Nghien rfu Trao doi Khai thac, che bien khoang san ben vufng Bai hoc tur Ichai thac sa lihoang titan ven bien mien Trung O GS TSKH DANG TRUNG THU^N Dai hoc Qud''''e gia Hd N0i ThS DANG TRUNG TU Bd Tdi ng[.]
Nghien rfu - Trao doi Khai thac, che bien khoang san ben vufng Bai hoc tur Ichai thac sa lihoang titan ven bien mien Trung O GS.TSKH DANG TRUNG THU^N Dai hoc Qud'e gia Hd N0i ThS DANG TRUNG TU Bd Tdi nguydn va Mdi trudng B vidi niy dua trin ket qui khao sit, nghien edu nhidu nim vd khai thac, che bidn quing Titan cdn cit ven bidn mien Trung, ket hpp vdi tuli^ cua Doan Qudc hglgiim sit vide tht/c hidn chinh sich, phip lu$t vdquin /y, khai thic khoing sin gan vdi bao vd mdi trudng TCrdd, khdi quit hda bUe tranh vdhoat ddng khoing san dVtet Nam; dan nhdng Igf ich ngmh edng nghidp khai khing dem lal; phin tich tic ddng nhldu mat den m& trudng, sinh thii, an sinh xa hgi; neu len nhOng bOe xue hoat ddng khoing sin vi dexuat eie giai phip phit trien ben vQng ho^ dgng khoing sin, Uong dd ed sing ki^ minh b^h dong nganh cdng nghi^ khai khoing BOI CANH Viet Nam nam d vj tri giao ciia vanh dai sinh khoang: Vanh dai Tay Thai Binh Dodng va vanh dai Dja Trung Hai, vi vay, tai nguyen khoang san cOa node ta da dang ve chiing loai va toong ddi phong phu Theo k i t qua dieu tra danh gia thSm dd khoang san d node ta den da phat hien dooc tren 5.000 md va diem quSng vdi trdn 60 loai khoang san khac Trong qua trinh cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat node, nhieu loai khoang san dope khai thae, e h l bien 6i phuc vu nhu cau tieu dung node va mdt phan eho xuat khau Hoat ddng khoang san tOng bode hodng tdi gan k i t chat ch§ giiJa muc tieu Ipi nhuan, kinh t l vdi trach nhiem BVIVIT, an toan lao ddng, bao ve tai nguydn khoang san Nganh khai khoang ddng gdp GDP moi nam khoang 10% - 11%, thu ngan sach nha node khoang 25%, ve cd ban nganh da dap img kjp thdi nguyen lieu (than da, thiee, kem, sat ddng, apatil, ) cho cac nganh kinh t l sO dung nguyen lieu khoang (nhiet dien, ximang, hda chS't, luyen kim.,.), Cdng nghiep khai khoang da gdp phan quan trpng so nghiep phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, d l y nhanh qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat node [2] Tuy nhien, hoat ddng khai thac che bien khoang san eon bdc Id nhieu bat cap Do chu trpng vao kinh t l nha't la tang trodng GDP, it chu y den BVMT nen tinh trang khai thac khoang san bOa bai gay suy thoai mdi troOng va lam mat can bang sinh thai dang dien d nhieu noi; gan 10 nam thac hien Quyet djnh 64/2003/QD-TTg, nhOng den vSn cdn nhieu co sd gay d nhilm mdi trodng nghiem trpng; khai thac sif dung tai nguyen khoang san chOa hdp ly, lam tdn that, lang phi tai nguyen qud'e gia va gay bOc xtic, ap loc Idn cho xa hdi d khu vac cd hoat dpng khoang san THIEN NHIEN BAN TANG Node ta cd bd b i l n dai hon 3.200km, dd ven biln mien Trung tO Thanh Hda den Binh Thuan ed dai cdn eat hinh hang chue ngan nam giai doan Holocen thdi ky De TO, Trong cdn cat tich tu nhieu loai khoang san, nhOng quan trpng va ed gia tn nhat la quang Titan, Quang Titan sa khoang ven bien la kilu quang ed gia trj nha't hien d node ta, cd the khai thac vdi quy md cdng nghiep Trong loai quang nay, cat thach anh (SiOj) chiem ty le 9599%, eon lai la cae khoang vat nang (KVN), chii yeu gdm: llmenit Tdi n g u y e n v d Moi t r u o n g | Ky - Thang 12/2012 3^ (FeTiOs), zircon (ZrSi04), rutin (T1O2), leucoxen, anataz (TiOj), monazit (Ce, La, Th) [PO^, SiOj] Cd the gap cac khoang vat khac nhoxenotim, manhetit , nhong vdi ham loong rat thip Sau t u y i n tho, thodng ehi co ilmenit, zircon, rutil va monazit dope thu hdi cdng nghiep, dd Monazit, Xenotim, Zircon la nhung khoang vat cd chOa cac nguyen td phdng xa (U, Th) [5], Tru" lodng quang Titan quy Ti02 tren the gidi khoang 1,4 tj" t i n Tro lopng quang Titan ciia Viet Nam tinh den cap C2 khoang 14,03 tneu tan, chiem khoang 0,5% tra toong ciia the giPi, Tong trO loong va tai nguyen bao quSng Titan nam 2004 la 34,57 tneu tan, dd ehii yeu la quSng sa khoang, 30,17 tneu tan Sa khoang Titan phan bo rong rai doc theo chieu dai mien Trung, nhong tap trung nhieu d ThOa Thien Hue, Binh Dinh va Binh Thuan, DSe diem tao cDa cac sa khoang Titan tich tu dai cdn eat ven bien la cd ngudn gdc bien va gid Tdng tro lopng da xac dinh nam 2004 ciia cac md sa khoang Titan ven bien mien Trung dat tdi 8,154 trieu tan, phan bd d cac tmh nhO: ThOa Thien Hue 4,709.451 tan, chiem 57,8%, Binh Dmh 1.596 763 tan, chiem 19,6%, Binh Thuan 967 585 tan, chiem 11,9%, Quang Tn 587.000 tan, chiem 7,2%; Khanh Hoa 128,300 tan, chiem 1,6%, Phu Yen 110,590 tan, chiem 1,4% va Quang Nam 54 047tan, chiem 0,67% Tdng irif lupng cac khoang vat dl kem tat ca cac md gdm Zircon 1.305.543 tan, rutil 24,526 tan va monazit 176 tan Tiem nang sa khoang Titan ldn vOa la loi the, nhong dong tho; cung dat cho cac tinh mien Trung nhieu thach thOc va riii ro moi IrOPng Tren thoc te, vfec phat tnen at cac hoat dong kinh te Du lich, nudi thiiy san, khai thac sa khoang Titan va cac da an phat tnen kmh te khac thoi gian qua da pha hiiy nhirng viing eon eat rdng IPn, cd the 32 da'y m i l n Trung roi vao "Cai bay tai nguyen" ma nhieu qudc gia gi^u tai nguyen d Chau Phi da mac phai Trong pham vi bdi viet se phan tich nhOng han e h l va bat cap cdng tac quan l^ nhSm de x u l t nhung giai phap hpp ty, phat huy tiem nang sa khoang Titan ciia viing, thiie d l y nganh khai khoang phat triln ben viJmg, phdng tranh nguy eo v l "Cai bay tai nguydn" KHAI THAC VA CHE BIEN Q U A N G T I T A N T R O N G CON CAT MIEN TRUNG • Khdi dau hoat ddng khai thacTitan: TU nam 1993, tan dau tien d ven bien mien Trung Viet Nam, Cdng ly Austin - lien doanh giua Ue va Vidt Nam bat dau khai thac quang Titan trdn dia ban Ky Anh tinh Ha TTnh TO nhiing nam 2000 d i n nay, hoat dpng khai thac quang Titan phat tnen rong khap tren dai eon cat ven b i l n mien Trung 10 viing quang Hai Thuy, tmh Quang Binh: Phil Dien, tinh ThOa Thien Hue: den vimg Duy Xuyen, linh Quang Nam; Ham Thuan Nam, tinh Binh Thuan va nhieu noi khae [5] Phuang thUc khai thac quang Titan Trong thai gian dau khai thac quang Titan d ven bien nadc ta, phoong thOc khai thac la thii edng ve sau nhd nhap khau edng nghe tien tien, tai nhieu noi da tan thu dope nhCmg khoang vat nang cd gia tri cao hon nha zircon, monazit, Ky thuat khai thac quang Titan tren cdn cat ve co ban tUdng tu nhau: Diing sOc nude de pha vd cae ldp eat chOa quang, dimg phoong tien cd giPi dao xiie, bom hiil biin cat fen de tuyen thd bang loc nhd sOc node thong qua vit xoSn, van chuyen ve xodng de tuyen tmh tach rieng cac KVN, sau dd tiep tuc e h l bien sau Hoan nguyen ilmenil, luyen xi titan, che bien rutil nhan tao, san xuat bpt mau pigment,,., lao san pham cd gia tri va hieu qua kinh te eao, rdi xuat san pham thj tradng the giPi va node, Tdi nguyen v d Moi truong I Ky - Ttiang 12/2012 Phu thudc vao dac diem dja ch^t ciia mo sa khoang Titan va thiet bi khai thac, cd so khae bi§t giOfa cac cdng ty khai thae Titan, nhung ve dai the cd the chia k i l u cdng nghd khai thac, (i) Pha bo, thu don th^m thOe vat; Gat lii, ddn ddng Idp cat chOa quang gan mat dat, Bdc xiic doa ldn vit xo^n 66 t u y I n thd; Thu hdi san phIm sau tuyen; Od cat thai bdn canh Oiln hinh cho k i l u khai thdc la d Ha TTnh (ii) Pha bd, thu dpn tham thirc vat; Dao hd sau den Idp e ^ quang; Bom hilt cat chOa quang doa ten mat dat, Bdc xue daa Idn vit xo^n de tuyen thd; Thu hdi san pham sau tuyen; Do cat thai ben eanh Thodng gap kieu khai thae d ThOa Thien Hue, Quang Binh, (iii) Pha bd, thu dpn tham thac vat Md moong khai thac s3u d i n ldp cat quang, sSu hon moc node ngam cdn cat vai ba met Lam be bang phao; L^p cum vit xoan tren be ndi, Diing bom cao ap hut biin cat quang phia trode dOa len vit xoan de t u y I n thd; Bom node chOa cat thai phia sau: Odng thdi bom quang Titan sau tuyen d i n noi quy djnh, bdc xue san pham, van chuyen ve xi nghidp luyen tinh va che b i l n sau hon Dien hinh eho kieu khai thae la tai cac cdng ty khai thac Titan d Binh Dinh [5,6], Phuang thUc che biSn qudng Titan: Tren the gidi quang titan daoc che bien d cac mOc dd khac thudc vao dieu kien kinh te ky thudt ciia mdi node Quang sa khoang titan co ham loong - % Ti02 thodng 6Ugc lam giau bang phOdng phap tuyen khoang tdi tmh quang 45-52% TiO?, Sau dd, tiep luc dOde che bien theo eac edng nghe: (i) Lam giau luyen kim, (ii) che b i l n sau; (lii) ehl bien sau edng nghe cao Lam giau luyen kim: Lam giau bang edng nghd luyen xi titan de nang ham lupng T i dat den 95%; bang edng nghe san xua't rutil nhan tao de nang ham lopng Ti02 dat d i n 92 - 98%, XI titan la nguyen lidu tdt eho san x u l t pigment, Cdng nghe san xuat xi titan khdng khat khe nguydn lidu d i u vao, r i t it p h i thai, thich hpp nhat ddi vdi noi cd ngudn dien gia re San xua't rutil nhan tao, la qua trinh tach sat va cac tap chat de lam giau quang ilmenit Thodng ap dung cdng nghe nung luydn theo cac quy trinh: Quy trinh Becher; Benelite; va ERMS Cdng nghe e h l bien sSu san xuat pigment titan' Cong nghe san xuat pigment TiO? phat trien rIt nhanh vdi cac phoong phap sulphat nam 1916, phoong phap clorua nam 1958, cdng nghd Altair Gan 95% titan dope sO dung d dang pigment Ti02 Cong nghe cao c h i bien TiOs kim loai' Cdng nghe cao c h i b i l n sau dope doa vao san xuat nam 1948 theo quy trinh Kroll Clorua hoa nguyen lieu Titan de thu nhan TlCU; Hoan nguyen TlCU bang Mg de nhan dope Titan xdp; Nau chay titan xdp thu nhan daoc Titan thdi Khoang 5% quang titan dung de san xuat titan kim loai Titan kim loai ehii yeu sOdung d nhiing node phat trien cdng nghiep ten liira, hang khong, vu tru,,, vdi khdi lOong tieu thu cdn nhieu San xua't Titan kem theo phai san xuat Mg Cdng nghe san xuat Titan kim loai doi hdi thilt bi hien dai edng nghe eao, chi phi dien nang rat ldn: 2,5 MegaWh/tIn Titan, vl vay ehi thich hc^ vdi cae node phat trien cao San xult Titan kim loai thoc te phai la Lien hdp san xuat Ti-Mg, Theo quy dinh eiia Thii lodng ehinh phO, cap phep khai thae sa khoang Titan phai ddng bd vdi xay dpng nha may che b i l n sau, Thoc te lai khac, vi dy d Binh Djnh, cimg luc cd CO sd e h l bien Titan d i n den thC^ edng sua't, eon d Binh Thuan c6 16 ddn vi khai thae Titan dang kyxay dong nha may c h i bien sau, nhimg d i n mdi chi cd mdt nha may nghien zircon mjn di vao hoat ddng, t h i hien so thieu ddng bd khai thac va e h l b i l n , d i n d i n hien topng quang khai thac qua tuyen thd, tuyIn tinh rdi doa di xuat kha'u, hoac ban cho cac linh khae, TAC DONG CUA KHAI THAC, CHE BIEN Q U A N G TITAN O^'N MOI TRUdNG Bat ky hoat ddng phat trien nao eung cd tac ddng den mdi trudng to nhidn, kinh t l - xa hdi, Khai thae va e h l biln quang sa khoang Titan eon eat ven biln cung khdng phai la ngoai td da va dang d l lal nhieu tac dpng bat Idi d i n mdi trodng to nhidn, kinh te - xa hdi, canh quan ven biln hd sinh thai nong nghiep, lam suy giam cae tai nguyen khae va gay bOc xue cdng ddng [5,6], Su thay doi dia hinh catTrong qua trinh khai thae sa khoang Titan, be mat dja hinh cdn cat va trat tu dia tang cOa eac Idp cat hoan loan bi xao trdn va thay ddi han so vdi ban dau, Tren be mSt dia hinh dn dmh da hinh Ihanh nhirng hd Irdn, trung, sau - 10m, hoac 20m, ddng thdi xuat hien nhung dun cat mdi ed dp eao khoang - 10m so vdi mat bang xung quanh, cau tO nhung vat lieu cat toi xdp, ludn dl ddng gid, 2, Tham thuc vat va rUng phdng hg bi tan pha De khai thac Titan phai pha bd he thd'ng rung phPng hd va tham thoc vai d ben tren, nhOng hoan phuc lai khong dd dang vi cat hoan thd thieu dinh doPng, thieu node Khi mat cac he thdng ri/ng phong hd ngodi dan phai dd'i dien trOe tilp vdi cac Iran cat bay, cat chay gay o nhidm mdi IrOdng va xam Ian dat san xuat, gay nhieu bOc xue cho cdng ddng dan cU 3, Hoang mac hda cd dieu kien phat tnen: Theo quan niem ciia td chOc Khi tupng the giPi (1994), hoang mac hda bieu thi su tang cudng khd han, thilu am, tich dong mudi dat, giam phi ciia da't, giam dp che phii thuc vat, thay ddi gidng loai va md rdng cae bai eat, hoac so xam lan eOa cac eon cat di dpng Vdi quan niem thi ed the x i p hoang mac d dai cdn cat mien Trung vao loai hoang mac ven bien, ndng, nira cay bui Do tac ddng eiia ngodi cang manh nen dd che phO ciia tham cay cd chju han tren cdn eat cang giam di rd ret va qua trinh hoang mac hda phat t r i l n la nguy co hien hiiru va trd h i l m hoa Day thoc so la van d l bOc xiic ddi vdi edng ddng ven b i l n [5.6] Nguy ca xdi Id bd biSn: Hoat ddng khai thac Titan ed noi ehi each mep node bien khoang 80 - 100m, vay nguy co xdi Id bd bien la rat Idn dieu dd ed t h i hien thoc cd bao Idn tneu codng, hoac moc node bien dang b i l n ddi hau loan cau Tai cae khu vac khai thae Titan da xuat hien cac hien tupng d]a chat ddng loc ven b i l n nho b i l n dang dOPng bd b i l n , sat Id bP moong, cat bay, eat chay., Suy giam nguon nudc ngam: Node moa la ngudn cap node gan nho nhat cho cdn cat, vdy lupng nadc ngam Irong cdn cat la hau han, nhong day lai la ngudn cap node chii yeu cho cU dan sdng d viing cat va canh tae ndng nghiep d ven ria phia Tay cdn cat Hoat ddng khai Ihac, tuyen rOa quang Titan sif dung nhieu node, kha nang mat node bdc hoi tO eac khai trodng rat ldn, vi vay mOc nudc ngam cdn cat bi thap dac biet vao miia khd, anh hadng trac tiep den cac hp dung node eiia eon cat Da co lue, mot cong ty khai thae quang Titan d sat bd bien len l i p dat cac ong hut sO dung node bien de tuyen quang dan den nguy co gay nhiem man ngudn node ngam cdn cat 6- Phat tan cac chat phong xaQua trinh khai thac, van chuyen, che bien quang Titan lam phat tan cac chat phdng xa, rat ed hai den sOe khde cdng ddng Ket qua xa tai khu voc khai thac va che bien quang Titan d Binh Dmh va Binh Thuan cho thay, codng 66 phdng xa d ddng quang luyen odt kha cao, dac biel xOdng tuyen tinh, cac san Tdi n g u y e n vo Moi t r u d n g | Ky - Thang 12/2012 23 2009-2010: Tai nguydn tfnh sa khoang Ti-Zr cap 333 la 347.77 trieu ta'n Tai nguydn bao sa khoang Ti-Zr cap 334a la 210,17 tridu t i n Tdng tai nguydn Ti-Zr c^p 333+334a la 557,94 tridu t i n , tOc la g i p 2,8 l l n so vdi muc tieu de K i t qua that dang mOng vl nd md mdt triln vpng lam giau cho Hoan thSphgc h6i mdi trudng d i t node ndi chung va cho cae tinh Binh ThuSn Ninh Thuan ndi ridng mang tinh doi phd: CSn cO theo Tuy nhidn, can eO vao nhiJmg Luat Khoang san va giay phep khai sd lidu bdo cao d l an [4,10], thae Titan, sau thdi gian khai thac thi khdi laong tai nguyen bao dd md phai t i l n hanh hoan thd, phuc khdng phii hop thae te khach quan hdi moi troPng, tra lai tham thae vat bdi le, (i) Ham lOdng bidn tdng Cdng viec ddi hdi dau to n h i l u kinh phi va edng sOc, nen cac cong khoang vat nang cd ich dung d l ty khai thac Titan thOdng IhOe hien tinh tro lopng tai nguyen la 0,3% mdt each so sai, mang tinh dd'i phd (todng doong 9kg/m3 la rat thap); Mdt sd cdng ty khai thac Titan da (ii) Ham lopng trung binh long san iii mat bang, trdng lai rOng phi khoang vat nSng ed ich cae tao, nhung nhin chung dien tich eon khdi dja chat tinh trCr loong la 0,45% cat sau khai thac Titan cdn d l trdng (loong dOdng 13kg/m3, chCnig td dd Iroc chiem phan IPn Dd la nguy eo la quang ngheo) Can nhd rang, dSn den hoang mac hoa, thap ham lopng trung binh ciia rieng muc node ngam Irong cdn eat ven nguyen td Tl vd Trai da't da la biln [5,6] 0,45%), (iii) Ham lOpng trung binh 9, Mau thuan xa hdi: Mau Ihuan tdng khoang vat nang ed ich limg than quang dao dpng 10 thap xa hpi sinh khai Ihac Titan nhat 0,45% den cao nhat 0,81% Irong cdn cat la tat yeu, eung la thae (loong doong 13- 24kg/m3 chOng to le, vi so chia se Idi ich giOa cac ben khdng co quang giau), (iv) Chieu lien quan ehOa dope minh bach va day Idp kep td'i da tham gia tinh tai cdng bang, Vi vay, ddi ngodi dan viJng ed khai thae Titan da td chOe nguyen la 2,5m, chung td khdi bieu tinh, ngan can hoat ddng khai lupng cat khong quSng chiem iy te thac, tham chi keo dap pha cao t h i tich eda khdi dia chat Ihiel bi eiia cdng ly khai thac Titan tinh tai nguyen, (v) Chieu day than nhu da timg xay d Binh Dmh, Tai quang tang cat dao ddng Binh Thudn eung vay, khai thae 30-200m, eho thay quang d day Titan gay anh hadng den doi sdng phan bd rat sau, lai n i m ven bd ciia nhan dan, tac ddng xau den bien, nen khai thae se gap rat mdi trodng, eac vu khilu nai, khieu nhieu khd khan v l cdng nghe md kien thuong xuyen xay va gia san pham quang se khdng ed tinh canh tranh, Vi vay, d VAN DE BtJ"C XUC TRONG day can tham dd danh gia trCr lopng KHAI THAC VA CHE BIEN Q U A N G chinh xac hon, can tinh loan ehi phiTITAN Ipi ieh md rdng, hieu qua kinh te, Ky vong va lo IBng khai hau qua mdi trodng, nhat la qua thac quang Titan cat trinh sa mac hda Irong dieu kien Theo ket qua de an "Dieu tra, hau khd ndng cua vung va cudi danh gia tiem nang sa khoang Ti-Zr ciJng la ioa chpn so danh ddi giira tang cat vijng Ninh Thuan, khai thac Titan va phat tnen cac Binh Thuan va b l e Ba Ria- Vung nganh kinh t l khae [6] Tau " Bp TN&MT lien hanh pham sau tuyIn tinh, ddng eat thai mdi trodng sau tuyen quang tmh d i u rat eao, vapt ngodng eho phep so vdi tieu chuan an loan phdng xa, (tai Binh Thuan vopt - lan, tai Binh Djnh vopt - 70 lan; noi d l tmh quang Monazit vOdt 100 lan), dac biet lieu chilu gay nguy co ung tho phdi cho ngodi bi nhilm xa [1,6] 34 Toi nguyen v d Moi trudng I Ky - Thang 12/2012 Khdng tuang thich giiJa y§u ciu che bien sdu qudng Titan va thue xud't khilu QuSng Titan c h i bien cang sau, thi gia trj cang cao, nhat la eac don khoang Gia thoong mai tai thi tradng Luan Ddn dd'i vdi san pham Titan: Inmenit FeTlOs (a 51,5%T102) la 120 USD/tan nSm 2010; Rutin TiOt (88 - 90%TlO2) la 300 USD/tin, nam 2007: Zircon [> 65%Zr02) la 1000 USD/tin vao nSm 2010 San pham e h l b i l n sau thi gia x u l t khIu eang cao Inmenit 51,5%Ti02 gia xult k h I u chi la 120 USD/tan; e h l bien xi Titan thi gia san p h I m tang khoang 2,5 lan; san xuat dope Pigment thi tang khoang 10 lan; san xult dope Titan kim loai thi g i p 80 lan Nho vay khai thac va xuat khau quang thd, thi gia ban quang rat thap va ngudn thu ciia nha node khdng toong xCmg vdi gia trj ciia tai nguyen Theo Luat khoang san, Nha node chu traong han e h l xual khau khoang san dang thd, khuyin khich che bien sau, nhong trdn thoc le lai cd so mau t h u i n vdi khung thue xuat: Quang tinh xuat khau chiu mOc t h u l (20%) cdn san pham qua che bien sau thi chju t h u l xuat kha'u lai la 18% K i t qua tinh loan eiia Sd Cdng ThOdng tinh Binh Dinh 10/2009 eho tha'y, vdi mOe thue 18%, xuat khau san pham qua che bien sau se bj Id, chi vdi mOc thue xua't khau < 5% thi mdi cd lai Vi vay eac doanh nghiep ngai che biln sau phai dau t o Idn ma khdng thu dope Ipi Dd chinh la so chdng cheo eac van ban phap luat lien quan den hoat dpng khoang san can dope khae phuc Nguy ca ve "Ldi nguyen tai nguyen" hay "Cai bay tai nguyen" La node cd tiem nang khoang san da dang, nhong vdi hien trang khai thac va che bien khoang san, bao gdm ca quang Titan thdi gian qua cd the day node ta roi vao "Ldi nguyIn tai nguyen" hay "Cai bay tai nguydn" ma nhieu qudc gia giau tai nguyen d Chau Phi da mac phai Cai bay tai nguyen (CBTN) la hien topng eac nen kinh te giau tai nguydn thidn nhien cd xu hodng phat tnIn cham hon nhiing nen kinh t l khdng cd cac tai nguydn thidn nhien dang k l Trdn the gidi cd nhilu qud'e gia da roi vao CBTN nho Nigeria, Angola, Ha Lan, la mat can dd'i cd cau kinh t l , nen quan tri y l u kem va lac hau ve khoa hpc cdng nghd [4] Ngooe lai, cd mdt sd qud'e gia da tranh dope CBTN bang nhCmg chinh saeh, c h i tai hpp ly va nen quan tri chat che, dien hinh d khu vuc Dong Nam A la Indonesia Lidu Vidt Nam se rOi vao CBTN nhO Nigeria, hay tranh dope CBTN nho Indonesia ? Dieu dd, phu thudc rat Idn vao van de quan ly Mot n i n quan li? chat che, rd rang, minh bach khai thac, e h l biln khoang san la mdt nhong mat xieh quan trpng nham giup Chung ta tranh dope CBTN [4] HUdNG T d i BEN V L T N G TRONG KHAI THAC VA CHE BIEN KHOANG SAN • DS danh tai nguyen cac the he mai sau cho Vung ven bien mien Trung la khu VUC tranh chap sii dung lai nguyen va moi tardng, nhieu hoat ddng phat tnIn duac lien hanh ddng thdi tren ciing mdt khdng gian lanh thd Vi vay, can so sanh hieu qua kmh te va mdi trOdng cua cac phuong an quy hoach, de lOa chpn quy hoach nganh kmh te ou tien phat trien, dem lai hieu qua eao mot khoang thdi gian nhat dinh Khdng nhal thiet eO phai hdm khai thac het quang Titan dai cdn cat ven bien Ddi vdi khai thac quang Titan ven bien phai la so loa chpn khon ngoan, thoe chat day la mdt so danh doi chpn Ipe giu'a cac nganh kinh te nho phat trien du lich Ihe thao, giai tri nghi dodng, nudi thuy san, kinh te bien v v va khai thae quang Titan, so danh ddi giija kinh te hdm va mdi trodng tOdng lai, • Tham gia sang kien minh bach nganh cdng nghiep khai khoang tVIinh bach la chu IrOong quan trpng d node ta, liSn tuc dope n h l e d i n van kidn eac ki' Dai hdi Dang, cac van ban phap luat Vidt Nam va cac cam k i t qudc t l DS tranh nguy cd tham nhung, tidu cue, lang phi tai nguyen khai thac, e h l bien khoang san c I n cd quy c h i bat bupc minh bach ve tai nguydn khoang san Hien nay, trdn t h i gidi ed nhilu sang kiln cung nhu each tilp can quan 1^ tai nguydn khoang san ben vung d cap dp loan cau nho: Sang kiln minh bach nganh edng nghiep khai khoang (EITl Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), Chien dich Cdng bd cac khoan ehi tra (PWYP).,, Trong nhiing nam qua, ElTl da dupc giPi thieu cac cupc hdi thao ve khoang san d Viet Nam, ElTl la mdt lien mmh giti'a Chinh phii, cdng ty va cac td chOc xa hpi dan so vdi muc tieu nd luc de tai nguyen thien nhien phuc vu Ipi ich ciia tat ca moi ngodi, ElTl hadng den tang codng kha nang quan tri thdng qua nang cao sp mmh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh nganh cdng nghiep khai khoang ElTl dupc nguyen Thii todng Anh Tony Blair gidi thieu va de xuat tai Hpi nghi Thoong dmh ve phat tnen ben vong d Johannesburg thang 10/2002, Den nay, da co 31 node tham gia thpc thi ElTl, Irong cac node ASEAN cd Indonesia, da cd 41 edng ly dau md, khai khoang da qudc gia ciing 80 to chOc dau 10 qudc telham gia ElTl Ciing vdi dd, hon 100 td chOc xa hdi dan so va cac mang lodi ciing da gia nhap sang kien [4], Lpi ieh tO viec tham gia sang kien ElTl: (i) Ddi vPi Nha node la tang ngudn thu cho ngan sach, giam thieu that thoat tai ehinh; Giam thieu xung dpt giua cac ben va tao dong long tin ciia dan chiing, cua nha dau 10,10 dd thu hut them ngudn vdn dau tU; tao mdi trOdng kinh doanh binh d i n g gioa cac phan, tang chi sd tin nhidm qudc gia ve minh bach, phdng va chdng tham nhung hieu qua hdn, (ii) Dd'i vdi doanh nghiep: Han chd cac khoan chi khdng chinh thOc, dan den nang cao Ipi nhuan; giam thieu xung ddt vdi edng ddng dja phaong; ndng eao vi t h i , uy ti'n cua doanh nghidp, (iii) Odi vPi cdng ddng dd la cd them thdng tin ve hoat ddng eiia doanh nghiep va ehinh phii; tao dieu kien tang cOdng so tham gia, giam sal eiia cdng ddng Irong hoat ddng khoang san TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1, Nguyen NgocAnh, (2008), Trudng phdng xa tren c6n cat ven bien tinh Binh Dinh va nguy ca d nhidm phdng xa khai thac, che bien khoang san Inmenit Hpi Dja Hda Viet Nam 2, Bao cao cua Doan giam sat cOa Quoc hdi vd viec thuc hien chinh sach, phap luat ve quan ly, khai thac khoang san gdn vdi bao ve mdi trudng Hpi thao Khoa hoe, Quang Ninh, 2012 De an "Didu tra danh gia tiem nang sa khoang Ti-Zr tang cat vung Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan va bic Ba Ria- Vung Tau" Bp TN&MT, 2009 Sang kien minh bach nganh cdng nghiep khai thac khoang san ElTl Vien To van phat tnen CQDE, 2011 Dang Trung Thuan va nnk, (2008) Xay dung md hinh trinh didn cdng nghe than thien mdi truong de khai thac quang Inmenit (Ti) cat ven bien huyen Phu My Bao eao Tong hop du an, 6, Dang Trung Thuan va nnk (2011), Khai thac, che bien quang Titan cat ven bien va van de moi trudng lien quan Hdi thao khoa hpc, Binh Thuan, 7, Dang Trung Thuan va nnk (2012), Thuc trang quan ly khai thac va sU dung tai nguyen khoang san boi canh PTBV a Viet Nam NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat," Tdi n g u y e n v d Mdi truong | Ky - Thang 12/2012 JC ... DSe diem tao cDa cac sa khoang Titan tich tu dai cdn eat ven bien la cd ngudn gdc bien va gid Tdng tro lopng da xac dinh nam 2004 ciia cac md sa khoang Titan ven bien mien Trung dat tdi 8,154... va nhieu noi khae [5] Phuang thUc khai thac quang Titan Trong thai gian dau khai thac quang Titan d ven bien nadc ta, phoong thOc khai thac la thii edng ve sau nhd nhap khau edng nghe tien tien,... phia sau: Odng thdi bom quang Titan sau tuyen d i n noi quy djnh, bdc xue san pham, van chuyen ve xi nghidp luyen tinh va che b i l n sau hon Dien hinh eho kieu khai thae la tai cac cdng ty khai