TlM HIEU MOT SO VAN DE NOi BAT VE MOI TRlfdNG CUA DAI LOAN Tom tat Trong nhimg thdp ky cudi ciia the ky XX, Ddi Loan da tgo ra cdi ggi Id "sir thdn ky Bdi Loan " vd chuyen theo hudng hien dgi hda de t[.]
TlM HIEU MOT SO VAN DE NOi BAT VE MOI TRlfdNG CUA DAI LOAN Tom tat: Trong nhimg thdp ky cudi ciia the ky XX, Ddi Loan da tgo cdi ggi Id "sir thdn ky Bdi Loan " vd chuyen theo hudng hien dgi hda de trd thdnh mdt bdn rdng nhd cua Chdu A GNP da ldng len sudt giai dogn ndy, chdt lugng cugc sdng cua ngudi ddn dirge cdi thien 'Tuy nhien, sir phdt trien kinh te dd gdy mot sd kich bdn mdi trudng nghiem nhir su suy gidm chdt lirgng khdng khi, nhiem nudc sdng, cdc bdi rac cdng nghiep mdt ve sinh vd rac thdi rdn Bdi viet ndy se tgp trung tim hieu nhirng vdn de mdi trudng ndi bdt cita Ddi Loan nhirng ndm qua Tir khoa: Dai Loan, Mdi Irudng, Vdn de noi bat r rudc day ndi den van de mdi Irudng d Ddi Loan ngudi la thudng de cap den sy d nhiem mdi trudng ty nhien dd tdi nguyen thien nhien bj phd huy cac doanh nghi?p khai thac thieu ke hoach vd chi nhdm ldi Igi nhuan, Hien van de moi truimg noi ddy dugc hieu d mdt muc d5 ldn hon, bao triim ban vd dang trd thdnh mdt nhung van de dugc quan tdm nhat vd cung la mgt nhiing thach thirc Idn nhdt ciia loan xa hgi Bdi le, mdi trudng song gan bd hiiu ea vdi cudc song ciia ngudi, cung nhu vdi su tdn tai vd phdt trien cua hg Nhiing boat dpng kinh doanh va hogt dgng sdng cua ngudi ddn da vd dang lam gia tang siic ^p ldi mdi trudng sdng ciia ngudi ddn Dai Loan vd nd khdng chi Idm gidm chat lugng sdng ciia ngudi Ddi hom ma anh hudng tdi cdc the he mai sau Niu din thdm Dai Loan ngdn thoi thi kho cd the hinh dung hon dao xinh dep dang phai ddi mat vdi nhirng vdn de ve mdi trudng Diing vay, d phuang dien canh quan tu nhien, mgi ngudi deu cam nhan dugc dudng phd nai day rdi sach se Tuy nhien, Iren ihyc le, Dai Loan cung nhu nhieu qudc gia cdng nghiep phal trien khde da va ThS, ViSn NghiSn ciju Dong BSc A NGHrEN Cdra D O N G B^C A, SO ( } 6-2013 dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu vdn de mdi Irudng dang bdo ddng Vdy nhtrng van de dd Id gi, sau day chiing ta se lan lugt tim hieu ve nd Tang ozone bj xdi mon va nhiem khong Tdng ozone ed vai trd quan trpng viec bdo ve cugc sdng cita eac loai sinh vat Iren trai dal thdng qua viec ngan chan tia eye lim xdm nhap Tang ozone bi xdi mdn Id ket qua cua nhijng boat ddng san xudt, kinh doanh khdng kiem soat dugc, nhat la ciia cac nganh cong nghiep nang va hod chat Cung gidng nhu cdc nude cdng nghi?p phdt trien khac, Dai Loan cd he thdng cac nganh cong nghiep hoat dgng tren mgt pham vi rgng Idn, nhat la d cac thdnh phd Idn nhu Dai Bdc, Dai Nam, Cao Hiing,, Vdi ldc phat trien kinh te thi viec lao nhirng chat thai nhu gas, d o (clorine) cd xu hudng lang nhanh ban, don gian vi ty le lieu thu binh quan tren dau ngudi cd xu hudng ldng theo cap sd nhan ma ngudi theo dudi mirc lieu thu hang hda vd dich vu Idn Va chinh nh&ng loai chat ctia cdc h? thdng cdng nghiep Id thii pham bdo mdn vd Iam thiing lang ozone Khi tang ozone bj phd thung, tia cue tim xam nh$p be ngoai hanh tinh sg gia tdng Ket qua Id dnh hudng tieu 47 Nghien cim khoa hpc eye den sire khoe ngudi va lam tdn hai den he sinh thai Vi vay, vdn dc d nhiem khdng la van dc Idn d Dai Loan Irong nhtrng nam qua Nam 2001, d Ddi Loan mdi km^ cd 619 nguiri 489 phuang lien co gidi 2.69 nhd may va lieu thy ndng lugng luang duang 2.372 tan nhien lieu So vdi m(il dt) dan sd vd phirang lien giao thdng ciia cdc nudc Ihi mat dg ctia Ddi Loan gap khoang 1.8 lan so \'di Nhal Ban, 2,6 lan so vdi Dire va Anh va 22 ldn so vdi My Ngoai ra, mat edc nha nia>' dao ddng ttr 2.4 den 69.5 Idn va lugng nang lupng lieu thu Iren mdi km vudng la khoang 1.7 den 10.2 lan so vdi cde nude lri:n the gidi Vdi gdnh ndng mdi irudng Ihi nhiem vu cdi thien chat iupng khdng ciia Ddi Loan se ngdy cang ird nen khd khan ban Irong vice Iheo dudi muc chdt lugng khdng luang ly nhu cac nudc lien tien Qua trinh dd thj hda dien manh me tai cac thi ldn ludn keo llieo sy phat trien khdng gian tai cac dd thi nhanh ban sy phat Irien lang ky thual dd Ihj luu lugng xe luu thong nhanh kha nang quan ly xay dyng va cai tao dd thi chua lang kjp dd phat triin dan tdi cac nguon gdy d nhiem khdng chua dugc kiem soat cung gia lang rlt nhanh, tao ap Iyc !am bien ddi chat lugng khdng chua dugc kiem soat cung gia tdng nhanh va ap lye bien ddi chat lugng khdng Ihco chieu hudng khdng tdt, gay dnh hudng xau den mdi trudng vd tac dpng den sire khde ngudi, cd the gay anh hudng tgi thdi diem dd hodc lau ddi ve sau Vi the d nhiem mdi trudng khdng Cling dang Id mgl vdn de hire xuc ddi voi mdi trudng sdng ctia ngudi dan qudc dao Loai d nhiem ndy dang chii y nhal d khu virc dd Ihj nai ma ngdy hau hcl ngudi dan Dai Loan sdng d dd Cac nha khoa hpc d Dai Loan da thdng qua Chi sd chudn d nhiem (I*SI)' dupc Co quan Bdo vc mdi Irudng (PiPA) lloa Ky ap dung Iheo ngudng an loan vd nguy hiem ddi vdi sire khde ngudi dc chat lugng khdng Gia In PSI ttr 0-50 dugc xem Id khdng cd chdt lugng ldi, 51100 Id mirc trung binh khdng anh hudng toi sire khde ngirdi \ a lir 101 - 200 la khong tdt, tir 201-300 Id rdt khdng tdt Itr 301- 400 la nguy hiem, lam phdt sinh mdi sd benh va neu PSI tren 400 la rdt nguy hiC'm, cd the gay chet ngudi Bang : Chi so chUitn nhiem (PSI) 6' Dai Loan (2000-2010) N^m 2OO0 2001 2002 PSI ( civ) 0-50 9609 8985 8738 2003 8551 2004 7950 2005 8236 2006 8578 8444 8737 8262 51-100 lOIOI l]OII II32I 11117 11700 11554 11319 11481 11425 11864 11262 101-200 105O i'SI!-100(%/ng»}) 201-300 703 662 >301 5.1 3,4 3,2 2,6 -527 948 921 863 831 615 660 380 14 Ngudl ; Statistica/ yearbook of Taiwan 2010 56 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.0 3,2 2.2 ' 1^' " sulfur dioxid (SO,), carbon monoxide (CO) va nito dioxil (NO,) dtroc tinh theo mg/m'/gio hoic 48 NQHIEN Cdu BdNG BflC fl SO 6(148) 6-2013 gidi, ung thu gan Id can benh sd d phu nii Theo nghien cuu chuyen sdu d Ddi Loan vd nhung nai khac, anh hudng ciia d nhilm khong Irong ty Ie ngudi mac ung Ihu phoi chua dugc biel din hoan toan Tuy nhien, hieu mgl cdch tryc dien ban thi dd la cdn benh lien ket giira viem phe qudn, phe thiing, va hen suyen Nam 1996, mdt nghien ciru tiet Id rang ban 12% hgc sinh trung hgc d Dai Bac bi benh suyen, ly Ie mac cao nhat tren qudc dao nay^ Cac hgc gia nghien ciru ve d nhiem mdi trudng d Dai Loan da ve mdt hire tranh khdng may sdng siia ve nhirng tien bd da dat dugc va mirc nghiem Irgftg ciia van de d nhiem khdng Cd mgt dieu hg chi rang theo thdng le qudc le, mdu chdt lugng khdng PSI dugc lay d cdc cao 15 den 25 met so vdi mat ddt, bdi vi cdc mau thyc hien gdn vdi mat ddt bien dgng qua nhieu vd dd it dang tin cdy miic o nhiem tren mdt dien rdng Tuy nhien, ngudi di chuyen tren mat ddt khdng hit dugc khdng d cao 15 den 25 met va dd tren thuc te cd thi hit ^ Nhlt chii thich 49 Nghien cim khoa hpc phai mirc d nhiem cao han nhieu so vdi sd PSI dua Hon ntra cac PSI Iham chi khdng bao gdm mdt Irong cac loai d nhiem khdng nguy hiem nhal, dugc biet den nhu eac hgp chdi htru co de bay hoi (VOCs) dd ben/en Id mdt irong nhii'ng loai nguy hiem nhdi da lirng dugc lim Ihdy khdng d Ddi Bac Cac hgp chdt VOC da cd Irong xang dugc sdn xual tai Dai Loan vao ihap nien 1990 va cho den van chua loai bo dugc hoan loan chdt ndy Mgl dieu phirc lap ban dd Id ehi sd PSI Irong nganh cting nghiep cdn nguy hai hon so vdi luu lugng xe eg Vi vay mac dti sy nhiem Itr thai cac nha may da thyc sy giam d nhung khu vyc tap trung cao cdc nganh cdng nghiep gay d nhiem nang nhu phd Cao liing d Dai Nam, mirc PSI khdng Idl cho sire khde tap Irung nhieu d cac khu vuc cd nen kinh te dya vdo nganh djch vu nhu Dai Bdc, Ddi Trung vd Ddi Nam Ben canh dd chat lugng khdng ctia Dai Loan cdn bi anh hudng bdi cdc thdi lir hang ngdn nhd may dien ciia Trung Qudc Nam 2003 lugng thai SOi ciia Trung Qudc dal 21.6 trieu tan dirng thir hai sau My Khi Carbon dioxide ciia nudc da ldng 45% khoang Ihdi gian tir ndm 1990 din 2002 Ddc biet Dai Loan vd Hdng Kong dd hi anh hudng bdi thdi ciia cac nhd may dien d linh Quang Ddng cua Trung Qudc dd Han Qudc va Nhat Ban bi anh hudng bdi cdc nhd mdy d phia bac Trung Qudc Do dd, d nhiem khdng gop phan khdng nhd vao van de mdi trudng d Dai Loan hien 50 M u a acid Mua Acid dugc tao sir trgn Idn hcri nudc vdi Acid Sulphuric vd Acid Nitric va mgl sd Acid khac Chiing dugc sinh qud Irinh san xudi cdng nghiep va ton l£ii dudi dang thai tir cdc nhd may va cac nhd may dien ma sii dung than va dau Thdnh phan chinh ciia chiing bao gdm loai sulphur dioxide va nitrogen dioxide Mua Acid gay nhiem man nudc sdng, ho va gdy ton hai den cdc loai ddng-lhye vat, gay nhiem man dal trdng, ddn ldi lam suy giam mau ma ciia dal, anh hudng den ndng sudt va hieu qua ctia ngdnh trdng Irgl Thyc tc cho thdy d Ddi Loan van de mira acid dugc sinh ttr sy ket hgp cua qua trinh cdng nghiep dia phuang vd sy dnh huong ciia mua acid tir Trung Qudc dai luc Vdn de mua acid nghiem irgng nhat dgc theo bo bien phia ldy ddng bang - nai ma gid trj dp pi I vao khoang 4,5 - 5.6 Dai Loan khd co the gidi quyet hodn toan van dc mua acid neu khdng cd sy hgp lac chat che vdi Tmng Qudc dai luc O nhiem n u d e Tinh trang d nhiem ngudn nudc nggi cr cac sdng d Dai Loan cung dang giong Icn tieng chudng bao dgng Theo Cue bdo ve mdi Irudng Dai Loan (1 EPA) thi chdt lugmg nudc sdng d nhilu viing khdng dat tieu chudn cho phep Dieu ndy thi hien d mirc d6 nhiein cac hgp chat htru ca cao Theo so lieu Ihdng ke, Dai Loan cd 129 sdng ihi ndm 2003, TEPA da kilm dinh tdt ca cac sdng va ket qud cho thdy cd 15,8% cac sdng d§ bj d nhilm nang, 11,3% o mure d nhiem trung binh va 13,4% d miic nhi^m nhe NQHIEN dN13 BflC fl, SO 6(148) 6-2013 51 Nghien cihi khoa hoc Khdng gidng nhu d My cdc loai lui giay dugc sir dung phd bien de dung hang hda mua Irong cdc cua hang bdn lc chdng ban nhu cira hang lap hda hay cac sieu Ihj Chi din thai gian gdn ddy, ngudi la da udc linh Dai Loan dd sir dung 2,5 liii niIdng/ngudi/ngdy, len ldi 105.000 tdn hodc tuang duang vdi ty tiii mdi ndm Cdc loai lui dugc cde hg gia dinh diing dc dyng rdc thai vd xe rac ciia cdng ty mdi trudng sc Ihu gom lai Tuy nhien, mdi cd Iran inua lo md cac liii rdc chua kip ihu gom thi nhting chdt thdi Ihyc phdm va cdc loai rac khac se bj riia trdi vao he thdng thoat nudc Ngodi thi cdc loai hop nhya vd hop xdp dyng thuc an cung dugc ngudi dan sii dung rgng rai va udc linh ngudi ta dd thdi 59.000 tan rdc loai vd da phdn chiing dugc xu ly bang cdch chon lap, dieu cd dnh hudng khdng nhd ldi he thdng nudc ngam Tuy nhien, ke ttr nam 2002 trd di Dai Loan da bat ddu dp dung bien phap han che sii dung lili ni ldng ciing nhu edc hop nhya dyng thiic dn Cdi lien he thdng thu gom phe thai bao gom cd viec tdi che cting bat ddu dugc cai lien nhirng nam 1990 va dugc md rdng ke ttr dd Chang ban nhu, chdt thai thyc pham thudng dugc tach va gui den cdc trang trai nudi Ign d ndng Ihon Trong nhii'ng ndm gan day, Dai Loan cung bat dau dp dung cac Id dot, mac dti hinh thuc xtr Iy rac thai hien dai da vap phai khong it sy chi trich dac biet Id vdn de d nhiem khong Thii pham Idn khac gay d nhilm nudc dd la nudc thai Xii ly chat thai cua ngudi va ddng vai nhu the nao la mgt nhirng vdn de ldn nhdt ddi vdi mgi xa hgi Trudc 52 day d Dai Loan, da so ngudi ddn sdng b khu vyc ndng thdn va mgt dg dan sd khong cao nhu hi^n thi kha de dang tdi che chal thai nhu vay true tiep trd I?i vdo cac h? sinh thai ly nhien bang each stir dung chiing nhir la phdn bdn htru ca Tuy nhien, ddn sd tang ciing vdi dd thi hda va su phal trien kinh ll hi?n da gdn nhu pha hiiy phuang phap tdi che chdi thai Khi he ihdng tdi'^chl cu ddn mdi di va khdng cd gi lap Hie thay thi nd, kil qud khdng the Iranh khdi la sir suy giam nhanh chdng chat lugng nudc ctia Dai Loan, gdm ca nudc nggt va nudc mdn ven bien Trong mia the ky ddn sd da tang gdp ban ldn tir dudi trieu nam 1950 den ban 23 trieu ngudi vao nam 2011 Hdn dao cung dd trd thdnh mdt nhd sdn xuat Ion Idn ky nguyen hdu Nhal Ban, vdi gan II trieu trudc nam 1996 Mac dii so lugng sau dd da giam cho den hien co khoang trieu Sd lugng Ign da thai mgl lugng chdt thdi Idn khdng qua cudng dieu dc md ta sd Ign nhu mgt nha may san xudt chdt thai, ma dd Ign truong trung binh cd the tao 100 den 150 gram chdt thai rdn vd 33 lit nudc thai moi ngdy, gap 5-7 Idn chat thai cua nguoiNgodi ra, ngudn nudc sach cung iing tiep tuc bi xudng cdp bdi mdt lugng Idn cdc chat gay d nhiem phal bdi hang ngan cac nha may phdt sinh quanh hdn dao Nhieu ngudi Dai Loan tin rang hg dang phdi uong nudc nggt chua dat lieu chuan va day la nguyen nhdn chinh giai thich tai chal lugng sdng ciia ngudi Dai Loan chua thuc s? dugc cai thien nhu'ng nam gSn day O nhi^m tieng on ^ O mgt sd nai thi tieng dn khdng dugc coi la mdt phan ciia van de mdi trudng, nhung NQHltn CdKJ DdNG BflC A sd 6(148) 6-2013 Nghien cihi khoa hpc that may Id d Dai Loan thi dilu dd I^i ngugc phuang lien gay dugc Chinh quyln lai Vi bdt cii sinh sdng hay d Iai Dai Loan het sire quan lam Cho den ndm 2005, Cue thdi gian ddi, nhdt Id d Dai Bdc cd Ihl bdo ve mdi trudng Dai Loan thdng bao rdng, cam nhdn dugc tilng dn ihyc sy Id mdt vdn d nhiem mdi Irudng sdng tieng dn gdy d% cang Ihdng cua cugc sdng hang Vi d nudc dd gidm xudng so vdi cdc nam Iy do ma TEPA quan tam tdi viec kilm trudc, song ddy vdn Id mdt van de nghiem soat tieng dn nhu mgl nhiem vu quan trgng trgng khdng de tim duge mdt giai phap ldi cua hg Tieng dn dugc lao bdi nhieu loai uu hoan loan dm khde vd TEPA da phdn loai Rac thai nguy hai tieng dn d Ddi Loan pham trii khac Theo sd lieu Ihdng kc tir Co quan bao vc nhau: (1) lieng dn d vi tri gdn; (2) lieng dn mdi trudng Dai Loan dd chi ra, Ddi Loan lao mang linh ddn gian xudt phdt lir cdc den khoang trieu ldn rac thai chiia, dam cudi, ddm tang : (3) tieng dn tir l,5kg/ngudi/ngay Trong sd khodng 28 trieu sy idp dal cdc cdng trinh dy an xdy dyng; (4) lan rac thai lir cdc doanh nghiep dugc ghi tieng dn cua cdc ca sd vat chdt; (5) tieng dn nhan cting sd lieu thdng ke thi cd 17,5 xe eg; (6) tieng dn eiia mdy bay va (7) lieng trieu tdn Id tir cdc nha mdy (dd xdc dinh nhu dn giao thdng van tdi Mdi loai ed cudng chdt thai cdng nghiep), 85.000 tdn rdc thdi y vd tan sd xudt hien khac va TEPA da te vd 10 Irieu tdn rdc thai lir eae hoal ddng thiet lap dung sai tdi da cho moi loai tieng ndng nghiep Sd lieu mdi nhdt lir trung ldm dn Tuy nhien, diem mau chdt la lieng kiem soat rac thai ctia EPA chi rang Dai dn ngdy cdng trd nen tdi te han md ddn Loan da san xudt gdn 20 Irieu tan rac thai sd ciia Dai Loan cang tang, dd thi hda cdng nghiep mdi nam, dd 1,6 trieu tdn hon vd giau co hem, nhieu xe eg, cac cdng (8%t) dugc phdn loai la rdc ihdi nguy hai trinh xay dung va cac thiet bi dien tii hon - Rac thai nha may gom loai chinh: rdc thai lam ldng lieng dn kbi nhip cudc sdng kim loai chiem 32%; rdc thdi ciia ngdnh cang hdi cdng nghiep khodng san phi kim loai (13%) Gidng nhu d cdc nudc lien lien khde, Dai vd rdc thai cua ngdnh cdng nghiep san xudi Loan cd ca sd tdng giao thdng van tai kha Ihuc pham (11%) va 44% cua cac nganh hoan thien Song khdng vi the md su d khac Cdc nganh cdng nghiep co so lugng nhiem mdi trudng sdng d qudc dao ndy chat thdi cdng nghiep nguy hai Idn nhdt la tieng dn va rung eiia edc phuang lien van cdng nghiep dien/dten tii (740,000 tan chiem tai gay khdng cd Mdt nhung lieu 46%), nganh cdng nghiep hda chdt (440.000 chudn bdt bugc ihiet ke cac dudng cao tdn, 31%), cdng nghiep kim ioai (230.000 tdc di qua cdc khu dan cu Id phdi sir dung tan, 14%) va 12% la ciia cac nganh cdn Iai cdc loai vat ligu vd Idm dudng chan khdng Trong dd khu vyc Dai Nam (thdnh phd Cao giam Tuy nhien, sd lugng Hiing) chiem sd lugng rdc thai nha mdy Idn phuang tien giao thdng van lai qua ldn vd nhdt (52%), tilp theo Id Ddi Bdc (28%); Dai qua da dang nen cac van de giam thieu tieng on va gay rung ddng manh cac loai NQHr^N Cdu DdNG BfiC A, SO 6(148) 6-2013 53 Nghien cum khoa hpc Trung (18%) va thimh ph6 Hoa Lien 2% Hung Trudc day, co khoang mgt nghin Song khSi lirong rac thai nguy hai tap trung thiing chdt thai dugc phat hien Thoi gian Ion nhdt a Dai BSc (50%), tiep theo la Dai troi qua, mgt s6 thiing da bi ro ri gay mdi Nam (35%) va Dai Trung (14%) KhoJng nguy hai nghifim trgng d6i vai siic khoe trieu tdn (44%) r^c thai cong nghiep dugc tai cgng d6ng va lam giam chdt lugng nucrc ciia chS, trieu tdn (18%) diroc xu ly biri cac to song Ta Han, didu tac dgng khong nho chiic xCt ly r4c thai, so lai tai cac nguSn thiiy hai san Mac du Dai Loan khoang trieu tdn (38%) khong dugc xir ly da ban hanh nhii'ng quy dinh ve xir ly rac thai nguy hai tir nam 1985, nhung qudt dao diing each Dai Loan, sir phat sinh rac thai cong vln eon thidu mgt ca so xii ly Ion, hien nghiep da tang nhanh ciing voi su binig no dai va thich hgp Hien nay, chinh sach ciia lugng rac thai thi noi chung thap ky chinh quydn Dai Loan viec quan ly rac qua Sir phat triln ciing voi quan diem thai nguy hai lii chii trgng vao viec giam cirng nhdc cua cong chiing doi voi ca hoat khdi lugng, tai chd rac thai la uu tien thii hai dong hien va ki hoach xay dung cac bai va xir ly chiing la uu tien thir ba ciia hg Rac thai dien tii chon ldp tuong lai Ciing voi lugng rac Mgt nhimg van de rac thai dgc hai thai tang len vii kha nang xir ly khong ddy dii ma mgt s6 doanh nghiep vo dao dire Dai mai nhdt thai dai cong nghiep tren Loan da ky hgp d6ng van tai rac thai khong toan thd gioi la rac thai dien tii Cac vat phep dS d6 rac thai ciia ho theo each ma lieu dgc hai co rac thai ctia nganh dien khong dap img tieu chuan quy pham phap tii chu ydu la cac kim loai nang nhu chi, thiiy luat Cac hoat dgng gay moi de dga ngan crom cac ban mach, pin va cac nghiem trgng d6i voi moi trudng cua Diii bong den dien tir Trong cac ti vi va bong Loan Day la mgt tinh huong dac biet den dien tir co chira trung binh 1,8kg chi nghiem trgng gay phire tap hon boi rac thai Thuy ngan tir rac thai dien tir la nguon cong nghiep nguy hai khong phai luc nao nhidm chinh rac thai thi ciing dirge xii ly mgt each thich hgp Theo cac chuyen gia hoa hgc, mgt so kim Ngoai ra, viec d6 rac thai bat hgp phap loai sir dung nganh dien tir la nhiing nhigu nSm qua da gay cho hon dao chdt nguy hai vai ndng khong CO mgt s6 lugng rac thai khong dugc giam khoang 0,0001-1.0 mg/m3 va nucrc sat va kiim soat chua dugc nhac den Nhiing khoang 0,0001-2,0 mg/m3 Da s6 kim lo?i trucmg hgp d5 phd thai bat hgp phap bi dua va cac hgp ehdt kim loai chdt thai ran anh sang eang tang a Dai Loan dien tit ban din ddu co kha nSng gay cac nhirng nam gdn day Mgt dieu dang chii y dg dot bidn liim r6i loan cac qua trinh trao doi lii lugng phd thai bat hgp phap duoi chiin cau chdt vil nSng lugng, gay nhiing khuyet t^t Sanying a Dai Bdc va cr lang Shuilia a Cao cac te bao va co the song, dan den mot s6 benh viem nhiem, ung thu, roi loan nfii tidt Khi nganh cong nghigp cong nghe th6ng: 'Slid tin phat trien manh a mgt so nuoc 'Sdd 54 NGHIEN Cdu OdNQ B^C H sd 6(148) M O B Nghien cim khoa hoc CO Ddi Loan thi chdc chdn ngudn rac thai dgc h^i la khdng Ihl trdnh khdi Chi cdn neu mgl sd vi du ve cac chdt dgc hai cd lien quan bao gdm: vice ddi cac bo mach in d nhiet thap cung thai cdc phdn cue ky dgc hai cd the gay ung thu; chdt bari rdc Ihdi dien lir ed the gdy hai cho tim va gan; chat berili cdc bo mach chii may tinh vd chat catmi chip dien tir va cdc chdi ban dan rat dgc hai co the gdy benh ung thu; chal crom dTa mem, cdc chat nhu thiiy ngan, ehi, kem, pin, den huynh quang cting gay nguy ea sire khde nghiem trgng Khi may tinh va cae linh ki^n dien tii lien quan cang phdt irien vdi so lugng dang kinh ngac va nd can dugc thay the vd nang cdp thudng xuyen Cho nen van de rac thai dien ttr cung Id mgl van de nan giai ma Ddi Loan dang phai ddi dau vdi nd Nam 2003, vdi ldng sd rac thai dien tir chi tren 14.000 lan (so vdi 2,12 trieu tdn d My va 1,1 trieu tdn d Duc)^ Song rac thai dien tir cua Dai Loan dugc tao ttr ban 30,000 cdng ly nganh cong nghiep thiel bi dien tir Ciing vdi nhung khia canh khde ctia vdn de mdi Irudng ciia Dai Loan, thi viec tap hgp mgt so lugng ldn cdc cdng ty quy md ldn nhd khac la mdt nhiem vu phirc tgp Han nu'a, EU ciing vdi My va Nhdt Ban cung da thdng qua quy djnh mdi yeu cdu cac nha sdn xudt cac san phdm dien va dien tir bdn d thi trudng EU lap mgt tap hgp thong sd ky Ihuat lai che cac sdn phdm cua hg va tra phi cho viec tai che neu hg muon tiSp luc ban d thi irudng EU Dai Loan ' Jack F Williams & Ch'ang-yi David Chang (2008), Taiwan's Environmental Struggle Toward a Green Sillicon Island, trang 50 N G H I £ N cdru DONG B^C fl, so 6(148) fr-2013 hien dang ban khoang ty USD san phdm mdi ndm Do dd thi trudng rdt quan trgng eho su sdng cdn cua ngdnh cdng nghiep dien va dien lir eiia Dai Loan NhtJog ban che mdi ve cdc chdt nguy hai (RoHS) dang gay Ihach thirc gap ddi cho Ddi Loan, bdi da phan cac sdn pham thiet bi dien va dien ttr sdn xuat d nudc ndy khdng phai Id nhirng sdn phdm hoan chinh song nhirng phdm hon mdt nua dugc xudt khau sang thi irudng Trung Qudc cho cac cong ty ngudi Dai Loan dang boat ddng d day su dung Do dd, Trung Qudc cung dang phdi vdt ldn vdi nhijng quy dinh mdi ndy, vd Dai Loan se sdm phai thuc hien theo qui dinh de dap irng cac quy lac nhap khau vao thi trudng Trung Qudc ciing nhu EU va cac thi trudng khac Nhirng rui ro til' dien hat nhan va chat thai phdng xa Ndng lugng hat nhan dan sy da ndi len sau chuang trinh phal trien vu hat nhan d My vd Lien bang Nga Irong The chien thu hai Ban dau nd dugc xem nhu Id mgt phao ciru sinh cho cac qudc gia doi nang lugng nhtrng nam sau chien tranh, bdi vi nd dugc hira hen la mdt ngudn nang lugng tuong ddi re md khdng gdy d nhiem khong hoac nudc, va cd the giiip giam bdt sy phy thugc cua cdc quoc gia vao viec nhdp khdu than, dau hoac ty nhien ddt dd Vi vdy, eac nha may dien hat nhan mgc len d nhieu noi tren the gidi, dac biet Id EU, My va cae nudc phal trien d Chau A De xay dung cac nha may ndy khdng he re vd ve mat cdng nghe kha phuc tap Song da xdy dung dugc thi chi phi boat dgng ciia nd re ban so vdi nha may chay bang nhien lieu hda thach Tuy nhien, sau mgt vai thap ky 55 Nghien cihi khoa hpi kinh nghiem vdi ndng lugng hat nhdn the gidi bdt ddu hieu rd ban nhfrng ban che ddi vdi nang lugng nhu v