•gpNGHIEN ClJU •••''''?•• THANH PHAN, KHOI LVONG CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT Ttf HO GIA DINH VA KHA NANG THU HOI, TAI CHE Nghien ciru dien hmh tai quan 1, TP Ho Chi Minh TRAN THI MY Dl£U, LE MINH TRUCfNG[.]
•gpNGHIEN ClJU •••'?•• THANH PHAN, KHOI LVONG CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT Ttf HO GIA DINH VA KHA NANG THU HOI, TAI CHE: Nghien ciru dien hmh tai quan 1, TP Ho Chi Minh TRAN THI MY Dl£U, LE MINH TRUCfNG VA NGUYEN TRUNG VI$T Khoa Cdng nghe vd Qudn ly Mdi trUdng Dai hoc Vdn Lang K it qui nghiln cflu cho thiy, toe phdt sinh chat thai ran sinh hogt (CTRSH) ehi tfl hd gia ^ n h hiln tren dia bdn TR HCM dao ddng khoang 2,1-2,5 kg/hp/ngay, dem (0,53-0,63 kg/ngfldi/ngay, dim) Sau phdn loai thdnh phan: chat thdi ran tbpc pham (CTRTP) vd CTR cdn lai CTRCL), mdi phan da trd nin "sach hdn" Chit thai thflc pham (CTTP) chilm 80,1 - 90,0% phan CTRTR Trong thdnh phin CTR cdn lai, phi lieu chilm 12,2 - 18,0%, chat thai cd thi dot thu hdi nhiet nang chiem 40,1 50,0% CTRSH phat sinh tfl hd gia dinh chilm khoang 50% tdng Iflpng CTRSH cua d phd, dd nlu chfldng trinh phin logi CTR tai ngudn (PLCTRTN) ddi vdi hd gia dinh thfle hien thdnh cdng si giup chuyen mdt lUpng dang ke chit thai thdnh nguyin lieu tdi che va ed dnh hUdng quan din hilu qua cua eae khdu cdn lai be thdng qudn Iy CTRSH eua TR R esults of this study show that a growth rate of household solid waste in Ho Chi Minh City ranges fro 2.1 to 2.5 kg/household/day After sorting out food solid waste, the remaining solid waste becomes "cleaner' Food waste accounts for 80.1-90% food solid waste In th remaining solid waste, byproducts account for 12.2-18% and waste having energy recovery possibilities account for 40.1%-50% Household solid waste accounts for 50% of the total solid waste of the city Therefore, if a source segregation program is successful, a considerable amouni of waste could be converted to recyclable materials whici have positive impact on effectiveness of other solid waste management stages I GlCfl THIEU CHUNG TP HCM Id dd thi Idn, dflng thfl eua Viet Nam vl diln tich (2.095 km' so vdi Hd Ndi 3.325 km-) vd ldn nhat Viet Nam vl din sd (gan 10 trieu dan) eflng nhfl phat triln kinh te - xa hdi, Vdi gan trieu hd gia dinh; hang chuc ngan nhd hdng, khach san, nha nghi, ed sd kinh doanh d c loai; hdng ngdn cO sd ddo tao; hdng tram cO sd y te; trin 10,000 phdng kham tfl nhdn; gan 12,000 cdsd sdn xuat vd ngoai dckliu/cum edng nghiep, khu che xuat mdi ngayTR HCM thai khoang 10.000 - 11.000 tan d c loai CTR (khdng kl cdc loai bun thai) Trong dd, CTRSH phat sinh tfl edc khu dan cfl, khu thflong mai, eo quan, trUdng hpc, vdn phdng lam vice, cd sd cdng nghiep (nha an, van phdng), co sd y tl khdng Idy nhiem (nhd an, vdn phdng phdng benh nhdn) khodng 62 Mdl trddng sd s • Hinh Thu gom vdphdn tich xdc dinh thdnh plum, khoi lUdng CTR ddphdn loai 9.000 tan/ngdy Vdi tdc dp tang khdi lUdng khoang - 8% nam (Nguyin Trung Viet, 2012), CTRSH dang la mdi quan tam ldn nhat vdi nhieu hiem hoa vl mdi trUdng Thflc t l hoat ddng cfla edc cdng trinh xfl ly, tai che CTRSH hiln tai (bai chdn lap bdp vc sinh, chi biln compost tai che tflng thdnh phin rieng biet) edn gap nhilu khd khdn va khdng hilu qua chit thai chfla dfldc phin logi tai ngufin va bj hdn hpp vdi nhflng phan chat thai nguy hai tfl sinh hogt hdng cua ngfldi Nlu mudn tang hilu qua ciia hoat ddng tdi chi, PLCTRTN la NGHIENCUUI mpt d c d c h tilp cln de giii quylt khd khan dang xly Cho din nay, d c so lieu nghien cflu vl thdnh phin CTRSH tfl d c ngudn phat sinh khIc trin dia bdn TP HCM ndi rieng va cd nfldc ndi chung vin cdn han che va khdng liln tuc So U^u diu tiln ve thinh phin CTRSH tren dia ban TR HCM Trung tim CENTEMA thflc hien ndm 1995-1997 (CENTEMA, 1997) va dupe lap lai vdo nlm 2008 Bin canh dd, nghien eflu cua Byer vd cpng sfl (2006) cung da danh gii phin CTRSH tfl hd gia dinh, khdch san va chd tgi TP Da Nang Nghien cflu vl phan vl die tinh CTRSH tfl cic hd gia dinh vflng dong bang sdng Cflu Long vdo ndm 2010 II NOI DUNG NGHIEN CUU Dl dat muc tieu nghiln cflu trin, nhflng npi dui^ sau day dl dflpc thuc hiln: - Khdo sit, xdc djnh thdnh phin va tdc dp phat sinh CTRSH tfl hd gia ^nh; - Dinh gia kha nlng tai cbl CTR tfl hd gia dinh sau phin logi tai ngudn vd nhflng Ipi ich (vl kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trfldng) cd thi dat dflpe dinh dflpc phat hai tui nildng mdi ngay: tui mau xanh dflng CTRTP vl tui man dd dpng CTRCL Hang ngdy, cdng nhin din thu gom CTR tfl d c hd gia dinh theo hai thdnh phin da phdn logi (Hinh 1) Nhdm nghien cflu tilp nhan chat thai tfl d c xe thu gom dl phin tich xae dinh thdnh phan va toe dp phat sinh tfl ngdy 15/8 - 5/12/2013 Khau phan tich phan CTR dflpc thUe hiln thu edng Tflng thdnh phan chat thdi dfldc phan logi III PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN rilng vd d n xac dinh khdi Iflpng Ty ClTU le gifla khdi Iflpng tflng thdnh phin 90 hd gia dinh cflng khu so vdi tdng khdi Iflong CTR phin phd thude P Ben Nghe, Quan da tieh mdi ngdy cho biit thdnh phan dflpc Ipa chpn dl thUc hiln thi diem cua chat thai PLCTRTN Khu vUe nghien cflu dflpe Ifla chon theo cic yeu td sau: IV KET QUA HOAT DONG Dl dinh gii kha nang thu hdi, CTRSH dflpc thu gom bdi Cdng ty PLCTRTN tdi ehi d c thdnh phin cd Dieh vu cdng ich quan, nhfl vdy se Thanh phan CTRTP da phan CTRSH cua hd gia dinh triln thudn tien hdn tap huln cdng loai tfl ho gia dinh va kha nang tai khai chfldng trinh PLCTRTN, tdc thu gom CTR sau phdn loai chi nghien cflu da thpc hiln tbi diem ddi vdi edng nhdn thu gom; Khu Ket qud phan ticb phin tai R Bin Nghe, Qudn nhim vpc dupe chinh quyen dia phfldng CTR tfl xe thu gom CTRTP cho thay xac djnh phin CTR sau dl xuat tham gia chfldng trinb; Khu thdnh phan ndy van cdn ldn phin logi vd tde phdt sinh CTR din efl ed thu nhdp tfl trung binh d c tap chat, thfldng Id: Tui nildng tfl hd gia dinh ldm cd sd Ifla chpn trd Iln va diiu kiln mdi trfldng sdng (gdm tui quy dinh/hd va edc tui phflOng In cdng nghe tai che chit khd tdt se giup cdng tdc tuyin truyin khdc dflpc ngfldi dan chfla d c loai thdi vl d c chfldng trinh hanh ddng va tap huln PLCTRTN dUdc thuan ehat thdi, bd ehung vdo tui chda flu tiln cdng tdc quan ly CTR tiln Trflde trien khai hogt ddng CTR thflc pham); Vd hop sfla; Cdc ciia TR HCM Bin canh dd, kit qua PLCTRTN vd lay mdu phan tich, cdc loai nhUa (rd, rd, chdu, ca, can, ly nghiln cflu cung giup ddnh gii sfl hd gia dinh dflpc tap huan dl biit nhfla bi vd); Tro, sdnh sfl; Cde thdnh tham gia cua d c hd gia dinh ddi d e b phdn loai, Iflu trfl va chuyin phan cdn lai khdng the bdn phi Ulu, chat thdi dl phin loai cho cdng nhin nhflng cd the dot chay nhfl ta cm be, vdi Chfldng trinh PLCTRTN thu gom theo quy dinh Mdi hd gia bang ve sinh, vai, cao su, chin dia dung mdt lan, vd hop sfla chua, ) (Bang 1) Bang Thanh p h ^ C T R T P d a p h a n l o a i t f l h o g i a d i n h Trong dd, ty 11 Idn nhat la thflc T^ le (% khoi li/cAig i/dt) •a Thinh phin an thfla vd chat thai tfl ehi bien thfle Gidtrjd^ctrtAig Trung binh (co tan suiit xuat hien cao nhat) an, gpi chung la CTTP (chilm 80,1CTTP 80,1-90,0 81,6 90,0%), sau dd Id chit thdi khdng Thdc an thita 50,1-70,0 68,8 the tdi ehe nhflng cd kha ndng chay VddCra 3.1-4,0 3,3 (10,1-15,0%) Tuy theo mflc Xi/Ong bd 4,6 0.0-1,0 tuan thu cua cdc hd gia dinh Vfttfc 0,0-5,0 4,9 PLCTRTN, ty le ldn cic tap chit TiJI nllAng 4,1-6,0 4,9 khde CTRTP dao dpng gifla Nllfing trJnq 1,1-2.0 1.9 cdc ngdy khae dot khao NilAng miu 2,1-3,0 2,9 sat (Hinh 2)