MdlTRirONG XAHOI DOI SACH CUA TRUNG QUOC TRlTOfC CAC VAN DE MOI TRlTOfNG PHAM IHI XUAN MAI'''' Tom tat Trung Qudc hien dang trong giai doan phdt triin nhanh chdng eua qua trinh do thi hoa vd cong nghiep[.]
MdlTRirONG-XAHOI DOI SACH CUA TRUNG QUOC TRlTOfC CAC VAN DE MOI TRlTOfNG PHAM IHI XUAN MAI' Tom tat: Trung Qudc hien dang giai doan phdt triin nhanh chdng eua qua trinh thi hoa vd cong nghiep hda Day eUng Id giai doan mdu thudn xdy nhiiu nhdt giira tdng trudng kinh te vd bao ve mdi trudng Ddn sd tdng nhanh, tdi nguyen bi khai thdc qud mire da ddn den nhiiu vdn de ve sinh thdi nhu ddt dai bi xdi mdn, hoang mac hda, mdt di su da dgng sinh hgc, mdi truang a nhiiu nai bi d nhiim ndng ni O nhiim khdng khi, d nhiim nuac, d nhiem ddt dang lan rang tie thi din ndng thdn, tir phia ddng sang phia tdy Chinh phii Trung Qudc da cd nhiiu bien phdp, ehinh sdeh di ddi phd vai nhirng vdn de vi mdi truang vd da thu duge nhirng kit qud nhdt dinh Tuy nhien mire d nhiem gia tdng a mgt sd khu vuc cho thdy viec thuc thi vd hieu qud ciia nhirng chinh sdeh vdn cdn nhieu han ehi Bdi viit se tap trung phan tich nhirng thay ddi chinh sdeh bdo ve mdi truang ciia Trung Qudc nhirng nam qua, dae biet la nhiing chinh sdeh di ddi phd vdi mat sd vdn di mdi truang se tiep tue gay dnh huang lan thap ki tai Tif khoa: Trung Qudc, Mdi trudng, Chinh sach Qua trinh phat trien chinh sach moi trtfong ciia Trung Quoc Trung Qudc bit diu chii y din van dl mdi trudng tir nhtrng nam 1970 K I tir dd eho tdi chinh sach mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc ludn dugc phat triln va hoan thien Nhin lai qua trinh phat triln chinh sach mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc cd the thiy giai doan phat triln khac a Giai doan thit nhdt - nhifng nam 1970 Day la giai doan Trung Qudc chinh thiic xay dyng quan diim ve bao ve mdi trudng va lap ca quan quan ly nhtrng hoat ddng cd lien quan din mdi trudng Thang nam 1974 Trung Qudc lap Tieu ban chi dao van de mdi trudng thudc Qudc vu vien vdi viec ban hanh ehinh sach, quy djnh va nhiing tieu chuan de han che tinh trang d nhilm Nam 1975, Trung Qudc dua muc tieu "5 nam khdng che, 10 nam ea ban giai quylt" Trung Qudc xac djnh "nude thai", "cac loai thai" va "chat thai ran" la loai rac thai cdng nghiep Trong Luat bao ve mdi trudng dugc thdng qua nam 1979, Trung Qudc xay dyng chinh sach ca ban: mdt la ciing thilt kl, xay dyng va van hanh cac thiet bj san xuit va cac thiet bi ngan chan d nhilm Hai la ap dat phi gay d nhilm Ba la danh gia tac dgng mdi trudng Nhu vay la quan diim danh gia tac ddng ciia sy d nhiem ' ThS, Vien Nghien ciru Dong BSc A NGHIEN CdU DdNG B^C fl sd 7(137) 7-2012 15 Nghien citu khoa hgc ddi vdi mdi trudng da dugc thiet lap ve mat phap ly d Trung Qudc nhiing nam 1970 b Giai doan thiic hai - nhirng nam 1980 Trong giai doan nay, chinh phu Trung uang da tirng budc hoan thien khudn khd phap luat va td chiic bao ve mdi trudng Nam 1983 Trung Qudc da cai td lai Tieu ban chi dao van de mdi trudng Uy ban bao ve mdi trudng thudc Qudc vu vien Cuoi nam dd Trung Qudc td chiic Hdi nghi toan qudc ve bao ve mdi trudng lan thii hai, ehinh thirc xac dinh van de bao ve mdi trudng la chinh sach can ban ciia qudc gia Vdi chien luge cai each md ciia, nen kinh te cua Trung Qudc thap nien 1980 thay ddi nhanh chdng, van de d nhiem ciing tang nhanh, do tir trung uang den dia phuang deu da thiet lap cac ea quan quan ly va bao ve mdi trudng Nam 1989, Trung Qudc td chirc Hdi nghi toan qudc ve bao ve mdi trudng lan thir ba vdi khau hieu "Trung qudc can nd lye khai pha dudng bao ve mdi trudng mang dac tinh Trung Hoa" Nam 1988, Trung Qudc lap Cue Bao ve Mdi trudng, day la ca quan chuyen trach ciia nha nude, chii ylu dam trach cdng viec theo ddi va xii ly cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng theo luat dinh Cd chinh sach ve mdi trudng dugc thuc hien nhirng nam 1980 Mgt la, cac quan chiic chinh phii trung uang va dja phuang diu phai xay dyng muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng va ky mdt van ban ghi rd hg cd trach nhiem viee thye hien eae muc tieu dd Hai Id, danh gia cac phd dya vao 21 chi sd hay tieu chuan Ba Id, cae ca sd cdng nghiep phai dang ky chit d nhilm xa thai va chinh quyin se ap dat khdi lugng 16 xa thai theo qui md cua cdng ty Bon la, xii ly d nhiem tren ca sd tap trung Nam la, dua thdi han de lam sach hoac kiem soat nhiem va ban hanh mdt dao luat de xda bo va kiem soat d nhiem mdt thdi gian cu the chinh sach cdng vdi chinh sach dugc ban hanh nhiing nam 1970 da tao nen nhiing nguyen tac ca ban eua cac bien phap ve mdi trudng van dang dugc thye hien d Trung Qudc cho den bay gid c Giai doan thu ba - nhitng nSm 1990 Day la giai doan ed sy chuyen bien co ban chien luge bao ve mdi trudng Trung Qudc da lya chgn dudng hudng tdi phat trien ben viing va ket hgp chinh sach moi trudng vao chien luge tang trudng qudc gia Nhiing chuang trinh uu tien cu the de thye hien muc tieu da dugc the hien Agenda 21 Nam 1992, Trung Qudc bat dau thye hien kinh te thi trudng theo dinh hudng xa hgi chii nghia Day ciing la nam Lien Hgp Qudc td chiic Hdi nghi ve mdi trudng va phat trien tai Rio de Janeiro, Braxin Trung Qudc da tich eye tham gia dai hdi va dng Khiic Cach Binh, mdt nhirng ngudi sang lap va di dau sy nghiep bao ve mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc, da vinh du duge trao giai thudng "Mdi trudng qudc te Sasakawa" Dieu cho thay cdng cugc bao ve mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc da dugc qudc te cdng nhan va danh gia cao Nam 1994 Trung Qudc thdng qua "Chinh sach phat triln, mdi trudng va dan sd the ky XXI" Nam 1997, sach luge "tilp tuc tri phat triln" dugc nang len chiin luge phat triln qudc gia Trong sd nhiing chinh NGHIEN CtlfU D N G BflC fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 Nghien citu khoa hoc sach mdi trudng dugc hinh vao nhtrng nam 1990 thi quan trgng nhat la sy thay ddi quan ly, loai trir va kiem soat chat gay d nhiem bang each kiem soat khdi lugng xa thai hoac dua nhirng dy an vdi nhirng chi tieu cu the Chi nam 1996, Trung Qudc da ddng cua va bat ngung hoat ddng hon 60.000 xi nghiep, nha may gay d nhiem nghiem trgng' d Giai doan thit tu - thap ky dau tien ciia thi ky XXI Day la giai doan ed sy thay ddi Idn chinh sach mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc Trung Qudc bat dau thye hien chinh sach mdi trudng theo each thiic toan dien han Chinh sach mdi trudng khdng chi Bd bao ve mdi trudng dam nhiem, ma cdn cd sy tham gia cua Uy ban nha nude, cac bd nganh ed lien quan deu tham gia xay dyng va thye hien cac chinh sach mdi trudng Quan diem vl "nen kinh tl dya vao tai che" da duge dua vao chien luge phat trien nam 2004 va quan diim "Xa hdi sur dung tiet kiem tai nguyen" dugc dua vao nam 2005 Xu hudng mdi chinh sach mdi trudng la ket hgp hai hda giira bao ve mdi trudng va phat trien kinh tl, kit hgp giiia cac bien phap hanh ehinh vdi cac bien phap ve phap luat, kinh te va ky thuat Sd tiln diu tu cho viec bao ve mdi trydng giai doan cung tang dang kl Trong " K I hoach nam lin thii 10" (2001-2005), sd tiln diu tu eho mdi trudng da vugt 700 ty nhan dan te (NDT), dd chi rieng nam 2004 sd tiln dau tu cho mdi ' Liru Quan Hoi, Vuong Giai (2010), Moi truang Trung Qudc Nxb Truyen ba ngu chau Ban dich cua Truong Gia Quy^n nh4 xuSt ban T6ng hop Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, tr.20 NGHIEN Cdra DONG BflC fl, SO 7(137) 7-2012 trudng chiem 1,4% tdng GDP ciia ea nam Trong "Ke hoach nam lan thir 11" (20062010) tdng sd tien dau tu cho bao ve mdi trudng se gap ddi so vdi nam trudc, dy djnh ehi den 1.375 ty NDT, chiem 1,6% tdng GDP^ Hien cd mdt cym tir diing de bieu thi chinh sach mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc la "mdt hat nhan, hai nguyen tac va ba dudng" Mdt hat nhan cd nghTa la mgi quyet dinh chinh sach phai dya tren quan diem khoa hgc ve phat trien ciia chinh phu trung uang Hai nguyen tae gdm "sir dung nang lugng hieu qua, giam xa thai chat gay d nhiem" va "xay dyng xa hdi tiet kiem tai nguyen, than thien vdi mdi trudng" Ba eon dudng gdm cd dudng san xuat sach han, mdt nen kinh te dya vao tai che, dieu ehinh thich hgp eae ehinh sach kinh te va mdi trudng Ngoai cac bien phap menh lenh hanh chinh, sii dyng ca che kinh te thj trudng, edn cd cac bien phap khuyen khich cac hoat ddng ty nguyen, va sy tham gia eua cdng chung Nhin tir khia canh thye hien ehinh sach mdi trudng cd the thay la Trung Qudc dang dirng trudc mdt budc ngoat quan trgng Dae biet la sy khdi ddng thye hien nhirng bien phap nhu eae boat ddng ty nguyen va sy tham dy ciia cdng dan Doi sach ciia Trung Quoc trudc mot so van de moi trirdng Suy thoai mdi trudng d Trung Qudc dang la van de gay sy chu y ca nude va qudc tl Ket qua cua cudc tham dd du luan tren mang tin eiia Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc trudc Ky hgp qudc hdi va Hdi nghj chinh tri -TIdd, tr.2l 17 Nghien ciiu khoa hgc hiep thuong lan thir khda 11 vao thang nam 2012 cho thay mdt ba van de ma ngudi dan quan tam nhat la d nhiem mdi trudng (2 van de cdn lai la GDP va CPI) Cd rat nhieu van de ve mdi trudng dang tdn tai d Trung Qudc nhung cd van de nghiem trgng nhat dang anh hudng den sd ddng dan cu, dd la d nhiem mdi trudng khdng khi, d nhilm mdi trudng nude va tinh trang sa mac hda Dudi day se tap trung phan tich ddi sach eua Trung Qudc vdi van de ndi tren vi theo dy doan chiing tiep tuc la nhtrng van de mdi trudng ndi bat thap ky tdi fl Ddi sach de kiem soat vd xii- ly d nhiem khong Nhan thire dau tien eua Trung Qudc ddi vdi van de mdi trudng bat dau thay eae phd mit mil khdi bui, mua a xit lan rdng, va sd ngudi mac benh hd hap tang nhanh Trung Qudc da phai ban hanh "Luat kilm soat va xir ly d nhiem khdng khi" vao thang nam 1995 Luat da dugc sira ddi vao nam 2000 cho phii hgp vdi tinh hinh thye tl Theo mdt nghien ciru ciia Ngan hang thi gidi (WB) Trung Qudc cd 16 sd 20 phd cd chit lugng khdng tdi nhat thi gidi Chit lugng khdng d Bae Kinh kem New York 16 lin Chi ed 1% sd 560 trieu eu dan sdng d thi dugc hit thd khdng sach theo tieu chuan eiia Lien minh Chau Au^ Sd lugng cd khdng dat chit lugng tdt tai 113 phd chinh tren toan dat nude Trung Qudc giam 0,3% thang dau nam 2010 so vdi ciing ky nam trudc Trong nhtrng nam 80 ciia the ky XX, Trung Qudc cd ndng hat vat chat khdng cao ban it nhat 10 - 16 lan mire hudng dan hang nam eua Td chirc Y te thi gidi (WHO) Ngay ca sau budc cai thien quan trgng vao nam 2005, ndng van eao ban lan so vdi mire an toan O zdn va hat vat chat duge tao tir cac nha may dien, cae nganh cdng nghiep, nganh che tao d to, cac nha may hda chat, may bom xang, son, ddng CO xe va ndi hoi cdng nghiep Hit phai chit ddc hai ed the dan den viem dudng hd hap, ho, tiic ngyc va khd thd, suy chiic nang phdi, nhip tim khdng deu va gay chet sdm Hau qua la mdi nam ed den 656.000 ngudi Trung Qudc chet sdm d nhilm khdng nha va ngoai trdi, theo so lieu ude tinh tir WHO tir nam 2007 Suy giam chat lugng lao ddng va nhu eau cham sdc sire khoe gia tang d nhiem khdng gay thiet hai 112 ti USD nen kinh te Trung Qudc nam 2005, so vdi miic thiet hai 22 ti USD nam 1975 Tinh toan tren dugc cac nha khoa hgc eua Vien Cdng nghe Massachusetts ciia My (MIT) cdng bd tren Tap ehi "Thay ddi mdi trudng toan cau" so thang 2-2012^ ' "Air pollution in China", http://factsanddetails.com/chin a.php?itemid=392&catid=I0&subcalid=66 * http://sgtt.vn/Quoc-te/158979/Thiet-hai-l 12-ti-USD-vio-nhiem-moi-truong.html 18 Trung Qudc ciing la ngudn phat thai sulfur dioxide (SO2) Idn nhit thi gidi Mac dii chi tieu Trung Qudc dua ke hoach nam 2001-2005 la giam 10% loai thai nhung vdi 25,494 trieu tin SO2 thai nam 2005 thi loai thai khdng nhiing khdng giam dugc ma edn tang 27% so vdi nam 2000 Sau mdt sd bien phap quylt liet nam 2010, thai SO2 giam NGHIEN CdfU DONG B^C fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 Nghien ciiu khoa hgc xudng 22,944 trieu tin' Khi SO2 thai tir than va dau cd the gay cac benh ve hd hap va tim mach, va gay mua a xit Theo ket qua giam djnh cua ca quan chirc nang Trung Qudc, sd 447 phd, huyen dugc giam sat theo doi thi ed 252 phd xuat hien mua a xit, chiem 52,8% Tan suat xay hien tugng mua a xit tren 25% cd 164 phd, tuang duang vdi 34,4% Tan suat mua a xit tren 75% cd 55 phd, chiem 11,5% Nhirng phd cd hien tugng mua a xit tap trung d khu vyc phia nam eua sdng Trudng Giang, d Tir Xuyen, khu vyc phia ddng ciia Van Nam, Triet Giang, Phue Kien, Giang Tay, Hd Nam, Triing Khanh, tam giac luu vyc sdng Trudng Giang va Chu Giang* Chi tinh rieng thiet hai phat thai SO2 gay cd the tuang duang vdi 1,2% GNP ciia Trung Qudc'' Hien Trung Qudc da vugt My de trd nude cd lugng phat thai carbon dioxide (CO2) Idn nhat the gidi Day la loai nha kinh ddng gdp chinh vao sy am len eua trai dat Trung Qudc y thuc rd rang viec sir dung than la nguon chu ylu gay d nhilm khdng khi, vi ddt mdt tin than da se thai 40 kg CO2, kg NO2, 100 kg tro bui va cae loai khac Tuy nhien nhirng nhu eau hire bach vl nang lugng da khien Trung Qudc khdng hi giam bdt lugng tieu thy va khai thac than mdi nam Phai chang Trung Qudc dang hy sinh su'c khde va tinh mang cua nhtrng cdng dan cho chinh nhirng myc tieu kinh te? •^ Luu Quan Hgi, Vuang Giai (2010), TIdd tr.86 ' Ngudn: nhu chu thich 5, tr.87 ' http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=392&catid = IO&subcatid=66#OI NGHIEN C(jfa DONG BflC fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 Khi ddc va bui than la nguyen nhan chu yeu gay nen nhti-ng ngdi lang hoac nhirng phd hoang hda Theo sd lieu eua Cue Thdng ke Trung Qudc thi nam 2008 da cd 220 trieu ngudi rdi bd que huang de di tim viec d cac phd Idn Tuy nhien, mau thuan bat ngudn tir viec hy sinh mdi trudng eho nhirng myc tieu kinh te khdng dirng lai d dd Viec khai thac den can kict ngudn tai nguyen, pha hiiy mdi trudng sdng d nhirng khu ty tn nhu Ndi Mdng Tay Tang hay Tan Cuong da la mdt nhirng nguyen nhan khien mau thuan sac tdc gia tang* De ddi phd vdi tinh trang nay, ngoai viec hoan thien he thdng phap luat, ehinh sach va nang cao y thire ve mdi trudng eiia cac doanh nghiep, cac td ehire va cdng chiing, Trung Qudc da tang cudng vao cdng nghe mdi de giam thieu eae chat gay d nhiem khdng Nam 2008 Trung Qudc da dau tu mdi he thdng may mdc khir bd luu huynh, khu khdi eae nha may nhiet dien sir dyng than va cae nha may luyen thep He thdng may phat dien sir dyng than da khir luu huynh tang tir 48% nam 2009 len 60% nam 2010 Cung nam 2008- nam cd The van hdi Olympic d Bac Kinh Trung Qudc cho loai bd eae thiet bj lac hau gay d nhilm cua nhieu nha may gang thep, kim loai mau, than da, hda chat, in an, giay Rieng nganh giay da cho ngung hoat ddng va chin ehinh ban 1.100 xi nghiep Ddng thdi Trung Qudc cdng bd chi tieu dinh mire cho phep lugng phat thai d eae tinh thanh, khu ty tri cua ca nude Nhirng khu vyc, xi nghiep gay d nhiem qua mire thi * http://doanthanhnien.vn/newsdetail/chuyende,'925l/new s.htm 19 Nghien ciiu khoa hgc budc tam ngung san xuat, huge dieu chinh, Igi nhuan ve hau nam 2008 cho biet dau sira ddi va phat tien Cac chinh quyen dja tu vao nang lugng tai tao cua Trung Qudc phuang ciing da chuyen ddi tir hinh thirc bi nam 2007 la 12 ty USD, diing thii nhi thi ddng giam thai chat gay d nhiem, sang gidi chi sau nude Dire'" Trung Qudc da xay the ehii ddng, tich eye ban, tang cudng xir dyng nganh cdng nghiep nang lugng mat phat, truy ciru trach nhiem gay d nhiem bang trdi va nang lugng gid Idn nhat the gidi chi nhieu hinh thirc khac Chang ban nhu vdng vai nam Cdng suat dien gid da each chire lanh dao cac dan vj khdng hoan tang len gap ddi chi vdng nam, tir 12 ehi tieu giam thai gay d nhiem, GW nam 2008 tang len 25GW nam 2009 lenh gidi ban thdi gian va cudng che xii ly Gid day Trung Qudc chiem tdi 22% cdng cac khu vuc chua dat mire giam thai Cd suat dien gid eua the gidi" Trong ke hoach noi thdng qua chinh quyen dia phuang khen 10 nam (2010-2020) Trung Qudc dat chi tieu thudng va hd trg cap vdn de cac xi nghiep ed ehi 75 den 100 ty USD mdi nam cho nang the thay thiet bi mdi, loai bd thiet bj lac hau lugng sach'^ Nam 2010 Trung Qudc chiem gan 50% viee san xuat pin mat trdi va tua gay d nhiem Trung Qudc chinh thirc thuc hien bin gid ciia the gidi Trung Qudc dy dinh "Phuang an kiem dinh va dinh miic gidi ban diu tu 60 din 100 ty USD eho he thing cho phep lugng thai ciia cac loai xe ea thdng minh su dyng nang lugng sach va xay gidi" tir 1-7-2008, chan chinh ca eau san dyng chien luge kiem soat da d nhiem xuat, giam thieu tieu hao nang lugng Ben Chien luge nham giam lugng thai CO2, canh dd Trung Qudc cung tich eye trdng cay SO2, NOx va chat thai dang hat khac xanh phd, trdng rirng de hap thy b Ddi sach kiem soat vd xii' ly nhiem COj Nam 2008 ti le cay xanh nu&c phd tang 35,11%, binh quan dau ngudi sd O nhiem nude ciing la van de gay dau dau hiiu 8,6m" khoang khdng gian xanh cdng cho cac nha lanh dao Trung Qudc ma cgng ngudn nude mat, nude ngam deu bi d nhiem Tiet kiem nang lugng, giam thieu chat nghiem trgng, anh hudng Idn den sire khoe thai da trd nhiem vu quan trgng eiia nhan dan Dan sd tang cdng vdi qua thdi ky "Kl hoach nam lin thir 11" (2006- trinh dd thi hda va cdng nghiep hda dien 2010) De giam sy phy thudc vao than va cac vdi chdng mat da gay d nhiem nghiem nang lugng hda thach, nguyen nhan ehinh trgng cac ngudn nude phyc vy san xuat va gay d nhiem khdng khi, Trung Qudc dang ddi sdng Theo Bd Bao ve mdi trudng Trung tich eye phat trien nang lugng tai tao, nang lugng mdi Hien Trung Qudc dang la '" The Climate Group 2008 report, "China 'leads the nude dan dau cudc dua xay dyng nen world' in renewable energy", The Guardian UK Aug I, kinh te xanh Bao cao cua mdt td chire phi 2008 ' Luu Quan Hoi, Vuong Giai (2010), TIdd, tr.91 20 " "China leads the windy world" The Economist online Feb 3,2011 '- Harvard Business Review "China Leads the Clean Economy Race" Sept 23, 2010 NGHIEN Cdta DONG BflC fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 Nghien ciiu khoa hgc Qudc, ket qua xet nghiem mau nude dugc phd da xa 53,7 ti tan nude thai vao cac sdng, lay tir nhiing sdng va hd Idn tren pham hd'^ vi ca nude thang dau nam 2010 cho Trung Qudc da chu y den van de d nhiem thay chi 49,3% dien tich nude mat cua Trung nude tir rat sdm "Luat ngan chan va kiem Qudc la cdn cd the sii dung cho myc dich soat d nhiem nude" da dugc Qudc hgi thdng sinh boat hang ciia ngudi dan Gan mdt qua va dua vao thye hien nam 1984, luat phan tu dien tich nude mat da qua d nhiem sau dd duge siia ddi vao nam 1996 Sau khdng the su dung cho bat cir muc dich gi ke "Luat ngan chan va kiem soat d nhiem ca san xuat ndng nghiep Nude ngam tai nude" dugc ban hanh, Trung Qudc da xay 90% phd eua Trung Qudc bi d dyng hoac sura ddi 17 luat, cac qui djnh ve nhiem''' Gan 700 trieu ngudi Trung Qudc quan ly hanh chinh, tieu chuan khu vyc va dang phai uong nude nhiem phan ddng vat chinh sach ky thuat Chang ban nhu ngoai lan chat thai tir ngudi va tir nude thai cdng luat edn ed "Cac bien phap thye hien ngan nghiep chan d nhilm nude", "Qui che tam thdi ngan Nguyen nhan chinh lam cho cae ngudn chan d nhiem nude d viing ddng bang sdng nude bj d nhilm la nude thai sinh hoat, Hoai", "Chinh sach ky thuat xir ly va ngan nude thai cdng nghiep va cac phu pham, hda chan d nhiem nude thai cdng nghiep" Co chit sii dung ndng nghiep Ngan hang quan bao ve mdi trudng nha nude da dua Thi gidi cho bilt sy that bai cung cap 21 tieu chuan ve bao ve mdi trudng nude nude sach cho 2/3 cu dan dd thi da dan den nhu la: Tieu chuin chat lugng nude mat, cai chit eiia nhilu tre dudi tudi, ciing 11% Tieu chuan ve chat lugng nude ngam, Tieu chuin tdng hgp ve viec xa nude thai Cae trudng hgp ung thu dudng rudt Theo dilu tra mdi trudng toan qudc nam ehinh quyIn dia phuang can cir vao tinh 2005-2006, sd 7.555 dy an cdng hinh thye tl eua dia phuang minh eung xay nghiep hda chit va hda dau thi cd 1.354 dy dyng cae qui dinh va tieu chuan de ngan an nim ben bd cac sdng hoac gan cac hd chan d nhilm nude Cho den nay, khudn khd chira, 2.489 dy an nim gin khu ddng dan cu phap ly eho viec bao ve ngudn nude va ngan va 535 dy an nim d phy luu cac sdng chan d nhilm dya vao "Luat ngan chan va chinh, 280 dy an nim d viing bao ve ngudn kiem soat d nhilm nude" da dugc hoan nudc'^ Nam 2006 cae nha may va cae thien Nhirng cudc dieu tra vdi qui md Idn dugc tiln hanh tren pham vi toan qudc hang nam, bao gdm ca dieu tra viec thye thi luat va cac qui djnh ve ngan chan d nhiem nude '-" "Trung Qu6c: nude mat bj nhiim nghiem trong", Doanh nhan Sai gdn online 28-7-2010, Ngoai edn cd nhiing cudc dieu tra dac biet http://doanhnhansaigon.vn/online/quoc-le/su-kien/2010/0 ddi vdi cac kbit vyc va cac viing cd d nhiem 7/1046158/trung-quoc-nuoc-mat-bi-o-nhiem-nghiem-tro nghiem trgng Tuy nhien tinh hinh khdng ng/ '•' http://matadometwork.com/change/10-en vironmentalatrocities-in-china-that-you-didnt-know-about/ '^ http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/campaigns/toxics/ problems/water-pollution/ NGHIEN CdfU DONG BflC fl, SO 7(137) 7-2012 '* http;//www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/apr20 09/gb20090415_032220.htm 21 Nghien citu khoa hgc may cai thien dan sd dd thi, sd lugng ciing nhu cdng suat eua cac nha may tang chdng mat da lam cho lugng nude thai tang nhanh Chuang trinh ngan chan d nhiem nude da dugc day manh va ke hoach hanh ddng da dugc xac dinh vao eudi nhtrng nam 1990 Dan sd ddng va kinh te tang trudng nhanh d khu vyc cd sdng (sdng Hoai, sdng Hai va sdng Lieu) va hd Idn (Thai hd, Sao hd va Dien Tri) da lam mdi trudng d khu vyc d nhiem nghiem trgng, anh hudng den siic khde cua dan chiing va ngan can sy phat trien kinh te tuang lai Nha nude da xac dinh ngan chan d nhiem nude d khu vyc sdng va hd la cdng viee quan trgng cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng eua dat nude Ke hoach nam lan thir va lan thir 10 ngan chan d nhiem nude ciing nhu cae chuang trinh xir ly d nhiem cho Dap deo va dy an dan nude phia ddng dugc hinh va thye hien Nhiing qui dinh chat che ve myc tieu, nhiem vu, bien phap va thdi ban cho xii ly d nhiem ciing duge dua Ban than Trung Qudc ciing nhan thay viec xii ly d nhiem cdn rat nhieu khd khan, trach nhiem cai thien ngudn nude cdn rat nang ne Gin day Trung Qudc da dau tu manh vao cdng tac xu ly nude thai Nam 2007 Trung Qudc da nang cdng suit xii ly nude thai ca nude len trieu tan/ngay dd cd ban trieu tan/ngay la thdng qua he thong mang ludi thiet bj xir ly mdi Nam 2008 cdng suit xii ly nude thai da tang len 11,46 trieu tin/ngay, nam 2009 cdng suat xir ly tang 6,9% so vdi nam 2008''' " Luu Quan Hoi, Vuong Giai (2010), TIdd, tr.93 22 De kiem soat khdi lugng chit d nhilm xa thai, chinh quyen dia phuang va cac nganh ket hgp dua cac bien phap, kilm tra va ca cau lai cac nganh cdng nghiep Chinh quy In cd the phii quyet cac dy an khdng dap ling eae yeu cau ve mdi trudng va ehinh sach cdng nghiep; loai bd cac day chuyen, san pham hoac ddng cira cae doanh nghiep sir dung lang phi tai nguyen va gay d nhilm nghiem trgng Ben canh dd chinh phu ciing dua cac bien phap khuyen khich phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai va ndng nghiep hiru ea, tai su dyng nude thai sau xii ly dat tdi tieu chuan nao dd Ca quan mdi trudng nha nude phdi hgp vdi cac bd lien quan cdn Thdng bao day manh viec ap dung phi xir ly nude thai, xay dyng ca che boat ddng va xir ly ddi vdi nude thai, rac thai dd thi Khuyen khich cae ngudn vdn xa hdi dau tu vao xay dyng va boat ddng ea sd tang eho mdi trudng vdi cae hinh thirc khac c Doi sach doi v&i van de sa mac hoa Sa mac hda la mdt nhiing van de mdi trudng nghiem trgng mang tinh toan cau Hien nay, the gidi ed ban 100 qudc gia vdi ban mdt ty ngudi dang diing trudc moi de dga eua sa mac hda dit dai Cue trudng Cyc Lam nghiep Nha nude Trung Qudc, dng Chiic Liet Khac cho bilt, Trung Qudc la qudc gia cd dien tich sa mac hda Idn nhat tren the gidi, ca nude vin cdn 310 nghin km dat dai cd chieu hudng bi sa mac hda Han the nira, tac ddng chung eiia cac nhan to nhu chan tha qua miic, khai hoang bira bai, sir dung ngudn nude khdng hgp ly va lugng mua it, tinh hinh sa mac hoa dit dai cue bg tai viing tay bac Tii Xuyen, viing liru sdng Ta-li-mu d Trung Qudc vin dang cd chieu NGHIEN CdfU DdNG B^C fl sd 7(137) 7-201Z Nghien ciiu khoa hoc hudng md rdng Khoang 27% tdng dien tich cua Trung Qudc, tire khoang 2,6 trieu km^ dugc xem la dat bi sa mac hda, 18% dien tich dat dai khac bi eat lam eho xdi mdn Theo China Daily, luu vyc sdng Hoang Ha, sdng Idn thir hai d Trung Qudc, hien dugc xem la mdt nhiing nai bi xdi mdn nghiem trgng nhat the gidi, vdi 62% dien tich bj anh hudng'^ Hien tugng sa mac hda cd d 498 dia phuang thude 18 tinh vdi nhirng miic khac Cac viing cd miic sa mac hda cyc ky nghiem trgng chiem 22,24%; sa mac hda nghiem trgng chiem 16,44; sa mac hda d miic vira phai chiem 37,38% va d miic nhe la 23,94%'^ Chinh sach quy hoach, ciing sy hinh sd lugng khdng Id cac khu cdng nghiep, da lam anh hudng manh den tdng the mdi trudng Nhieu thap nien xam lan vao rirng khiln sinh thai bj anh hudng da din den sy thay ddi hau nghiem trgng Sa mac Gobi dang md rdng d phia tay va phia bac Trung Qudc, vdi tdc (sa mac hda) gan S.OOOkmVnam- mdt dien tich xap xi kich thudc ciia bang Connecticut ciia My Vien WorldWatch, mdt ca quan giam sat mdi trudng va td chiic nghien ciru cho biet canh tae ndng nghiep qua nhieu, dac biet la chan tha qua miic, la mgt nhirng nguyen nhan hang diu cila sa mac hda Chinh sach tir nhirng nam 1950 din dau nhtrng nam " http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20110105/trungquoc-bi-sa-mac-hoa-nghiem-trong.aspx " Wang Shili (2006), Coping Strategies with Desertification in China China, Meteorological Administration NGHIEN cdfa OONG BflC fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 1980 da khuyen khich ndng dan chan tha sue vat tren ddng cd Nan chat pha rirng tran lan da lam sd lugng eiia nhiing bao cat giira nam 2000 va 2009 tang gap bdn lan so vdi thap ky trudc Tir diu thap ky 1990, trung binh khoang 2.460 km^ dat ndng nghiep va dat ddng cd bien sa mac mdi nam va chi 10% dat sa mac nam tam kiem soat^° Trdng rirng, tai tao rirng la mdt nhirng bien phap quan trgng hang dau de ngan chan tinh trang sa mac hda Theo Tan hoa xa 26 thang nam 2001, ehua bao gid, cdng nghe chdng sa mac hda lai can thiet nhu luc ddi vdi cac viing mien Bae xa xdi ciia Trung Qudc sa mac hda da trd mdi de dga chinh vdi ngudi dan nai day Cac quan chu'c lam nghiep da len ke hoach lap mdt sd lang kieu mau ap dung cdng nghe chdng sa mac hda, cac md hinh sdng tien tien, chgn lya cae loai cay phii hgp nhat vdi mdi trudng Mgt vanh dai xanh dai 4.500 km da dugc tao d mien Bac Trung Qudc vdi khoang 35 ty cay Cac vat cay ed chieu rdng 1,8 km va ti le cay sdng duge chilm 70%^' Nha nude Trung Qudc da tich eye thuc day trdng rirng, tai tao rirng vdi muc tieu vira bao ve mdi trudng, vira nang eao thu nhap ciia ndng dan Vdi chuang trinh trdng rirng dugc trien khai nam 2004 mdt sd ndng dan d khu vyc phia tay Trung Qudc dang giau len nhd trdng cay d viing sa mac nhiing nam gin day Theo Ca quan quan ly rirng "°http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Trung-Quoc-no-luc-chongsa-mac-hoa/10720682/188/ "' http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/co ntent/apr2 009/gb20090415_032220.htm 23 Nghien ciiu khoa hgc Trung Qudc (AGP), nhd vao ehinh sach thue uu dai, cae khoan trg giup cho cae cdng ty tu nhan va ca nhan ITnh vyc tai tao rirng d nhiing viing bi tac ddng cua tinh trang sa mac hda, thu nhap va y thiic cua ndng dan viing ve hieu qua ciia rirng da tang len rd ret, va tao ca sd de Nha nude thye hien chinh sach phat trien ben viing Viee chdng sa mac hda bang tai tao rirng cdn thuc day sy phat trien eua du lich sinh thai d rirng Trong nam 2003, khoang 300 trieu khach du ljch Trung Qudc da den vdi rirng hay cac cdng vien rirng dugc trdng lai Ca quan du lich lam nghiep tryc thudc AGP cho biet doanh sd tir du lich sinh thai rirng nam 2003 dat 600 trieu USD so vdi 12 trieu USD vao nam 1992, dd cdng Idn thudc ve eae phan tu nhan tham gia chuang trinh tai tao rirng Hien nay, vdi 1.658 cdng vien rirng (chiem 19 trieu ha) va 1.757 khu bao tdn thien nhien (150 trieu ha), Trung Qudc dang dirng dau the gidi ve ITnh vyc nay^^ Ngoai viee chdng sa mac hda, trdng cay gay rirng edn tao be chiia va hap thu eae bon, ngan chan lii quet, lii xoay, xdi mdn Mdt vanh dai cay xanh khac ciing dugc trdng d tay nam Trung Qudc nhu la mdt bien phap chdng bao Thdng qua viee trdng cay, Trung Qudc hy vgng se ed ti le rirng bao phii khoang 20% vao nam 2010 Ngoai nhtrng chinh sach cu the ddi vdi tirng van de mdi trudng, Trung Qudc cdn cd nhirng chinh sach ehung Mdi day, theo thdng tin tir Tap ehi Global Times, nam 2015, Trung Qudc se bat dau ap dung Luat thue mdi trudng mdi hay cdn ggi la "thue xanh", day la cdng cu kinh tl quan trgng nham thye hien muc tieu cit giam phat thai cac bon Theo dng JiaKang, Giam die Vien Khoa hge Tai chinh Trung Qudc, Luat "thue xanh" khdng nhtrng giiip tang them ngudn thu cho Trung Qudc ma cdn lam cho mdt sd luat thue khac cung phai siia ddi va dieu chinh theo Viec nghien ciiu cac quy djnh cu the lien quan den luat thue mdi trudng mdi cua Trung Qudc da dugc tien hanh tir nhieu nam qua, nhien chua dugc thdng qua Chinh phii Trung Qudc se sdm thdng qua cac quy dinh sau da xem xet den tinh hinh thye te eiia dat nude^^ Theo danh gia cua cae chuyen gia, nhirng ddng thai cua Chinh phii Trung Qudc viec ban hanh "thue xanh" the hien sy quyet tam cua chinh phii nude nham dam bao cac ehi tieu ve bao ve mdi trudng duge de Ke hoach phat trien dat nude nam lin thii 12 (2011-2015) Ket luan Sau mdt thdi gian tang trudng kinh te ngoan muc vdi tdc tang GDP trung binh gan 10% nam, Trung Qudc da trd nen kinh te Idn thii hai ciia the gidi vao nam 2010 Tuy nhien Trung Qudc ciing phai tra mdt gia kha dat cho sy tang trudng ndng ciia minh mdi trudng bi d nhiem tram trgng Mac dii ehinh sach mdi trudng eua Trung Qudc da dugc hinh tir nhirng nam 1970 nhung chi den sy d nhiem da vugt qua siic chju dyng eua nen kinh te thi cac chinh sach va bien phap mdi thye sy dugc chu y Qua trinh phat trien chinh sach mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc ed the chia lam "" http;//vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Trung-Quoc-nong-dan-thamgia-chong-sa-mac-hoa/40038166/159/ ' http;//vietnamese.cri.cn/621 /2009/10/14/1 s 130296.htm 24 NGHIEN CdrCJ DONG BflC fl SO 7(137) 7-2012 Nghien ciiu khoa hoc giai doan, mdi giai doan tuang irng vdi mdt Li Zhi Dong (2003), Energy and thap ky tinh tir nhiing nam 1970 Nhiing nam Environmental Problems behind China's High 1990 va thap ky dau tien eua the ky 21 da Economic Growth, Paper of Visiting Fellow, the chirng kien nhirng thay ddi Idn viee Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Luu Quan Hoi, Vuong Giai (2010), Mdi ddi phd vdi d nhiem mdi trudng cua Trung truang Trung Qudc, Nxb Tmyen Ba Ngii Chau, Qudc O nhiem khdng khi, d nhiem nude, sa mac hda la nhiing van de mdi trudng ndi bat Bac Kinh Tmng Quoc Ban dich Truong Gia thap ky qua va van se tiep tue Quyen, Nxb Tong hgp Ho Chi Minh, thap ky tdi De ddi phd vdi nhiing van de thang 10-2011 OECD (1989), Economic Instruments for mdi trudng Trung Qudc da de mdt Environmental Protection Organization for loat cae bien phap, chinh sach Trong dd ed Economic Co-operation and Development, ket hgp giiia cae bien phap menh lenh-hanh chinh vdi cac bien phap kinh te, luat phap va Paris Tadayoshi Terao and Kenji Otsuka xa hdi Tuy nhien hieu qua ciia cae chinh sach van dang cdn la van de miic d (2007), Development of Environmental Policy in nhiem van ehua dugc khdng che va dang cd Japan and Asian Countries, Institute of xu hudng gia tang Hien Trung Qudc Developing Economies, JETRO, Palgrave dang thye hien cac chinh sach nhu: tang Macmilian, New York Wanhua Yang (2004), Southern Agenda cudng quy hoach tdng the nganh cdng nghiep bao ve mdi trudng; tang cudng ddi on Trade and Environment Phase 11, Northeast mdi cdng nghe, khuyen khich sang tao va Asia Background Fact Sheet, Intemational ddi mdi; tang cudng xay dyng kenh diu tu Institute for Sustainable Development, October da nguyen hda va ea che huy ddng vdn vao 2004 Wang Shili (2006), Coping Strategies nganh cdng nghiep bao ve mdi trudng, ling hd cac doanh nghiep vtra va nhd cdng with Desertification in China, China tae bao ve mdi trudng Chinh phii dang an Meteorological Administration Whasun Jho and Hyunju Lee (2009), djnh Quy hoach chin nganh cdng "The Structure and Political Dynamics of nghiep tilt kiem nang lugng va bao ve mdi Regulating "Yellow Sand" in Norhteast Asia" trudng Vdi viec thuc hien "thue xanh" vao nam 2015, cdng cudc bao ve mdi trudng se Asian Perspective, Vol 33, No.2, 2009, pp.41trd nghia vu bit budc ddi vdi mgi td 72 World Bank (2009), Addressing China's chiic va mgi cdng dan Water Scarcity: Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Washington D.C 10 World Bank (1998), Pollution Baumol , W J and W E Gates (1988), Prevention and Abatement Handbook., Washin The Theory of Environmental Policy, 2" edition, Cambridge University press gton D.C NGHIEN Cdfa D N G BflC fl so 7(137) 7-2012 25 ... cua Trung Qudc thap nien 1980 thay ddi nhanh chdng, van de d nhiem ciing tang nhanh, do tir trung uang den dia phuang deu da thiet lap cac ea quan quan ly va bao ve mdi trudng Nam 1989, Trung. .. qudc ve bao ve mdi trudng lan thir ba vdi khau hieu "Trung qudc can nd lye khai pha dudng bao ve mdi trudng mang dac tinh Trung Hoa" Nam 1988, Trung Qudc lap Cue Bao ve Mdi trudng, day la ca quan... ciia Trung Qudc, da vinh du duge trao giai thudng "Mdi trudng qudc te Sasakawa" Dieu cho thay cdng cugc bao ve mdi trudng cua Trung Qudc da dugc qudc te cdng nhan va danh gia cao Nam 1994 Trung