k h a i thac nao p h u h g p cd the thay the Cac m d vat l i e u xay d u n g d k h u v u c p h i a n a m c h u y e u la da granit, da bazan hoac cat ket cd l d p dat p h u v a phai k h a i thac x u d n g sau San l u o n g m o p h d b i e n tir - 0 n g h i n m / n a m , chieu sau l d n nhat cua m d dat tren 150 m D d n g bd thiet b i d u n g d6 k h a i thac bao gom: M a y khoan dap k h i nen, m a y khoan t h u y lire v d i d u d n g k i n h lo k h o a n - m m , may xiic tay gau va m a y xiic thuy luc cac loai cd d u n g t i c h g i u 1,5-3,5 m , d t d v a n tai co tai trgng bien - tan D a nguyen l i e u dugc dap nghien, phan loai va duoc t i e u t h u tai cho Cac m o 16 t h i e n k h a i thac da xay d u n g d k h u v u c cd c h i l u sau k h a i thac k h o n g ldn k i c h t h u d c ciia mat m d dugc phep k h a i thac b i han e h ! theo d i e u k i e n m d m d , hoac can phai bao ve cac v i i n g dat canh tac, dan c u hay t h i v i i n g lan can 201 Hpi Cong nghi nghiep khoa hoc mo tien kT thudt tien mo qudc vi su phat ti trien ben 2010 vung Sau k h i ket thuc k h a i thac, cac m o vat l i e u xay d u n g d u o c hoan phuc m o i truong theo cac h u o n g : tao q u y dat de xay d u n g k h u dan c u , dac biet d o i v o i cac m o n a m d vung dong bang cac t i n h p h i a bac; cai tao de t r o n g cay d o i v o i cac m o n a m d v u n g ban son dia; diing l a m hd chua n u d e phuc v u t u d i t i e u cho san xuat nong n g h i e p , d u n g l a m h d phong canh phuc v u n g h i n g a i , l a m n o i chua rac sinh hoat d d i v d i n h u n g m d k h a i thac x u d n g sau K e t l u a n Theo cac ket qua d i e u tra, tren lanh thd V i e t n a m t o n tai k h o a n g 5000 khoang sang va d i e m m d v d i k h o a n g 80 l o a i khoang san khac v d i q u y m d rat khac va phan bd rat phan tan D u d i day la m o t sd khoang sang va d i e m m d d i e n h i n h ( t r o n g ngoac la so khoang sang v a d i e m m d ) : quang sat (216), mangan (34), quang t i t a n (70), quang sa khoang thiec ( 0 ) , quang angtimoan (50), quang c h i k e m ( 0 ) , v o l f r a m (10), ddng (1), cromit (1), da v d i san xuat x i m a n g (351), set san xuat x i m a n g ( ) , p h u gia x i mang (152), cao lanh ( ) , feldspat (44), cat san xuat t u y t i n h ( ) , da dp lat ( 2 ) , dat set diing l a m gach ngdr (694), cat sdi xay d u n g (323), da xay d u n g cac l o a i ( 5 ) , d o l o m i t (37), set chiu lira ( ) Hau het cac khoang sang va diem m d n d i tren da dua vao khai thac deu dirng phuong phap Id thien N g o a i trir m o t sd m d cd trir l u o n g va quy m d khai thac t u o n g ddi l d n va vira (theo dieu kien V i e t nam) n h u cac m d than, apatit, quang sat, cromit, quang bauxit, titan, da cacbonat phuc v u san xuat x i mang, hau het cac m d deu cd trir l u o n g nhd va quy m d khai thac nhd Tren cac m d san l u o n g l d n va vira da ap dung cdng nghe v a thiet b i khai thac tuong doi hien dai, m u c dd c o g i d i hda cac qua trinh san xuat chinh thuoc loai kha, p h u hop v d i dieu kien dia chat m d ciia tirng m d Cac giai phap giam thieu anh h u d n g x a u ciia k h a i thac m d den moi trudng va h d i phuc m d i t r u d n g va sau khai thac dupe coi T u y nhien nhung thach thirc va nhirng t i e m an r u i ro k h i khai thac cac m d xudng sau Uong dieu k i e n dia chat m d phirc tap va k h i hau nhiet d d i cd nhieu m u a bao van nhieu T h u o n g x u y e n n i t k i n h nghiem va linh hoat giai quyet k i p t h d i cac su cd xay qua trinh khai thac m a k h o n g cau ne vao cac giai phap thiet ke can phai dupe can nhac thuc hien K h a i thac m d n h d ddng v a i t r d quan t r o n g t r o n g viec phat t r i e n nen cdng nghiep cua cac t i n h va ddng gdp dang ke vao ngan sach dia p h u o n g , tao viec l a m cho hang van lao dpng B d i vay can phai cd q u y hoach t d n g the, cd b i e n phap bao ve, n g h i e n c i i u ap dung cdng nghe k h a i thac v a ddng bp thiet b i k h a i thac p h i i h o p de m o t mat tan t h u den m i i c toi da tai nguyen h i e n cd, san xuat an toan, mat khac dam bao viec bao ve m d i t r u d n g , dd nha chiic trach dia p h u o n g ddng m o t v a i t r d rat quan t r o n g Tdi lieu tham khao H d Sy G i a o , N g u y e n ST H p i , T r a n M a n h X u a n K h a i thac m d vat l i e u xay dung N h a xuat ban Giao due, H a N d i , 1997 Cac t u y e n tap H d i n g h i khoa hoc k y thuat toan qudc lan lan t h i i X V I I I (2007), lan t h i i X I X (2008) v a lan t h i i X X (2009) H d i K h o a hoc C d n g nghe m d V i e t nam Proceedings o f International Conference o n Advances i n M i n i n g and Tunneling H a n o i , A u g u s t - , 2008 P u b l i s h i n g House f o r Science and T e c h n o l o g y 202 ... quy m d khai thac nho nhung cd vai trd rat quan trgng doi v d i nganh san xuat gang, thep ciia V i e t N a m cho den San l u g n g khai thac hang nam nhung nam gan day la 200 n g h i n tan /nam, ... day 100 c m San l u o n g quang theo thiet ke: tir nam thir den n a m t h u 10 la tr.tan /nam; tir n a m 11 t r o d i la 10 tr.tan /nam va da boc nam cao nhat la - t r i e u m / n a i n , t r o n... N h i r n g khoang t r o n g da khai thac sau m o t vai nam da d u g c p h i i day b d i t h a m thuc vat, ngoai lau lach c o n cd m o t sd cay than go khac 2.3 Khai thdc quang sat Trir l u g