KHAI THAC VA SU* DUNG NGUON N\f6C 6 LUtF VU''''C SONG CONGO Phgm Kim Hue* Nguyen Dtnh Ngan** TOM TAT Song Congo Id song ddi thu hai a chdu Phi sau song Nile vd la mgt trong nhimg con song co luu vuc vd l[.]
KHAI THAC VA SU* DUNG NGUON N\f6C LUtF VU'C SONG CONGO Phgm Kim Hue* Nguyen Dtnh Ngan** TOM TAT Song Congo Id song ddi thu hai a chdu Phi sau song Nile vd la mgt nhimg song co luu vuc vd luu lugng nudc ldn nhdl thi gidi Ddy khong chi Id song co dim ndng thuy diin ldn nhdl a chdu Phi md Id huyit mgnh giao thong chinh cua khu vuc Song chinh va cdc nhdnh cua song Congo chdy qua rieng nhiit ddi Congo - rimg ldn thu hai tren the gidi chi sau rung Amazon a Nam My, vdy rdt phong phu ve dgng thuc vdl vdi hdng iram lodi cd, CO nhieu lodi quy hiem Tuy nhien, vi^c khai thdc go, ddnh bdt cd vd xdy di^ng cdc nhd mdy thuy di?n ciia cdc quoc gia hru virc song Congo da vd dang phd va diiu kien tu nhien hai bin dong song vd ldm luyit chiing nhiiu lodi sinh vdt thiiy sinh ddc hiru, ddn din moi trudng sinh thdi cita khu vuc luu vice song Congo bi bien doi, ide dgng xdu din hdu cita todn khu vice Bdi viel se phdn lich tlnh hinh khai thdc, sic dung nguon mcdc cua cdc quoc gia luu vuc song, vd nhiing ca hgi vd thdch thuc doi vdi cdc nudc viic sic dung hi^u qud nguon nudc song Congo Tong quan ve luu vyc song Congo Sdng Congo bit ngudn tir thupng ngudn cao nguyen Lunda va Kantanga (cao 10001500m) va day nui Dong Phi (cao 2000-3000 m), chay qua Cpng hoa Dan chii Congo, rdi dd vao Dai Tay Duong vdi tdng chidu dai 4.734 km', didn tich luu vyc 3.822.000km- Trong luu vyc rdng Idn nay, cac nhanh song chia nhidu phan nhanh, tao mdt mang ludi sdng hinh quat Cd ba nhanh sdng chinh, la: nhanh Lukuga chay tir Hd Ldn Tanganyika nim giira bidn gidi Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi va Rwanda; nhanh Luvua chay tir ho Mweru va hd Bengwelu d Zambia va nhanh sdng chinh Lualaba; ca ba hpi tu tai thac Boyoma va tir day tao dong sdng chinh Congo Ngoai ra, cdn phai kd den ' Th?c sT, Vi|n Nghifin ciru Chau Phi v^ Tmng Dong " Vi?n Kinh te v i Chfnh In Thfi gidi hai nhanh sdng khac la nhanh Kansai d phia Nam va nhanh Ubangui d phia Bac cua lim vyc sdng Congo Luu vyc sdng Congo nim d xich dao chau Phi vdi hau am udt, lupng mua trung binh nSm khoang tir 1.000 mm ddn 1.750 mm^ Trung tam luu vyc sdng Congo cd lupng mua cao hon khoang 2.000 mm/nam Luong mua cao nhat cd liic dupc la d khu vyc bd bidn Cameroon, dat 11.000 mm ^ day khdng chi la lupng mua cao nhit luu vyc sdng Congo ma cdn la lupng mua cao nhit toan luc dia chau Phi Nhidt dp trung binh lim vuc sdng Congo dao ddng tir 24°C ddn 25°C va nhidt dp rat it thay doi Didu kidn dia ly va tu nhidn hinh cho luu vyc sdng Congo mdt khu rimg nhi^t ddi rpng ldn - Idn thii hai tren thd gidi sau rimg r^m Amazon, chidm 18% tdng didn tich Tgp chi nghien ciru ciiAU Pill & TRLNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan rung ram tren toan the gioi sot lai hien Rimg ram Congo duac coi la la phoi ciia chau Phi trai rpng qua cac nuac Cameroon, Guine Xich dao, Gabon, Cpng hoa Trung Phi , Cong hoa Congo va CHDC Congo, 2/3 dien tich rimg ram Congo nam CHDC Congo, chiem khoang 57% dien tich ciia quoc gia cuong, uranium, coban, coltan, dau mo va than bun voi trii lupng tiSm nang Day la nguyen nhan gay cac cuoc tranh gianh, xung dot khiSn khu v^rc tro mot nhiing khu vuc bat on nhat chau Phi Dan s6 cua cac qu6c gia lini v\fc song Congo tinh iin nam 2015 khoang hon 200 trieu nguai, chi rieng Iim vuc song Luu vuc song Congo co he sinh thai vo Congo CO djn hon 150 bo lac thiSu s6 sinh ciing da dang vai hang nghin loai ca, dac biet s6ng chu y^u bang nghe danh bat ca, s5n bat, nhat la ca h6 khong 16 (Tigersfish Goliath) canh tac nong nghiep, khai thac go va nang den ta; 100 dpng vat co vii nhu: voi, khoang san Nin kinh ti cua phin Ion cac ma, huau cao co; 1.300 loai chim; 336 qu6c gia lim vuc kem phat trien phu loai dpng vat luang cu (vira song tren can thupc nhieu vao nong nghiep, khai thac viia song ducfi nuac) ma dien hinh nhat la ca khoang san, dac biet la nen kinh te ciia ciia s4u; 400 loai bo sat; 20.000 cac loai cay CHDC Congo - quoc gia chiem phan 16n co 8.000 loai thao dupc quy hiSm" dien tich luu vuc song Congo, rat ngheo Luu vuc song Congo rat giau tai nan va lac h^u voi GDP binh quan dau nguoi nguyen khoang san nhu: dong, vang, kim (tinh theo PPP) nam 2013 chi dat 400 USD M9t so chi tieu kinh te if cac quoc gia liru virc song Congo Dan so GDP nam 2013 (tinh Ty tr^ng nong nghiep Quoc gia theo PPP) (USD) GDP nam 2013 (Ngucri) 71.200.0()0^ j CHDC Congo 400 (2015) _ 5.000.000 20,79 , Tnmg Phi 700 _J2011J_ 24.383.300 54,32 (2012) i Angola 10,06 6.300 {2014) 4.043.000 4.800 4,36 I Cpng hoa Congo 13.046.000 1.800 9,64 ; Zambia (2010) 47.422.000" 28,39 1.700 Tanzania (2010) 19.406.000 22,89 Cameroon 2.400 (2010) 10.750.000 39,83 Burundi m 600 i Rwanda Gabon 11.000.000 (201-1) 1.505.000 (2010) 1.500 33,39 19.200 4,02 Ngudn: Tdng hap cda tdc gid tir Ciic Thong Ice Qudc gia vd Vdn phdng Thong ke Trung irang ciia cdc qudc gia luu virc sdng Congo vd sd lieu linh todn ciia Lien hcrp qudc J» Tap chi nghiln curu CIIAU PHI & TRUNC DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 Khai thac va siT dung nguon nu'dc Hon nGa, Iim vuc song Congo cdn la mpt nhung khu vuc b^t 6n nhit chau Phi vai hang loat cac cuoc xung dpt, npi chiln, ma dien hinh nhit la cupc chidn tai chau Phi giua nuoc lang gieng xung quanh luu vuc, khiSn hem 5,4^ trieu nguai bi chk Day duac coi la cupc chien co t6n thit lan nhit vh nguoi ki tir sau Dai chiin Thi gioi iln thu hai Hay xung dot sic tpc tai Rwanda vao nam 1994 giua bp tpc Hutu va bg tpc Tutsi voi cupc tham sat chua tung co Hch sii ioai nguoi khiln khoang trieu nguoi bi gilt chit vong IOO ngay^ Hien nay, tinh hinh an ninh chinh tri cua khu vuc luu vuc song Congo vin chua 6n djnh Day la mot nhung thach thiic khong nho d6i voi ban than timg qudc gia noi rieng va d6i voi Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan toan bp luu vuc song Congo noi chung qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi Tinh hinh khai thac va sir dung ngudn niTffc cua cac quoc gia Irni vyc song Congo Voi van toe dong chay dat 4I.000m3/giay, song Congo tu hao co luu lupng nuac Ion nhat chau Phi (1.260 km^), gap 15 lan luu Iupng dong chay hang nam ciia song Nile va dung thu hai tren thi giai sau song Amazon Che dp dong chay tuang doi on dinh quanh nam, khoang tir 32.800mVgiay vao thang din 57.200m^ /giay vao thang 12 mua Ion vao nhimg thang cuoi nam Vao nhiJng thang he tir thang den thang 5, dong chay giam hon mua it va kho han Bang E)ien tfch va y Ie dien i ich liru VU'C ciia cac quoc gia luu virc song Congo Luong mu-a trung binh Dien tich Tyl? Di^n tich Ty le dien tich nam khu vuc lini l u l l VU'C dien ca nuo'c luu vyc so vol (Km^) tich lu'u (Km^) dien tich ca vuc (mm) vuc nudfc Thap Cao '' frung nhat i nhSt binh CHDC 2.313.350 61,1% 2.344.860 • "98J% 775 2115 ! 1540 Congo Trung Phi 403.570 10,7% 622.980 64,8% 1065 1680 1465 7.5% 1.246.700 22,9% Angola 285.395 785 1635 , 1375 6,5% '342.000 72,2% CH Congo 246.977 1190 1990 1660 6,5% 25,9% i 720 Tanzania 244.593 945.090 1385 970 752.610 177.735 4,7% 23,6% Zambia 985 1420 • 1195 96.395 2.5% 475.440 20,3% j 1440 Cameroon 1670 1545 14.574 ' 0,4% 27.834 Burundi 52,4% 920 1565 1155 26.340 6.464 , 0,2% Rwanda " 24,5«/o " ": " 1135 1580' 1365 267.667 r.l4"6T"b,03% Gabone 0^43%" " ! Nuoc Ngudn: Tdng hcfp cda tdc gid tir nguon http://ww\v.fao.org Dien tich luu vuc song Congo rpng 3.822.000 km^ la luu vuc song rpng nhit chau Phi chil yiu g6m cac nuac nhu: CHDC Congo, Trung Phi, Angola, Cpng hoa Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, Cameroon, Burundi, Rwanda va Gabon, phan Icm dien tich luu vuc song Congo njm lanh th6 CHDC Congo la 2.307.800 km^ chi6m 62% dien tich toan luu vuc Chinh vi vay, CHDC Congo so hiiu mpt lupng Ion nuoc ngot ciia iuu vuc len dSn 900 ty m', chi tieu thu 12,8 ty m', chilm 1,4% - mpt ty le nho Tap chl nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUING OONG so 12(124) thang 12/2015 Khai thac va siJr dung nguon nUtfc—- Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Pinh Ngan khdng dang kl, Iai 887,2 t>' m^ khong dugc Sli dung, Dai Tay Duong m^ mac du luu vuc nho Ngoai co h6 Mweru - hd nong vai sau trung binh la m hay duac gpi la dim lay, rpng 4.350 km- chia cit CHDC Congo voi Zambia H6 co luu lupng nuac la 32 ty m Quanh luu vuc song Congo cd mpt so ho chinh Ho Victoria nam cr thuang ngudn song Congo, dien tich 68.500 km^ - la hd Voi luu vuc song hinh quat rong Ion va nuoc ngot tu nhien Ian nhat tren the gioi voi dp sau trung binh khoang 50m, song chi mpt iuu luang nuac doi dao, gan mpt niia dan so phan ho Victoria nam luu vuc song cua cac qu6c gia lim vuc song Congo dugc Congo Ho Tanganyika dien tich 32.900 km^ tilp can ngudn nudrc, chiem ty le tuong doi chia cat CHDC Congo mpt phia va cao Cu thi, ban 70% dan sd ciia Gabon, Burundi, Tanzania phia ben voi duong CHDC Congo, Burundi, Cameroon, Trung bien gioi nam a giiJa ho, la ho nuoc ngpt tu Phi, Zambia co co hgi tilp can ngudn nudc nhien lorn nhat luu vuc sdng Congo, Tuy nhien, ty Ie dan sd duoc sii dung cac cung cap luu lupng nuoc Ion gap 6,5 Ian so dilu kien ve sinh cua cac quoc gia Imi vuc vai voi h6 Victoria, dat 17.800 ty m^ voi dp song Congo hgn che bai vi thdi quen sau trung binh la 574 m Tiep theo la ho sinh hoat lac hau, dieu kien kinh t£ xa hpi Kivu dien tich 2.370 km^ nim giira CHDC chua phat trien Day la nguyen nhan can trd Congo va Rwanda co dp sau trung binh la cac quoc gia Iuu vuc song Congo dat dugc 240 m va so hihi luu Iupng nuoc la 569 ty cac muc tieu thien nhien (MDGs) Bang Ty If dan so tiep c^n nguon nu-oc va cac dieu kien ve sinh cua cac quoc gia Itru vuc song Congo nam 2012 Nirdfc Ty 1^ dan so tiep can nguon niro'c (%)• 75,30 68,20 54,30 46,50 53,20 63,30 74,10 75,30 70,70 92,20 , CHDC Congo : Trung Phi Angola , CH Congo Tanzania Zambia ' Cameroon ' Burundi Rwanda : Gabone Ty le dan so diroc sir dung cac dieu kien vf sinh(%) 14,60 21,50 60,10 31,40 12,20 42,80 45,20 47,50 63,80 41,40 Ngudn: Tdng hap cda tdc gid tir Cue Thdng ke Qudc gia vd Vdn phdng Thdng ke Trung uang cda cdc quoc gia tuu vuc sdng Congo vd sd lieu tinh todn cua Lien hap qudc Nong nghiep la nguon song chu yeu ciia cac qu6c gia luu vuc song Congo, nhung dien tich dupc tuai tieu ciia cac quoc gia luru vuc song Congo rat it, khong tuang xiing vcri tiJm nang tuai tieu cua cac quoc gia 12: Ching han, CIHX: Congo chi co 10.500 dupc tuai tieu tiem nang tuai tieu cua qu6c gia la 6.980.000 Tijm nang tuai tieu ciia Angola la 900.000 thi chi co 2.000 dupc tuai tieu Dien tich dit dupc Tap citingltien cUu CHAU PHI & TRUNC DONG so 12(124) thang 12/2015 Khai thacva su'dung nguon nu'dc , tuoi tieu ciia CH Congo la 2.000 tiem nang tudfi tieu ciia qudc gia luu song Congo la 255.000 He thing tudri tieu cua cac qudc gia luu vuc sdng Congo chua dugc dau tu thoa dang Cac quoc gia van chii yeu khai thac va sur dung nguon nudc be mat sin CO cua luu vyc de tuoi tieu cho nhimg dien tich dat nong nghiep ven song, chua co he thong tuoi tieu dua nuoc den nhimg don dien, trang trai xa luu vuc Chinh vi vay, ty trpng nong nghiep GDP ciia cac quoc gia luu vuc song Congo rat nho khoang tren du6i 30%, khong tuang xung voi tiem nang phat trien nong nghiep ciia khu vuc khien khu vuc Trung Phi tro khu vuc ngheo doi nhat luc dja chau Phi Giao thong duang thuy: Song Congo co he thong duang thuy quan trpng va la huyet mach giao thong chinh ciia khu vuc Trung Phi Vdi 25.000 km duang thiiy, 15.000 km duong thuy ma tau be trpng tai Ion tir 800 tan den 1.100 tan co the luu thong de dang Iuu vuc song Congo Hien da CO ban 2.500 tau be trpng tai ldn dugc dang ky luu thong luu vuc nay, van chuyen hon 1.500.000 tin hang hoa mdi nam 80% nen kinh te ciia Cpng hoa Trung Phi phu thugc vao giao thdng duong song tren song Ubangui Ba tuyln duang thuy quan trpng vdi cang song ldn nhat luu vuc la: Cdng song Bangui ndm tren song Ubangi: Tir cang song Bangui, tau be va hang hoa luu vuc song Congo dupc van chuyin den cang hang khdng Douala ciia Nigeria va din cang hang khong N'djamena ciia luu vuc ho Chad Cdng song Kinshasa ndm trin song Congo: Hang hoa tir cac hai cang d Dai Tay Duong theo dong sdng chinh Congo di sau npi dja din cang song Kisangani Tir Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan cang song Kisangani, hang hoa cd the dugc van chuyen bang duong bp, duang sit den cang hang khdng Kampaia va cang hang khdng Nairobi, sau van chuyen den hai cang Mombasa d An Dp Duong Cdng song Ilebo ndm tren song Kasai: Tir cang song Ilebo hang hoa co the dugc van chuyen bang duong bp va dudng sat den cang hang khong Lusaka va cang hang khong Dar es-Sala de ket noi vdi cac nudc thupc COMESA va SADC Tiim ndng thuy dien: Luu vuc sdng Congo chiem khoang 1/6 nguon thuy dien cua toan the gidi vdi cdng suat dat 140.000 MW Chi rieng Inga d CHDC Congo cd cdng suat tiem nang la 44.000 MW Nha may thiiy dien Inga I duoc xay dung vao nam 1972 vdi cdng xuit 350.000 kM va Inga II dugc xay dung vao nam 1981 vdi cdng suat 1,4 trieu kW nam d phia tay CHDC Congo, each cira sdng Congo 50 km ve phia thupng nguon va each cang Kinshasa tren sdng Congo 225 km Ca Inga I va II mdi chi khai thac 30% dong chay trung binh ciia sdng Congo Hien nay, nha may thuy dien Grand Inga du kiln dugc xay dung cd thi san xuit 40.000 MW, Idn gip hai lin nha may Tam dap d Trung Qudc Neu hoan thi Grand Inga se trd nha may thuy dien Idn nhat tren the gidi, cung cip hon 1/3 san Iugng dien cho toan chau Phi Trong chau Phi dang phai ddi mat vdi su thilu hut nang nl vl nang lugng sach cho phat triln kinh tl va xda ddi giam ngheo thi Grand Inga khong chi se cung cap du nang Iugng vdi gia re hon, gdp phin giup nganh cong nghiep va san xuit cua chau Phi phat trien, ma tao dieu kien thiic diy hoa binh luu vuc song Congo ndi rieng va toan Tap chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 ly, Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan khu vuc chau Phi noi chung Chinh vi vay Grand Inga nhan dupc sir quan tam uu tien cua CHDC Congo noi rieng cung nhu ciia nhieu to chiic khac nhu: Cong dpng Phat UiSn Nam Phi (Southern Africa Development Community - SADC), D5i tac Phat triin chau Phi moi (New Partnership for African Development NEPAD); To chuc nang lupng Dong Phi ( East African Power Pool EAPP); T6 chiic nang lupng Nam Phi (South Africa Power Pool - SAPP) va Uy ban nang lupng the giai (World Energy Council WEC) Tuy nhien, dS xay dung Grand Inga doi hdi lupng tien dAu tu khong 16 len den 80 ty USD, them canh do, viec xay dung Grand Inga s6 lam thay dpi moi truong sinh thai, che dp dong chay chinh ciia song Congo noi rieng va toan bp luu v\rc song Congo noi chung, khien nhieu loai ca, sinh vat, dpng vat dac chiing s6ng song Congo diing truac nguy CO tuyet chiing va rimg ram Congo ciing bj ^nh huong nghiem trpng Khai thac va sir dung nguon nuV3c ^ thuy van niia se dupc tridn khai xay dung luu virc sdng Congo Cd thd ndi ring viec xay dung he thdng giam sat, quan ttic thuy van se giiip CICOS va cac qudc gia luu vuc sdng Congo nim bit kip thai su thay ddi chd dp dong chay hay nhihig dien bidn bit thuong ciia sdng Congo ciing nhu cac nhanh sdng khac luu vuc dd cd nhiing ddi sach thich hop bao tdn ngudn nudc va iing phd vdi bien ddi hau Nhdn thirc vd trdch nhiem ddi v&i ngudn nuac vd tdi nguyen lieu vuc song Congo dd dugc cdi thien Uy ban Qudc te Luu vuc sdng Congo - Oubangui - Sangha (Intemationai Commission of the Congo Oubangui - Sangha Basin - CICOS) ciing nhu cac td chirc hpp tac khac luu vuc nhu: Ca quan Quan ly Hd Tanganyika (Lake Tanganyika Authority - TLA), Uy ban Rimg Trung Phi (Centtal African Forest Commision - COMIFAC), Quy Rimg Luu vuc Congo (Congo Basin Forest Fund Cor hoi va thach thiJc viec khai BCFF) da td chirc hang loat cac cudc hdi thac, sir dung nguon niro'c song Congo thao, cac chuang trinh dao tao, cac ldp tap HI thdng gidm sdt, quan trac thiiy vdn h u ^ tuyen tmydn, phd bidn ve tam quan Itru vuc dd dugc xdy dung Nhof su hgp trpng ciia tai nguyen nuac ciing nhu trach tac giiia Uy ban Quoc te Luu vuc song nhiem cua cac cip tir lanh dao qudc gia iiti Congo - Oubangui - Sangha (Intemationai ngudi dan dia phucmg, ciia cac nganh tii mdi Commission of the Congo - Oubangui - tradng ddn khoa hpc, giao due, tai chinh Sangha Basin - CICOS) va T6 chiic Khi viec khai thac, sii dung va quan ly tupng Thj gioi (World Meteorological ngudn nupc Chang ban, Chuang trinh dao Organization - WMO), he th6ng giam sat, tao vd Quan ly Tdng hpp Tai nguyen Nuoc quan trac thuy vSn frong luu vuc da dupc (Integrated Water Resource Management Uien khai xay d^ng bao gfim 117 tram quan IWRM) ddi vdi nhirng tac ddng cua bien ddi ttic thiiy van, ttong 97 tram dupc dat hau va nhiing bien phap img phd da diln ttong luu vuc song Congo thupc pham vi d Kinshasa, CHDC Congo tir 12 ddn qudc gia co difn tich luu vuc ldn la CHDC 16 thang nam 2014 vci su tham d\r Congo, CH Congo, Trung Phi va Angola 20 cua 44 dai bidu ddn tir 33 td chirc va 13 nudc tram quan trie thuy van khac dupc dat ttong ttong luu v\rc Congo va mpt sd nudc chau luu vuc Ogooue t^\ Gabon Du Viin ttong Phi khac Chuong ttinh tao co hdi cho cdc th&i gian tdi, khoang hon 30 ttam quan ttic dai bidu thuc dja tai sdng Lukaya, dd rdi sau ;i4i Tfp chingltien ciu CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 Khai thac va su'dung nguon nu'dc ciing thao luan tim nhihig giai phap giam thilu nhiing tac dpng din chat Iugng nudc ciing nhu nhiing tac dgng cua bien doi hau den ndng nghiep, danh bit ca va doi sdng kinh tl cua ngudi dan cac nudc ven sdng Lukaya ndi rieng va luu vuc sdng Congo ndi chung Tai Hpi nghi Thuang dinh d Durban, Nam Phi 1/12/2012, dai dien cap cao ciia nudc Trung Phi gom Burundi, Cameroon, Cpng hda Trung Phi, Chad, CHDC Congo, Cong hda Congo va Rwanda cimg vdi cac nha tai trg qudc tl khac da nhdm hgp v^ Tuyen bo chung ve Giam thieu Khi thai tir Pha Rimg va Suy Thoai Rimg (Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation REDD) Tai day, Bg trudng Phat trien ben vimg, Kinh te Rimg va Mdi trudng cua Cpng hoa Congo - Henri Djombo cho rang "Cac qudc gia va xung quanh Iuu vuc Congo cd trach nhi^m dac biet ddi vdi vi^c lap mgt the che vimg chac de cd the trien khai REDD Tuyen bd nhan manh cac nuoc mong mudn hgp tac chat che vdi cac ddi tac, t£ln dung mpi ngudn luc de giam thieu nan pha rimg va suy thoai rimg la yeu to can thiet cho chien lugc phat trien ben vung ) Cd the nhan xet ring thdng qua nhimg chuong trinh hpp tac, hpi thao, khoa hgc nhu vay, nhan thuc vl tim quan trpng cua ngudn nudc va trach nhiem phai hpp tac de bao ve ngudn nudc cita cac cap lanh dao quoc gia cho den ngudi dan dja phuang da dugc cai thien Hi thdng giao thong dudng thuy noi dia dugc cdi thi^n, thUc day hgi nhdp khu vuc vd phdt triin kinh ti Mac dii luu vuc sdng Congo diy tilm nang phat triln, nhung nin kinh tl cua cac qu6c gia luu v\rc sdng Congo vin tri tr?, chu ylu la ndng nghi?p va khai thac khoang san vdi gia trj gia tang thip Dai bp phan dan cu vin sdng ddi ngheo, Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan dd chi phi van chuyen d Trung Phi chiem 20% gia tri nhap khau, cao gip 2/3 lin so vdi chi phi van chuyen trung binh d cac noi khac Chinh vi vay, CICOS da xiy dung K I hoach Hanh dpng Chiln lugc de cai thien dudng sdng Ndi dia nhim cai thien viec Iuu thdng dudrng sdng hieu qua va an toan gdp phan giam chi phi van chuyen bang dudng sdng, xda bd tinh trang budn lau, n&ng cip cdng suat van chuyen hanh khach va hang hda tren cac tuyen dudng sdng chinh Nhd su hgp tac ciia CICOS, ma tau b^ luu thdng tren cac tuyln dudng sdng ngi dia Iuu vuc dugc dang ky, cau cang dugc lap trung tam dieu hanh Dac biet, Trung tam dao tao dudng sdng ndi dia khu vuc (Inland Navigation Regional Training Centre CRFNI) dugc lap tai Kinshasa T^ day cac thuyen trudng, thiiy thii, thg co khi, thg phu tren boong, nhan vien hanh chinh dugc dao t^o nhimg ky nang va kien thiirc ca ban nhu: trpng tai ciia tau be, dgc ban dd hang hai Ngoai ra, khda dao tao ve thii tuc hanh chinh va hai quan cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach tai hanh lang duong sdng Bangui-Brazzaville/Kinshasa ciing dugc td chirc, giup giam sat cac hang rao phi vat chit dgc tuyen hanh lang duong sdng Brazzaville-Kinshasa-KisanganiBangui Ben canh dd, dudi su tai trg va hd trg cua CICOS, nien giam thdng ke vl giao thdng dudng sdng dupc xuit ban, ban dd vl dudng sdng ndi dia dugc lap trinh, quy dinh chung vl van chuyin hang hda va hgp ddng van chuyin dugc xay dung Cd thi ndi ring sir hgp tac ciia cac qudc gia Ixm vuc song Congo thong qua Kl hoach Hanh dgng Chien lugc cai thien dudng sdng npi dia cua CICOS da thuc day giao thong duong sdng luu vuc, giam hanh rao phi vat chit tai hanh lang duong song, phat trien thuong mai Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thing 12/2015 15 Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Pinh Ngan dpc song, gdp phin tang trudng kinh te Hay ndi each khac, mang ludi dudng sdng ndi dja la mpt nhiing dgng lire de phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua luu vuc sdng Congo Rimg ram nguyen sinh Congo dirge bdo vi Nhd cac td chiic hgp tac nhu: COMIFAC, CBFP, CBFF cimg vdi su tai trg cua cac td chiic qudc tl nhu: Quy Moi trudng Toan ciu (Global Environment Fund - GEF), UNDP ma nhilu cdng vien qudc gia tai luu vuc sdng Congo dugc hinh va giam sat bao tdn chat che, giup cho nhieu loai sinh dpng vat quy hiem dang cd nguy co tuy?t chiing dugc bao ve nhu Ioai vugn khdng \b chau Phi Ciing gidng nhu rimg ram Amazon, rimg ram Congo da trd di san thien nhien thi gioi CICOS ciing nhu cac td chuc hpp tac khu vuc khac bao gdm COMIFAC, CBFP, CBFF phdi hgp vdi cac nha tai trp qudc te xay d ^ g hang loat cac chuang trinh hgp tac nhu: ngan ehan nan pha rimg, khai thac gd va san bat ddng vat quy hilm de bao tdn he sinh thai rimg ram Congo Ddng thdi, cac chuang trinh, du an hgp tac khac nhu: than thien vdi rimg, tai trdng rimg dugc md rdng trien khai tai cac cpng ddng dia phuong, cac lang ban giup ngudi dan vita dugc hudng lpi tir rimg van bao ve va phat trien rimg bin vimg Cd the ndi rang viec bao ve rimg la bien phap tot nhat de bao tdn ngudn nudc va cac tai nguyen lien quan khac Su thiiu hiiu biit vd nhdn thirc chua ddy da vi bao Vf nguon nudc ciia nguai ddn dia phuang Luu vuc sdng Congo la noi sinh sdng cua ban 150 bd lac Hp sdng rai rac ven sdng va tham chi cdn smh sdng sau rimg ram Congo nen rit khd tilp can, khd giai thich cho hp rd ve tim quan trgng cua nguon nudc, trach nhiem bao ve ngudn nudc, mdi trudng nuoc va ciing khd thay ddi ri6^ Khai thac va su' dung nguon nu'dc | thdi quan sinh song "tu cung tu cip" dua hoan toan vao ngudn Igi sdng Congo Hon niia, thieu su tham gia hudng iing cua ngudi dan va sir thdr o cua cac thi chl va luat le truyen thdng ciing la can trd su hgp tac giiia cac quoc gia luu vuc sdng Congo viec khai thac, sir dung va quan Iy ngudn nudc Su bat lire cua bp may quan ly chinh phu d CHDC Congo da Iam gia tang tinh trang loan lac o cac nudc va tinh trang mat kiem soat chinh phu ciing la nguySn nhan ban chl sir hgp tac giCta CHDC Congo vdi cac qudc gia khac Iuu vuc sdng Congo Su lie choi tham gia ciia cdc ben lien quan CHDC Congo - mpt vien ciia CICOS tir chdi ky Dilu khoan phy quy djnh cu thi vl IWRM Mac dii CICOS nhu ten gpi ciia nd la td chiic hgp tac diu tien ciia luu vuc sdng Congo, song chi cd qudc gia luu vuc sdng Congo tham gia gdm: CHDC Congo, Cpng hoa Congo, Cpng hoa Trung Phi, Cameroon, Gabon va Angola tham gia vdi tu each nha quan sat vien Ciing gidng nhu Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Rwanda la qudc gia d thugng ngudn sdng Congo, nhung hau nhu khdng tham gia bat Cli mpt to chuc hop tac luu vuc sdng Congo kl ca TLA hay COMIFAC Viec khdng hpi tu du su tham gia cua 10 qudc gia Iuu vuc sdng Congo, nen rat khd dfit dugc su ddng thuan cao, khd cd the giai quyet dugc mgt som mpt chieu cac van de lien quan den ngudn nudc va cac tai nguyen khac lien quan luu wyxc, ma trai lai, ddi hdi phai mat nhieu thdi gian, ngudn luc cung vdi su nd lire tham gia, chung tay cua toan luu vuc song Congo Han 2/3 luang nudc tren cdc nhdnh song Congo dugc hlnh thdnh tit ngodi ldnh tho, ca chi, chinh sdch hgp tdc, chia se ngudn nudc giUa cdc quoc gia chua hi^u Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SS 12(124) thang 12/2015 Khai thac va sif dung nguon nirdc gud, kieu "mgnh ngu&i dy ldm" Chang han, CHDC Congo xay dung mpt loat cac nha may thuy dien nhu Inga I, Inga II va sip tdi du kidn xay dung Dai nha may thuy dien Grand Inga trdn ddng sdng Congo Vide phat ttidn va thuc hidn IWRM tai luu vuc sdng Congo mdi chi d giai doan diu va dupc CICOS gidi thidu vao nam 2007 CICOS va Quan ly Ngudn nudc Xuydn bidn gidi (GETRCO) ddu chua ap dung IWRM dd danh gia nhimg tac dpng cua he thdng giao thdng dudng sdng va cac dap thuy dien den h^ sinh thai hay nan phd rimg ddn su giam thidu ngudn nudc Cho mai den cudi nam 2010, CICOS mdi phat tridn chidn lupc IWRM va Kd hoach Hinh ddng Chidn lupc (Sttategic Action Plan - SAP) dd danh gia nhiing tac ddng cua bien ddi hau den ngudn nudc cua luu vuc Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan USD; Phap tai tfp khoang 50 tfieu EUR cho BCFP; Diic tai trp trieu EUR cho COMIFAC' Cupc khiing hoang kinh te toan ciu xay nam 2009 da tac ddng ddn My va chau Au khien cho ngudn tai trp cho cac du an hpp tac cua luu vuc sdng Congo bi suy giam, he luy mpt sd du an hop tac bi gian doan tham chi ddi bi ngimg han Trong Hdi nghi Brazzaville, Tdng thdng Gabon Omar Bongo da phat bieu "Chiing tdi khdng yeu cau cac nudc giau tir thien, ma cai chiing tdi can la chia se sir hieu biet va s\r binh dang" de lam cdc qudc gia Iuu vuc sdng Congo ty minh cd the bao tdn va phdt tfien ben vung tai nguyen nudc vd mdi truong sinh thdi luu vyc cua minh Tinh trang nhiem, suy thodi can kiet nguon nu&c vdn tiep tuc gia tdng CO che kiem soat cdc ngudn gay d nhidm, cdc boat ddng chat phd rimg chua hieu qua, cdng Ngudn luc ve tai chinh, ky thudt vd vdi tdc ddng cua bidn ddi hau den tai ngu&i diu han che Phin ldn cdc qudc gia nguyen nudc dang cang rd ret ban luu vuc sdng Congo deu \k cac qudc gia kem Thien tai bao, lu lut, ban hdn, xam nhap phat tridn vdi GDP binh quan diu ngudi mdn, ngap iing, nudc bien nang dang ngdy thip, vi du GDP binh quan diu nudc nSm cdng gia tang ca ve dp nghidm tfpng va 2013 cua CHDC Congo la 400 USD; Cdng pham vi dnh hudng Sy tan pha rimg dau hda Trung Phi: 700 USD va Burundi: 600 ngudn sdng Congo cang nhieu khai USD, chi sd phat tridn ngudi (Human thac gd va phdt hoang ldm ndng nghiep gia Development Index - HDI) ciia cac qudc gia tang khien long sdng bi bdi ling, muc nudc luu vuc sdng Congo xdp h?ng thip ttdn tren sdng gidm, gay can trd cho tau be luu thd gidi Do vay, cac i\f an hop tac quan ly thdng Ndu nhu tfong giai doan tir nam 1972 bdn vimg va hieu qua ngudn nudc va cac tai ddn 1982, chi mit 40 ngay/ndm dd tau be nguyen khac lien quan luu vuc sdng van chuyen hang hda tren sdng Ubangui, thi Congo ddu trdng chd vao ngudn tai trp va hd tir nam 2000, phai mdt hon 200 ngay/nam* trp ky thuat ben ngoai hay qudc te, ndn bj dpng va khdng t\f quyet dupc Chang ban, Viec gidm sdn lugng nong nghiep tinh Uy ban Chau Au tai tfp 38tfiduEUR cho he trgng hgn hdn xdy thugng xuyen & lieu thdng sinh thai Rimg t?i Trung Phi (Forest vtfc song Congo se ldm gidn dogn chudi Ecosystems in Central Africa - ECOFAC); cung ling lim vuc vd todn cdu Sy c ^ kiet va My tai tfp cho Chuang tfinh Mdi trudng xudng cip nSng nd vd ngudn nudc va tai Khu v\tc Trung Phi (Centfal African nguyen thidn nhidn se cham ngdi cho tinh Regional Environment Programme) 33 tridu trang bit dn dinh d nudc va khu vyc Tfp chl nghiln cH-u CHAD PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(124) thang 12/2015 ll,! Pham Kim Hue-Nguyen Dinh Ngan Khai thacva su'dung nguon nu'dc, Tru Iugng ca suy giam di ddi vdi tmh trang han han d Iuu vuc lam gia tang bit dn cac mdi quan he khu vuc, tinh trang cudp bdc va ndi loan tang !en nhanh chdng Su sut giam nang suit ndng nghiep, han ban va su thit bai ciia cac chinh sach phat triln kinh tl - xa hpi cung cham ngdi cho cac dgt di dan ndi bp d Iuu vuc sdng Congo ndi rieng va chau Phi ndi chung, lam gia tang mang ludi tpi pham qudc te va cac moi hiem hpa xuyen qudc gia, dieu dd de dpa den su dn dinh quan he hgp tac ban than khu vuc va vdi cac khu vuc khac ciia chau Phi va the giai ChU thich: ' Simon Sakibede, River Transportaton for Poverty Reduction in the Congo Basin, Report in the Intemationai Conference on Cooperation for Water, Energy, and Food Security in Transboundary Basins under Changing Climate, HCM city, Vietnam, 2-3 April 2014 ^ CSC (2013), Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin, (Haensler A., Jacob D., Kabat P., Ludwig F (eds), Climate Service Centre Report No.11, Hamburg, Germany, lSSN:2!92-4058 CSC (2013), Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin, (Haensler A., Jacob D., Kabat P., Ludwig F (eds) Climate Service Centre Report No.11, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN:2192-4058 * Simon Sakibede (2014), River Transportation for Poverty Reduction in the Congo Basin, Intemationai Conferece on Cooperation for Water, Energy, and Food Security in Transboundary Basins under Changing Climate, HCM c\\y, Vietnam, 2-3 April * http://www.warchiId.org.uk nbiconfl ict.web.unc.edu Central Africa: Desertification threat in the Congo River Basin (http://www.irinnews.org1 Tai lieu tham khao I.Claudia SadofF, Thomas Greiber Mark Smith, Ger Bergkamp (2012), Chia se: Qudn ly nudc xuyen bien gidi, lUCN, Gland, Thyy Sy Ha Luang Thuin, Le Tning Tuan, Vu Dinh Xiem, Nguyin Duy Thing (2007), Nhimg diin hinh ve thuc hi^n Qudn ly Tong hgp Tai nguyen nudc, Nxb Nong nghiep John Dore, Julia Robinson, Mark Smith (2014), Dam phdn de di den nhicng thoa thugn ve nirdc, Sdng kien nudc vd thien nhien, lUCN, Gland, Thuy Sy Climate Service Center (2013), Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin, Final Report, the Netherlands German Development Institute (2006), Transboundary Water Management in Africca: Challenges for Development Cooperation, Study for the Research and Consultancy Project H.A Saliu, E.O Oriola, I.P.Ifabiyi (2011), Water and Politics in Africa: the Need for Regional Cooperation, Joumal of Public Administration and Policy Research Vol (8) International Commission of CongoOubangui-Sangha (CICOS) (2010), Transborder Water Management in the Congo Basin Karsenty, A., AGourket-Fluery, S (2006), Assesing Sustainability of Logging Practices in the Congon Basin's Managed Forests: the Issues of Commercial Species Recovery, Ecology and Society Megevand, Carole (2013), Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin: Reconciling Economic Growth and Forest Protection, Washington, DC: the World Bank 10 Melanie Becker, Joecila Santos da Silva, Stephane Calmant, Vivien Robinet, Laurent Linguet, Frederique Seyler (2014), Water Level Fluctuations in the Congo Basin Derived from ENVISATSatellite Altimetry, Remote Sensing 11 Sonwa, D.J.Nkem, J.N., Idinoba, M.E., Simon SaVWxdt, Bdo cao irinh bciy cua IJyban Bele, M.Y.&Jum, C (2012), Building Regional Qudc te Lim vi/c song Congo - Ubangi - Sangha Priorities in Forests for Development and (CICOS) trinh bay tgi Hgi nghi thugng dinh Quoc te Adaptation to Climate Change in the Congo Basin, ve Qudn ly luu vuc song xuyen bien gi&i Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global '•Mekong2Rio) Thang 5/2012, Phuket, Thai Lan Change Tgp chingltien cdu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 12(124) tbang 12/2015 ... ram Congo duac coi la la phoi ciia chau Phi trai rpng qua cac nuac Cameroon, Guine Xich dao, Gabon, Cpng hoa Trung Phi , Cong hoa Congo va CHDC Congo, 2/3 dien tich rimg ram Congo nam CHDC Congo, ... phia tay CHDC Congo, each cira sdng Congo 50 km ve phia thupng nguon va each cang Kinshasa tren sdng Congo 225 km Ca Inga I va II mdi chi khai thac 30% dong chay trung binh ciia sdng Congo Hien... 12/2015 Khai thacva su''dung nguon nu''dc , tuoi tieu ciia CH Congo la 2.000 tiem nang tudfi tieu ciia qudc gia luu song Congo la 255.000 He thing tudri tieu cua cac qudc gia luu vuc sdng Congo chua