Phi bao ve mdi tru''''dng do! vdi nipdc thai Kinh nghiem quoc te va bai hpc cho Viet Nam T S L £ HA THANH" TS DINH DUC TRU''''dNG" Phi bdo ve moi truang ddi v&i nu&c thai (hay cdn goi la phi d nhiim phi nu&[.]
Phi bao ve mdi tru'dng do! vdi nipdc thai: Kinh nghiem quoc te va bai hpc cho Viet Nam T S L £ HA THANH" TS DINH DUC TRU'dNG" Phi bdo ve moi truang ddi v&i nu&c thai (hay cdn goi la phi d nhiim phi nu&e thdi) Id mdi nhiing cdng cu qudn ly quan irong nhdm hgn chi d nhiim mdi Irudng Cdng cu ndy duac dp dung nhdm dieu chinh hdnh vi cua ngudi gdy nhiim khuyin khich cdc doanh nghiip lap dgi su dung cdc he thdng xu ly nu&c thdi dai lieu chudn cho phep vd Igo ngudn ihu cho hogt dgng bdo ve mdi Irudng Tren thi giai loai phi ndy dd duac dp dung lit nhung ndm 1970 dgc biit la cdc nu&c chdu Au O Viel Nam phi nu&c thai bdl ddu duac ihuc hiin tir nam 2004 sau Chinh phu han hdnh Nghi djnh 67/2003NDCP ngdy 13/06/2003 Tii khoa: Phi bdo ve mdi tru&ng nuac thdi d nhiem moi tru&ng ^ Thuc/phi bao ve moi trudng p dung phi bao ve m6i trudng doi vdi nude thdi (sau day gpi tdt la phi nudc ^Ihdi) Id cdch liep can diing dan nhdm han che nhicm moi trudng tai Viet Nam Ciing vdi viec thuc thi phi nudc thdi va cac cong cu kinh te khac nhu quy moi irudng, ky quy m6i trudng Chinh phii the hien nd lyc vd quyet tam cao viec edi ihien chat lugng moi Irudng vd ban che nhiem Tuy nhien, ben canh nhuTig kit qua khd tich eye, viec trien khai thyc hien phi nudc thdi co mpt so kho khan, bdt cap, lam gidm tinh hieu qud eua cong cu Vi \a\ nghien cuu bai hpc kinh nghiem irong viec thilt kl va trien khai phi nudc thdi ciia cac nudc tren thl gidi c6 y nghia quan trpng, la ca sd de ehinh sua va thyc thi hieu qua phi nudc thdi tai Vipt Nam thdi gian tdi Cong cu kinh te hay cdc cong cu dya vdo thi trudng dugc hieu la cac cong cu chinh sdeh sir dung nhdm tac dpng tdi chi phi vd lgi ich irong cdc hoat dpng ciia cac ca nhan \'a to chiic kinh le de tao cac tac dpng anh hudng den hdnh vi cita cdc lac nhan kinh te theo hudng co lgi cho moi trudng (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003) •TrirfrnR D^i hpc Kinh Ic Qu6c dan Cac cong cu kinh te dugc sir dung nhdm ddm bao muc dich chinh: A Cong cu kinh ie quan ly moi trir&ng Ngay tir dau nhimg nam 1970, nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi da da bat dau sir dung cdc cong cu kinh le quan ly moi trudng Den nay, cac loai eong cu da dugc su dung rpng rdi d cac cap dp khac lir quoc gia den dia phuang nhdm kiem soat nhiem vd su dung ben vimg cdc nguon tai nguyen NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHlNH TR] TH^ Gldl So 4(204) 2013 - 25 Phi bao ve moi trudng doi vdi nu'de thai Mdt Id dieu chinh hdnh vi ciia ngudi tieu dimg va cac nha san xudt Cde cong cu dugc dp dung irudng hgp ndy thudng dugc gpi la cac cong cu khuyen khich Muc dich thudng dat dugc thong qua vice thay doi gia ca ngudi lieu dimg va ngudi san xuat giao dich tren thi Irudng thong qua viec dp dung cac he thong ihue va phi moi trudng Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Dire Tru-cng lieu thay thl Tuy nhien, thuc tl cho thdy co rat nhieu kho khan dp dung cong eu thue/phi Pigou nhu xdc dinh miic thul kiem tra, gidm sdt vd to chiic thyc hien Phi nudc thdi Id mpt dang phi Pigou Thue/phi mdi truang gidn tiip Thue/phi mdi trudng gian tiep la loai thue/phi dugc ddnh mpt cdch gidn liep thong Hai Id tim cac ngu6n tai chinh cho sdn qua vat lu, nguyen lieu ddu vdo hoac san phdm xual hdng hoa hay dich vu cong cpng Muc dich lieu diing md nhirng thir dugc sir dung co lien dugc gpi Id muc dich boi hodn chi phi quan den viec phdt thai hoac gay ion hai tdi moi Cac cong cu kinh te dp dung de dat duge muc Irudng Loai thue/phi lam thay doi gia ca dich la ihue hay phi danh vao ngudi su nhung khong ddnh true tiep vao viec phal thai dung dich vu Ddy Id loai phi ma cac hp gia cung nhu hanh vi gay t6n hai tdi m6i trudng dinh hay cae doanh nghiep phdi ehi tra su Tinh hieu qud ciia ihue/phi moi trudng gidn tiep dung mpt loai hang hod hay mpt loai dich vu cu phu thupc vao ban chat m6i quan he lien ket the Cac ioai thue/phi lien quan den moi trudng giiia CO sd danh thue/phi vd thiel hai ve moi neu dugc dp dung se cho phep tang nguon thu trudng Dieu d6 eo nghTa la quan he lien kel giiia cho ngan sach d muc dp nhat dinh vdi nhiing nguyen Ueu ddu vao hoae san pham cuoi ciing chi phi thap vdi ton hai ve m6i trudng phai dugc xae dinh ro Mpt khong xdc dinh diing moi quan be ndy, 1.2 Cdc logi thui/philien quan den moi tru&ng viec dp dung cong cu se kh6ng eo hieu qua Vice sir dung cac cong cu thue/phi lien quan den moi irudng co xu hudng ngdy cdng gia tdng Cdc logi thue/phi khdc co tdc ddng tai d cac nudc tren the gidi Co kha nhieu loai mdi Iru&ng thuc/phi lien quan den moi trudng, luy nhien d Mpl so sac thue/phi dugc thiet ke vdi mue day chi de cap den loai hinh ca ban tieu ehinh Id tao nguon thu ldn, khong eo muc Thue/phi ddnh vdo nguon phal thdi tieu bao ve moi trudng nhung thuc te co lien quan den moi trudng d mirc dp nhat djnh (Thui/phi Pigou) Thue/phi tieu ihu dac biel danh vdo viec sir Thue/phi Pigou la loai thue/phi danh vdo dung cae nguon ndng lugng duge xem la co lac nguon phat thai mpt hoat dpng cu the gdy dpng lieh eye den bao ve m6i trudng han che nen Ve ly thuyet, miic thue/phi doi vdi moi cde hoat dpng gay nhiem dan \'i duge xdc dinh tai diem ma ehi phi xd hpi can bien eiia mpt hoat dpng bdng vdi (=) Igi ich Mpt so chinh sach thue/phi luy khong co xa hp! can bien thu dugc tir boat dpng Do muc dich gay tac hai cho moi trudng nhung mue thue/phi (thue/phi suat) dugc quy dinh tbuc le CO phdt sinh tac dpng tieu cyc gay thiet bdng mpt so lien cu the, khong tinh theo ty le hai den moi trudng Vi dy, thue/phi sir dung dat phan trdm tren gia cd hang hod So vdi cong cu nong nghiep vdi mue thue/phi c6 dinh ddnh \c ehinh sdch the che thue/phi Pigou co nhieu theo hang dat, khong phu thudc vdo sdn lugng uu diem hon \'e dinh hudng giam thieu thu hoach (hodc thu nhdp tir viec sir dung ddt) nhiem thong qua viec dieu chinh ca cau tieu c6 the khuyen khich su dung rpng rdi phan bon diing, thay doi eau true vd quy mo ciia boat hod hpc, thudc trir sdu Dieu ndy co the gay tdc dpng, thay d6i c6ng nghe su dung cac nguyen dpng lieu cyc tdi m6i trudng 26- -NhOng vin di KINH T ^ vA CHINH TR! T H t G l d l So ( ) ; Ld Ha Thanh - Dinh Dt>c T r u i n g Phi bao ve moi trudng dli vdi nudc thai: Cdc sdc thue/phi quen goi Id thui/phi mdi truang tren the gidi nhdm ban chl tinh trang nhiem moi trudng Giong nhu cac loai thue/phi moi trudng khac, phi nude thdi boat dpng theo nguyen tdc ngudi gay nhiem phdi tra tien (Polutter Pays Principle), qua lao dpng luc de cac doanh ngbiep gidm nhiem, dong thdi tao ngu6n thu de chi tra eho cac hoat dpng bdo ve m6i trudng Mpt vdi sdc thui/phi thudng duge gpi Id thue/phi mdi trudng nhung thuc chdt duge sii dyng de tao ngudn thu ddnh rieng eho cdc muc dich bao ve moi trudng hon la tde dpng tdi gid ea eua viec sir dung cac thdnh phan mdi trucmg Thue/phi nguyen Heu d My ddnh rieng eho "quy ddc biet" 6k xu ly chdl thdi dde biet nguy hilm khong the tdi su dung Id vi du diln hinb vl loai thue Kinh nghiem quoc tc viec ap dung phf bao v^ moi trvdng 2.1 Phi bdo ve moi trtr&ng doi v&i nu&c thdi tgi cdc nu&c phdt trien Thue/phi nudc ihdi dd dugc dp dung tir khd lau d nhieu nudc phal trien, tir nam 1961 d Phdn Lan, tir nam 1970 d Thuy Dien, tir nam 1980 d Due (OECD, 1999) va da mang lai nhimg kit qua dang ghi nhan vice qudn ly nhiem nudc thai gay Thue/phi bdo ve moi Irudng noi ehung vd phi nudc thai noi rieng Id mpt nhdng cong eu kinh tl dugc dp dung bien d nhieu nudc Bdng I: Phi nudc thai tai cac nudc OECD Quoc gia C a s d ddnh phi Mdc phi Muc tieu :hiiih Australia Khoi lugng, dp mdn, AUS$ miic dp nhiem vd 240.000 vung anh hudng i Tai Khuyen khich j chinh Ng non t h u Solugng Sir dung : ^ 1" -i De bil ddp chi phi quan ly vd chi phi gidm sal Bi S6 lugng vd mue (Flanders) ; dp nhiem BEF 980 cbo dan vi nhiem Canada (Quebec) CANS 2/1 tan * trpng s6 tir 1-1.000 + Chuyen vdo quy moi trudng quoc gia Tong khoi lugng Thay doi phdt thdi ciia cdc theo cdc hp gia dinh thj + : FF 6.021 Co quan qudn trieu (1995) Iy nudc Tdng khoi iugng phdt thai ciia cdc doanh nghipp Tiiy thupc vdo Iuu vyc song, khu vyc thai vd loai chat nhiem + T6ng mirc nhiem (dpc hai) DM 70 cho dan \i chat dpc Cpng hoa Phdp CHLB Due Khoi lugng phdt thai mpt sd chat nhiem hang ndm •1- •1- ^ BEF 9,5 ty Tdi trg eho cac • (ciing vdi chinh sdch moi phi nudc trudng thai) _ - , + Nhung vin di KINH T t VA CHlNH TRj THfi Gl6f| S6 4(204) 2013 - + FF 1.018 trieu (1995) Co quan qudn Iy nude DM 655 Diing cho cdc trieu (1997) bien phap bao tri va ndng cao 27 Phi bao v^ moi truong a6i vai nu'de thai: Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Di>c T i w n g chit lugng nguon nudc Muc phi gidm nlu Doanh nghiep tudn thii quy ehe moi trudng Hdn Quoc Mexico Lugng vugt tieu cho phep nhiem chuan Chi phi xu Iy kh6i lugng nhiem vugt lieu ehudn + + Lugng nudc thai vugt qua tieu ehudn cho phep ve nong ; dp COD and TSS, vd khu vyc thai MJ Miic phi dong nhdt eho moi loai ngu6n thai hay lugng nudc thdi Thay doi Kv hieu + -C6 - ^ Khong US$ 8,5 trieu (1996) (eimg vdi phi thdi) Bp Moi trudng MXN52 trieu (1994) Chinh phli + Chuong trinh quan ly tai nguyen nu6c cua quoc gia = Kh6ng CO s6 ieu Nguon: OECD (1999) Theo bao cdo ciia OECD (1999), phi nudc thdi dugc ghi nhdn tai 10 qu6c gia Phan Idn cac nudc ndy deu co muc phi khdc biet tiiy thupc vdo kh6i lugng vd chat lugng chat nhiem He thing phi nhiem ciia cac nudc Bi, CHLB Diic vd Hdn Quoc deu ddt muc tieu tao khuyen khich vd ihay doi hdnh vi cua ngudi gay nhiem, d cac qu6e gia khdc mue tieu chinh Id lao nguon thu Sau day la long ket kinh nghiem cua mpt so viing vd quoc gia tren the gidi Quebec (Canada) Phi nude thai da dugc de xuat tir thdng ndm 1993 ket hgp vdi bien phap hanh chinh vd kiem sodt Phi dp dung cho lat ca cac co sd gay d nhiem cdng nghiep co phdt thai He thong phi eiia Canada Id he thong kep bao gom: i) Phi CO dinh hdng ndm la 2.000CAN$ va ii) muc phi kha bien Id ham sd eiia sd lugng nhiem cu the ciia CO sd thai Ngudi gay d nhiem khdng tra phi se phdi chiu mue phat la 500.000 CANS Phi duge thu hdng ndm theo cong thue: 28" Tong lugng phi hang nam = 2000$ +Li (T*Fi*2S/tan) Trong do: Ti Id long khoi lugng ehdt gay nhiem i; Fi Id trpng s6 dp dung vdi chal nhiem i Bang 2: Trpng so phat thai vao moi trudng tai Quebec Cac chat gay nhiem Thdi vdo he thong Chat ran la liing BOD Thai ngodi he thong Chat ran lo Iimg BOD Thai vao cd vd ngoai h$ tftong Kim loai nang: Dong, chi, kem,nicken, nhom Xyanua Cac hgp chat halogen Polycyclic amoniac hydrccacbon Cac so 0,2 0,4 1,0 2,0 50 100 1000 NguSn: OECD (1999) -Nhirng vin KINH T VA CHlNH TRj T H Gltn S6 4(204) 2013 Le Hd Thanh - Dinh DiJc Tru'dng Phi bao ve moi trudng J6i vdi nudc thai: Nhdm ban che dnh hudng cua Iam phat, mirc phi nudc thai ciia Quebec dugc dieu chinh ty dpng vdo ngdy I thdng hang ndm theo chi so i ^ phat ciia ndm trudc Cgng hoa Phdp Phi nhiem nudc dugc dp dung tai Phdp khoang han 20 nam Phap chia luu vyc song Tiiy Iheo moi luu vyc va cdc chat nhiem, ca quan chirc nang quyet dinh muc phi va quan Bang 3: Lull virc song ly chuang Irinh thu phi nhiem eiing nhu sii dung tien ihu dugc tir cac phi ndy Khac vdi Quebec, viec thu phi tai Phdp dua tren cdc chal phdt thai, khong dua vao lugng phat thai thuc te Khoan lien thu dugc su dung de dau tu eh6ng nhiem ciia nganh, va xay dyng nha may xir Iy nudc thai Ibi Trong giai doan 1982 - 1991, cdc ca quan chiic nang dd dong gop khoang ly US$ cho viec ddu tu nhu vdy IVliJC phi niro^c thai tai Phap (FF/kg) SIM OM NR P SS MET Adour-Garonne 107,00 321,00 160,50 400,00 400,00 935,00 Aitois-Picardie 138,00 274,00 155,00 736,00 2056,00 Loire-Bretagne 94,69 145,67 208,08 679,12 Rhin-Meuse 111,38 222,75 152,82 254,24 160,21 642,50 Rhone 107,00 321,00 165,50 400,00 400,00 935,00 Sein-Normandie 126,50 282,35 254,82 2642,00 Chu thich: SM' Chdl la lung: OM chdl co thi bi xi hda; NR: Nito ngheo; P: Tong luang Pholpho; SS: cde mudi hoa lan; MET: Kim logi vd cdc chdt ddc My Phi nudc thai dugc quy dinh luat "Ldm sgch nu&c" ciia Mj ndm 1972 vd Dao luat "Ngdn ngHa vd kiem scat d nhiim nuac " My thu phi nudc thdi doi vdi tat cd cdc phan nhiem vd quy dinh ngudng nhiem cho cdc chat rieng biet Phi nhilm duge dp dung tren todn the cdc bang ciia My, nhien each thu phi vd miic phi c6 sy khdc biel T^i Boston, cong thiic tinh phi vugl ngudng dugc thl hien nhu sau: C= V[a(SS-DSS)+b(BOD-DBOD)]*k Trong do: C Luang phi phdi nop; V: The tich trung binh ciia nu&c thdi thdi tinh bdng galoon hoge m^; SS: Chdt ran la liing mg/l; BOD: Nhu cdu oxy sinh hoc mg/l; DSS: Nguong ndng chdl ran la lirng 205mg/l; DBOD: Ngudng ndng nhu cdu xy sinh hoc, 2J5mg/l; a: Gid trj udc dinh cho mdi pound cua chdt ran la lirng, (171$/lb/ngdy); b: Gid tri uac dinh cho mdi pound cua nhu cdu o xy sinh hoc, (}88$/lb/ngdy); k: 0.00304 (hdngsd) Tai Bang Massachussetts, co quan quan ly tai nguyen nudc MWRA (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) quy dinh muc phdt thdi theo lieu chuan la lugng nho han 95mVngay dem vd nong dp eua TSS vd BOD khong vugt NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TRI THt Gldl S6 4(204) 2013 - Phi bao v0 m6i trudng doi vdi nudc thai , Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Od-c Tru'dng qua 400mg/l Mue dp xd thai ciia doanh nghiep vugt qud muc dugc xem nhu vi pham tieu ehuan Pbi nudc thai duge dp dung cho nudc thdi CO n6ng dp BOD va TSS vugt qua 400mg/l Ngudn thu tu phi nudc ihdi dugc phan b6 nhu sau: 75% so lien thu dugc diing de tu siia, xay mdi vd trang bi cac trang Ihiel bi de xu ly nudc thai, 15% long so phi nude thai thu duge dua ve Chinb phu, vd 10% lai dugc de lai tai dia phuang trudng He thing phi dugc dp dung tai Cong hoa Sec tu nhirng ndm 1960, CH Bulgary, Hungary va Ba Lan tir nhOng nam 1970 vd mpt so nude thude Lien X6 (cu) tu ndm 1980 (Vincent vd Farrow, 1997) Cpng hda Ba Lan Viec thu phi nudc thai d CH Ba Lan dd duge dp dung tu nhijng ndm 1970 tren co sd ket hgp cac quy dinh tieu chuan ve phat thdi vdi cde cong cu kinh le Phi thdi bao gom phi thong thudng d6i 2.2 Phi bdo ve moi trir&ng doi v&i nirdc vdi cdc don vi thai ndm lieu chudn vd phi thdi tgi cdc nen kinh te chuyen doi phal doi vdi lugng thdi vugt qud tieu ehudn Muc Cac nen kinh te chuyen d6i, ddc biet tai khu phi d Ba Lan thupc muc cao nhdl tren the gidi vuc Trung vd D6ng Au, Lien X6 cu dp dung phi Ndm 1991, kinh phi dau tu cho bdo ve moi trudng bao ve m6i trudng d6i vdi nudc thai nbu mpt d Ba Lan dat 1,3 ty USD Khodng 40% so c6ng cu nhdm cdi each he thong quan ly moi ndy dugc ibu lu phi nudc thdi, Bdng 4: Phi doi vdi cac chat gay nhiem nudc tai Ba Lan Dan vi: USS/ldn Chat gay nhiem Cac nganh BOD COD SS C&S HM VP Che bien nhien lieu Hoa chat, luyen kim 1489 1027 64 7047 2963 Giay va chat bgt 617 398 64 7047 2963 Thtrc pham 3847 357 64 7047 2963 87 64 7047 2963 Chit thai thi 144 Ngudn: OECD (1999) Viee thu phi nudc thai tai Ba Lan luon luon gdp kho khdn khong xdc dinh dugc lugng phat thdi thye te Ben eanh do, ca cdu to chirc thu phi tuong doi phue tap, ehi phi qudn ly ton kem Da phan cdc chat gay nhiem thupc ddi tugng chiu phi vugt ngoai kha ndng kiem sodt ciia CO quan hiiu trdch Ngodi ra, tinh hinh kinh te xa hpi tai Ba Lan dien bien khd phuc tap nhung ndm 1980 - 1990, lam phat tdng nhanh Viec dieu ehinh mirc phi theo lam phdt da dan den nhirng cupc Iranh cai keo ddi Cpng hod Estonia Cpng hda Estonia dp dung phi nude thai tir thang nam 1991 Do Id mpt sy ph6i hgp dp dung cae tieu chudn ve phdt thdi vdi cdc cong cu kinh te Phi dp dung cho cdc chat nhiem ngudng va vugl ngudng tieu ehudn cho phep Neu ngudi gay nhiem vi pham tieu chuan, muc phi cao hon se duge dp dung cho mli tan chat thai vugt qud tieu chudn quy dinh Muc phi cao hon ndy Id mpt hdm sd ve mire dp dpc hai eiia chat gdy nhiem Cd muc dp dpc -NhOng vin di KINH T VA CHINH TR! THE Gldl S6 4(204) 2013 L6 Ha Thanh - Oinh DifC Trifdng Phi bao ve moi trudng d6i vdi nudc thai: Bdng S: MITC phi goc danh vao mpt so chat gay nhiem nirdc tai LB Nga Chat gay nhiem Nhom BOD SS Mirc phi goc Rup/tan 44.350 730 2.950 Canxi 10 Crom 110.875 Dong 2.217.500 Chi 22.175 Diu 44.350 nudc thdi ciia Trung Quoc co the chia thdnh giai doan Glai dogn iru&c ndm 2003 Tat ca cac doanh nghiep co miic phdt thai vugt qua lieu chudn quy djnh deu pbdi nop phi Phi nudc thai ehi dp dung cho phdn thai vugt ngudng tieu chudn eho phep Cac lieu chuan moi trudng dugc quy dinh cho timg ngdnh cong nghiep, muc phi duge quy djnh theo timg loai chal gdy nhiem Cde dja phucmg (cdc tinh, bat, d6 thi) CO the dua cae quy djnh ve lieu chuan moi trudng va muc phi dp dung Tieu ehudn vd muc phi co the eao ban hoac thdp han tieu chuan quoc gia 13 chat nhiem la doi tugng chiu phi nudc thai, nhung viec thu phi chi dp dung d6i vdi chat nhiem vugt tieu chudn cho phep ldn nhat Tuy nhien, viec tinh phi dya vdo nong dp chat nhicm vugl qua lieu chudn eho phep dugc Trung Quoc dp dung trudc nam 2003 da Theo ddnh gid ciia cdc chuyen gia, he th6ng bpc 16 mpl so bdl cap Thd nhdl viec tinh phi phi nudc thdi cua LB Nga dugc thiet ke rdt cbi chi dua vao nong dp chat nhiem co liet nhung qud phde lap vdi rdt nhieu mue phi nudc thai da khien cae doanh nghiep doi vd ch^t nhiem khdc Dieu ndy da gay lrd bdng each pha loang nudc thai Thii- hai chi ngai Idn eho qud trinh thyc thi boi canh linh phi dya tren phan nong dp vugt qua tieu thilu trdm trpng cdc thiet bi quan trac, nhan luc chuan nen dan den tinh trang cac doanh nghiep vd chuyen mon Ngoai nhirng bat on ve kinh doi cho nong dp chat nhiem dat tieu tl, xd hpi, chinh tri tai LB Nga vd ty le lam phat chuan, chu kh6ng khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep cao cung Id nhihig tdc nhan lam gidm hieu qud dau tu xir ly nhiem Han nua, viee chi linb phi cua cong c\i doi vdi ibong so nhiem co muc vugl tieu chuan 2.3 Phi bdo ve moi trir&ng tgi cdc nic&c eao nhat khong lao dpng lue de doanh nghiep han che nhiem d cac th6ng so khac dang phdt trien Ngudn: OECD (1999) De khac phuc bat cap ndy ndm 2003 Trung Trung Quoc Dilu 18 Luat Bdo vc Moi trucmg Trung Qu6c dd dieu ehinh he thong tinb phi Giai dogn sau ndm 2003 QuIc (1979) quy dinh: 'Trong truang hap phdt thdi cdc chdt gdy d nhiem viral qua giai han He thong tinh phi eua Trung Quoc dd co mpt nhd nu&c quy dinh miic phi bdi thu&ng se duae so thay doi nhu sau: dp diing tiiy theo ndng dg vd logi hlnh chdl gdy • Phi duge tinh vdi til cac cdc dan vj d nhiim' Phi dugc dp dyng vdi nudc thai, tieng In vd chit thai phong xa Vice dp dung phi nhiem (cd dan vi tren va dudi tieu chudn cho phep) NhOng vin di KINH TC V A CHINH TRf THE Gldl So 4(204) 2013 - 31 Phi bao v0 m6i trudng doi vdi nudc thai: Phi dugc dp dung cho hem 100 thong sd nhiem nudc thdi Cdc tieu ehuan Bp Moi trudng quy dinh thay d6i tiiy thupc vdo tung ngdnh eong ngbiep, vd muc phi Ibay doi tiiy theo loai chat gay nhiem Ngodi ra, ede dia phucmg eo the dua cac lieu chuan chdt ch5 hem tieu chuan quoc gia vd eo the dua mire phi eao bon miic phi Bp Moi trudng quy dinh He thong tinh phi bao gdm budc: Le Hd Thanh - Dinh Di>c Tripomg Ndm 1997, phi nudc thdi dugc dp dung cho tdt cd cdc doanh nghiep thupc cdc ngdnh c6ng nghiep trpng diem co miic thdi trung binh bdng ndm khodng 4.000 kg BOD Tir ndm 1998 din 1999, he thong pbi dugc md rpng vd bao gom cdc doanh nghiep, eo sd sdn xudl kinh doanh ciing nhu he th6ng nha hdng Thdm chi cdc doanh nghiep co muc thai bdng cung phai chiu phi Han mue 4.000 kg BOD/nam bi xoa b6(LLDA2001) Bu&c 1: Quy ddi cde cdc chdl d nhiem theo COD thdng qua hi sd quy ddi Cdc chat nhiem cang dpc hai se cd he so quy d6i cang thap va muc COD phat thai tuang duang cdng cao Vi du vdi he so goc quy doi ciia COD Id 1, Ihi mirc quy doi ciia BOD la 0,5, ciia Hg Id 0,0005 Hien nay, phi danh vdo tat ed cde doanh nghiep co nudc thdi xd vdo moi Irudng Cdc doanh nghiep ndy bao gdm cde doanh nghiep sdn xudt/thuong mai, cac doanh nghipp cong nong nghiep, cdc cum dan cu vd cdc hp gia dinh Bu&c 2: Tinh phi T6ng khodn phi phdi nop Id long ciia chdt nhiem co muc dp COD quy doi ldn nhat Muc phi tinh cho dan vi COD quy doi, tuang duong vdi 0,7 nbdn dan (NDT Ddi vdi lugng chat thdi lieu chudn muc phi dp dung la 0,7 NDT Doi vdi lugng thai vugt qua lieu ehudn, miic phi dp dyng Id 1,4 NDT Phi c6 dinh bao g6m nhihig chi phi qudn ly chuang Irinh vd phu thupc vdo khoi lugng phdt thdi Muc phi co dinh nhdm trang trai cac chi phi qudn ly ciia Ban Qudn ly h6 Laguna vd phu thupc vdo lugng nudc thdi ciia co sd sdn xudt Phi c6 dinh dua vdo so lugng mau cdn lay de quan trdc hien trang moi Irudng ciia doanh nghiep Theo Ban Quan ly ho Laguna, cdc doanh nghiep cang thai nhieu nudc thdi thi so lugng mau cdn ldy de quan trac cang nhieu va muc phi CO dinh phdi nop cdng cao Philippines Phi nudc thdi dugc dp dung dau tien d Philippines tai viing Ho Laguna ndm 1997 Sau d6 he thong ndy trd Ihanh mpt phan Chuang trinh qudn !y moi trudng viing h6 vd dugc dua vdo quy hoaeh phdt trien eiia viing ho Laguna Myc tieu ehinh eiia phi la khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep xdy dung vd van hanh he th6ng phdng ngira vd xu ly nhiem tai doanh nghiep Hp thing phi tuan thu nguyen tdc, ngudi gdy nhilm phdi trd tien, theo dd cde doanh nghiep phdi chiu trdch nhiem ve cac boat dpng gay nhiem ciia minh Vdi edng eu ndy, cde ed nhdn va doanh nghiep dugc khuyen khich tinh loan cdc dnh hudng mdi trudng vdo qud trinh quyet dinh 32> Phi gom phan: i) Phi cd djnh vd ii) Phi bien doi, Phi bien d6i: Phi bien doi mpt quy ciia eo sd san xuat dugc tinh theo tong lugng nhiem gay quy vd miic phi tinh iren mpt dem vj nhiem gay VF - L n X R T6ng lugng nhiem gay quy (Ln) ciia cdc CO sd sdn xuat dugc tinh theo cong thuc sau: Ln -CfxQrxNrxO.OOI Trong do: Cf Id nong dp trung binh eua chit gay nhiem co nudc thdi eua co sd sdn -NhOng vin di KINH T t vA CHINH TR! THt Gidf S6 4(204) 2013 U Hd Thanh - Dinh Di>c T r u i n g Phi bao ve m6i trudng dli vdi nudc thai: xudl kinh doanh (mg/l hodc g/m^); Qf Id khoi lugng nudc thdi tmh binh quan ngdy md doanh nghiep co thdi nudc thdi vdo m6i trudng (m''); Nf Id s6 ngdy ma doanh nghiep thai nudc thdi vdo moi trudng quy Miic phi bien doi R thupc vao ning dp chdl thdi nudc thai Neu nong dp chat nhiem Cr< 50mg/l thi muc phi R ^ Peso/kg; neu n6ng dp chdt nhiem Cf > 50mg/l thi miic phi R = 30 Peso/kg chat nhiem thdi Phi nude thai bien ddi ciia mpt co sd sdn xuat chi dugc tinh dya tren lugng phdt Bang 6: Co" sff phdp ly LLDA BR 33 LLDA BR 176 Nim ban hanh 1996 2002 tbdi eua mpt chat gdy nhiem co nudc thai cua eo sd san xuat theo quy dinh (hoac la BOD5, hodc Id TSS) Doi vdi cdc CO sd san xuat nude gidi khdt, cdc sdn pham sQ-a, thupc da, giet mo va che bien san pham chan nuoi, thuy sdn, che bien hoa qud, san xuat mia dudng, san xuat giay chal gay nhiem dugc lya chpn de tinh phi nudc thai Id BOD5 Doi vdi cac co sd san xual hoat dpng Irong ngdnb sdn xual xi mdng, phan hod hpe, sdn xual kim loai khai khoang chat gay nhiem dugc lya chpn de tinb pbi nude thai Id TSS Cff cau phi nhiem a Philippines qua cac thoi ky ThM diem c6 hifu lire 17/01/1997 16/04/2002 Phi bien doi (Php/kg BOD) Phi siin xuat Phi CO Neu dinh thu (Php) (Php) (S0 mg/li) 150 m3/ngay 15.000 Khoi liroTig nu'de thai Cac chi thuong tuan Neu khong tuan thu „ tieu 150 m3/ngay 18.000 Co kim nang „ " loai