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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY DOAN THI HANH THE EXISTENTIAL TREND IN CONTEMPORARY VIETNAMESE POETRY Major: Vietnamese Literature Code: 22 01 21 DISSERTATION SUMMARY Nghe An, 2022 The dissertation was conducted and completed at Vinh University Scientific supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Dang Diep Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The dissertation was defended before the Dissertation Assessment Committee at the institutional level Location: Vinh University Time: At……,Day……month……… year 2022 The dissertation can be found in: - National library of Vietnam -Nguyen Thuc Hao Center for Information -library, Vinh University PREFACE Reason for choosing the topic 1.1 Literature and art in general and poetry in particular always move and develop in certain historical and cultural contexts The Contemporary Vietnamese poetry from the “renovation” that started in 1986, has dramatically changed and has gained many remarkable achievements Existentialism is a trend that gives poetry of this period many unique creations, from the sensory aspects of life, human and writing techniques 1.2 The root of existentialism was created from existential philosophy, one of the great philosophical movements of the twentieth century The absorption of the influence of existentialism in the contemporary Vietnamese poetry is not only in various authors and literary works but also in the depth of perception and thought that created a remarkable phenomenon as a milestone marking the renewal of national poetry 1.3 In reality, there has been some different opinions about the assessment of existential trends in contemporary Vietnamese poetry In our thesis, the researchers would like to investigate the nature of the problem, starting from philosophical concepts in order to see a dramatic change in creative thinking and aesthetic sense of the contemporary poets that help to contribute in affirming the existence of this tendency and to give the readers a clear, accurate and concise view Purpose and tasks of research 2.1 Research purposes Through surveying, analyzing, interpreting the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry, the thesis aims at determining the presence of existential tendency with its own characteristics and socio-aesthetic meanings, thereby proposing some ways on approaching and researching this object in order to affirm the contributions of existential tendency in contemporary Vietnamese poetry in the development of Vietnamese poetry 2.2 Research mission 2.2.1 Overviewing, evaluating the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry and establish the basic methodology to complete the thesis 2.2.2 Focusing on Vietnamese poetry from 1986 to the present, classifying and identifying the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 2.2.3 Surveying, analyzing and clarifying the characteristics of existential trend in the contemporary Vietnamese poetry in terms of expressive content 2.2.4 Surveying, analyzing, and giving a general review of some characteristics of the existential tendency in contemporary Vietnamese poetry in terms of art of words in literary Finally, some conclusions are suggested in the thesis about the role and socio-aesthetic significance of the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Objects and scope of research 3.1 Research subjects The topic focuses on researching the existential tendency in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.2 Research scope Based on the all-contemporary Vietnamese poetry, the thesis focuses on typical poems relating to existential tendency The study utilized a number of literary works from 1986 up to know to deal with existential inspiration of typical contemporary Vietnamese poets: Nguyen Quang Thieu, Mai Van Phan, Truong Dang Dung, Inrasara, Vi Thuy Linh, Ly Hoang Ly, Pham Thi Ngoc Lien, Doan Thi Lam Luyen, Phan Huyen Thu,… Research Methodology To complete the thesis “A study on the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry”, the thesis is used a combination of various research methods as follows: 4.1 Historical method: The historical method is guidelined to identify the evolution of contemporary Vietnamese poetry in the process of absorbing and creating some great imprints of existentialism 4.2 Analytic-synthetic method This method is analyzed and synthesized the main contents of previous research published on the orientation of the thesis 4.3 Comparative method This method is used to compare and contrast the similarities and differences in the existential sense of Vietnamese poets on both synchronic and chronological axes as well as some similarities and differences of ideological trends in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 4.4 Typological method This method is used to approached, evaluate, and interpret the issues investigated according to the characteristics of the ideological typology and genre typology 4.5 Interdisciplinary research method The method is used to approach information from some disciplines of specialized knowledge such as: culture study, philosophy, psychology, linguistics in order to refer and to shed light on the investigated issues in the thesis 4.6 Structural-systemic method This method is used to consider the research object in various aspects as well as in many different relationships in the progress of literary development in order to find out the essential features and the law of motion of the content studied in the thesis New contributions of the thesis - The thesis focuses on researching the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry with systematic and specific study - The thesis is not also reinterpreted the characteristic points of existential philosophy for the purpose of identification in contemporary Vietnamese poetry but also has more or less highlighted some remarkable comments on the receiving and applying process of existentialism in Vietnam over the past half century - The thesis presets, affirms and identifies the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry based on using a combination of a number of literary methods such as culture study poetic method, etc - Based on analyzing and evaluating the large number of great works of typical poets, the thesis affirms the presence of existentialist tendencies in contemporary Vietnamese poetry with characteristic features in terms of both expressive content and the art of organized words - The results of the thesis will be a useful reference for researching and teaching of modern literature at schools Thesis structure In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and References, the thesis consists of the following four chapters: Chapter Overview of the research problem and theoretical basis of the topic Chapter Identifying existential trends in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Chapter Some basic features of existentialist trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry from the content expression Chapter Some main features of existentialist trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry from the art form Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 An overview on research problem 1.1.1 Research works on existentialism and manifestations of existentialism in modern Vietnamese literature 1.1.1.1 Introduction of existentialism, the relationship between existentialism and modern Vietnamese literature Within the scope of the thesis data collection, the research has focused on the following basic issues: First, the statistical results in the thesis have tried to approach a definition of existentialism because it is a complex movement which expressed in the form of irrational thinking dealing with unfamiliar thought and words Second, the studies have confirmed that existentialism is one of the earliest adopted ideologies that has a far-reaching influence in the South of Vietnam Third, the researchers state as a fact the natural and close relationship between the movement in philosophy and the literature in general and literary creation in particular When compared to other genres, poetry has "advantages" in expressing existential ideology 1.1.1.2 Research works on the expression of existentialism in modern Vietnamese literature The vast of research works have confirmed that existentialism appeared in Saigon in the fifties of the twentieth century Although originating from the Western nations, when entering in Vietnam, this movement was restructured with indigenous elements, appealed to intellectual and reached its peak in the South of Vietnam After 1975, especially after 1986, the dramatical changes of the country after the war led to a change in thinking, perception, and deep exploration into the human being that created a premise of rising existentialism There have also been a number of studies by researchers into various fields of existentialism recently Some critics have harshly criticized existentialist literature Contrary to this opinion, the others have objective views when approaching existentialist thought In general, these researchers considered existentialism as an expression in reflections on the movement of national literature They stated that existentialism refers to the sadness, the reactions to reality of intellectual and artists They asserted existentialism is a philosophical theory approaching humanism because it is concerned the nature of the human destiny To sum up, with the change of society and real life, after 1986, a lot of authors had a more thorough understanding of existentialism 1.1.2 Research works on the existential thought and existential trends in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 1.1.2.1 Studies on inspiration and existential thought in contemporary Vietnamese poetry In general, some research works on existentialism in contemporary Vietnamese poetry is still very sporadic and isolated Referring to this issue, there have been many criticisms, articles or master's theses Through these research works, the great influence of existential thought has created a composing tendency in the poetry of different generations of writers 1.1.2.2 Research works on existential trends in contemporary Vietnamese poetry The title of this thesis is "A study on existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry", therefore, "trend", "existential trend" "contemporary Vietnamese poetry" have become the key words and phrases of the research topic The concept of trend is made of a group of writers who share a common idea of creation and ideology in sense perception of the reality in writing style The term is based on philosophic and aesthetic field It is said that the existential trend was shown in many valuable works of some wellknown authors whose works have expressions and nuances of existentialism Thus, the concept of existential trend is broader than the concept of existential sensibility In general, there has not been an elaborate research and discussion on existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry in a systematic, comprehensive and in-depth studies in this area 1.2 Some theoretical issues related to the topic 1.2.1 Existentialism Existentialism was a philosophical theory which formed before World War I, was most influential in the World War II, emphasizes individual existence and its relationship with the world Human life can only be understood through the individual's existence, that is, through each person's experience, commitment in life Each person creates his own world, "personal life" and define their own meaning in life The birth of existentialism is an inevitable social phenomenon, after a wide range of studies on the origin of the universe, on perception, the problem of the human condition, the relationship between the individual and the society, between freedom and necessity were interested in by philosophers and writers Those are related to intimate, practical, "existential" issues with the modern people 1.2.2 Some theoretical issues related to the existential trend in Vietnamese literature Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory studied the inner of personality and personality development in order to find appropriate solutions for the external manifestations of the objective, which are expressed in human behaviors whose influence on moral and social values First laid out by Sigmund Freud – an Austrian psychiatrist in the late 19th century Intertextual theory Intertextual theory is a system of discourses about texts in an attempt to shed light on problems with texts Because existentialism is considered one of the most difficult philosophies to understand, therefore, using intertextual theory will contribute to decipher some contradictory concepts, abstract concepts that are new and quite strange to readers Theory of the typological studies - literary genres and trends The typology is interested in the regular characteristics that have dominance in the forming and developing of a phenomenon or a group of literary phenomena The typology studies clearly indicate an aesthetic community in poetry Trends in literature refers to the phenomenon defined by a group of writers who share an origin or style of thought (in regards to form, ideologies, themes, and expressions) which express the people’s sense of self-esteem in their works By investigating the various approaches to poetic trends, the movement and development have been a focus on the poetry Dealing with some concepts and categories of modern poetic theory, the thesis centers on the key concepts of modern poetic theory such as: artistic conception of people, artistic time, art space, structure of works, how to organize literary works Sub-conclusion Existentialism is a form of philosophical movement that flourished in the West which have become a popular movement towards the end of World War II There have been various research works on existentialism of prestigious scholars in Vietnam and in over the world These research works have given readers a clear view of existentialism and its presence in Vietnam The eexistential imprints are shown in a lot of literary works as an evident and abundant in period 1955-1975 in the South when there was the reflection of existential philosophy - aesthetics In the period after 1986, in the social context with new historical conditions, existentialism has re-emerged and has had a far-reaching influence in poetry and social life Many composing contemporary Vietnamese poetry imbued with existentialist themes in this period Chapter IDENTIFYING EXISTENTIAL TRENDS IN COMTEMPORARY VIETNAMESE POETRY 2.1 Overview of contemporary Vietnamese poetry and the classification of poetic trends 2.1.1 Overview of contemporary Vietnamese poetry In period after 1986 up to now, contemporary Vietnamese poetry has affirmed its efforts after a long -term development The historical context of the new era requires the poet’s view of life to make profound changes in their artistic thinking One of these changes is that contemporary poets have received new and modern ideas of the world, including the influence of 11 2.2.2.1 Appearance of existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Regarding the composing writing in Vietnamese poetry after the year 1986, many generations of poets converged on a large group with creative style diversity Regarding the aesthetic sensibility of the composing writing, poetry was continuing to follow the poetic flow of traditional poetry, however the developing of contemporary poetry in the era of peace and reunification has some points of difference These are objective factors that are consistent with the movement of national poetry 2.2.2.2 The movement of the existentialist trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry After the period 1986, the perception of people in contemporary Vietnamese poetry has also been changed Like literature in general, poetry is concerned with varied aspects of human inner The individual ego rises and deals with the demands of reality which is the premise to create a new conception of reality with the existential consciousness of contemporary Vietnamese poetry 2.2.3 The position of existentialism in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Existentialism plays a central role in the existentialist trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Because existentialism is a philosophical movement that deals with "the central issue is the human" Existentialism itself always concerned about the human condition, so the expressions of existentialism in poetry are often focused on the problematic character of the human situations through which the individual is continually confronted with diverse in life Sub-conclusion After the period 1975, especially after the year 1986, the historical and social and literary premises have created the great conditions for the reappearance of existentialism which led to the making of a remarkable trend 12 in contemporary Vietnamese poetry From the changes in historical and social circumstances after the year 1986, the change in the writer's thinking and aesthetic conception has contributed to affirming the formation of existentialist trend Existentialism has had a process of formation, movement and development with an irreplaceable position in contemporary Vietnamese poetry With a large number of members, the authors have shared the same conception of thought, aesthetics, and purpose of composition contributing to create a great phenomenon in contemporary Vietnamese poetry, marking a remarkable innovation in receiving the existentialist thought Chapter SOME BASIC FEATURES OF EXISTENTIALIST TREND IN COMTEMPORARY VIETNAMESE POETRY FROM THE CONTENT EXPRESSION 3.1 The consciousness of self-expression in an existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.1.1 The consciousness of self-expression in an existential trend in poetry In philosophy, the self is understood as the conscious self that contains its characteristics in order to distinguish oneself from others In poetry, the ego is always in movement on the current moment In terms of society and life, the ego is both the subject and the object When studying life and literature, it is impossible to ignore the human ego Vietnamese literature from the Middle Ages to the present has witnessed a rich diversity of selfexpression The change in thinking, feeling, and way people think about has created a great change in the aesthetic conception of people about the self in literature and poetry The movement of the individual ego is considered as the aesthetic foundation, a measure for the social development The imprints of existentialism appear in the wide range of literary works of many contemporary Vietnamese poets Existentialist trend is not appeared in the entire composition of contemporary poetry and neither in 13 the entire literary works of a poet It is shown in each poem or group of poems contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.1.2 Expressing the existential self - a popular trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry Many contemporary poets aim at exploiting the human ego that carries the pain of not being themselves, the pain of living in an irrational society, and the values being reversed The ego after the hidden struggles revealed the desire to find myself again It attaches itself to the hidden memories, worries and concerns only about human life It is the ego that worries about the anomalies and calamities in the life that make human become doubtful and insecure In addition, contemporary poets focus on the self-structure in relation to itself and in associated with the community In general, self-expression in contemporary poetry has many tendencies It expresses the self-emotional, the self-irrational, the selfmultidimensional that are not based on any literary standards Depending on each creative personality, this expression is different, and that diversity has created the richness and colors of existential poetry The ego in existential poetry has given readers the unique experiences, and especially, they helped readers to go deep on the mysteries in human soul 3.1.3 Forms of the existential self in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.1.3.1 The ego and the alienation of self The ego is associated with human nature According to the existential philosophy, the main content explores the problem of human existence, centers on the human being and the existence of human being The consciousness ego is the awareness of the tragic sense of loss of individuality The ego in contemporary poetry was shown modern human beings’ inner ego, feel increasingly effort in preserving the individuality in a world full of insecurity, irrationality The ego in contemporary poetry has shown the consciousness ego in the titles of the poems (I paint my face, I call me, I seek my face ) Through these collective poems, the authors pointed 14 out some anxious questions that concerned with the self-existence, selfworrying in life 3.1.3.2 The existing, eternal self and the non-deterministic, indeterminate self The eternally existing self means that we can feel and read ourselves through the mirror of poetry The undefined self always has feelings of anxiety and insecurity before a limited life Human with a lonely nature because of making themselves in their nature They have no support for reason, find their own way, therefore, they live by themselves to get worried Their state of feeling lonely about nothingness and inexplicability The existentialist ego in contemporary Vietnamese poetry, therefore, are often related to the death anxiety 3.2 The human perception in the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.2.1 Some theories of perception The perception of human in contemporary Vietnamese poetry is the human perception with various sensory experience of our life In the new era of globalization, people have had a good standard of living for themselves and have thought more deeply themselves Many Vietnamese poets have expressed their interest in people in the new era The people were inspired in contemporary poetry are the real-life people but not the people of the image, people of function When returning to personal ego, people put their best on themselves, to be honest with their feelings 3.2.2 Human being with needs and desires for earthy life Human being has the essential needs to survive, desires for freedom, a desire to commit, and is ready to take part in challenges in life Existentialism is the exploration of human existence with emphasis on the role of sex It is seen as a human variation seeking freedom, escaping from their loneliness and affirming the individual unique Existential poetry is concerned with the human being, human existence, real-life human, therefore, the object that contemporary poetry aims at the natural human The 15 deepest longing for sensuality in contemporary Vietnamese poetry is a prominent existential expression Behind the liberation of sexual taboo in the old society, the liberation of hidden memories, mental traumas, sexuality is an expression of the awakening of the individual person and the expression for the continuous traditional culture in folklore Contemporary Vietnamese poetry has shown a dramatically change in the cognitive thinking and aesthetic conception in order to create a new and modern voice for poetry 3.2.3 Human being desiring for freedom, commitment and some limitations, imposibility Existentialism is a philosophy of freedom Freedom, according to existentialism is freedom of choice Human are forced to choose freely by takeing part in challenges in life, committing themselves One of the quality defines who we are as human being is always aspired to rise in life To geting out of the boring and mediocre life, human accept to face some challenges insecurities, barriers or higher risks and failures Daring to commit and accept to the challenges of life, human can affirm their unique personality Contemporary Vietnamese poetry have shown that the authors have performed on different writing style in rebellious commitments of human in many aspects of life The aspiration for freedom and commitment of human refers obviously to a goal of human aspiration 3.2.4 Human condition with grief, worries about fate, loneliness and death Existential philosophy believes that life has no intrinsic meaning or value Human being is always searching for themselves but they have never set their goal Therefore, human life is an unresolvable contradiction They have always correlated with the sense of time, sadness and death The ego in contemporary Vietnamese poetry is associated with anxiety about the human condition It is doubtful that human life is full of impermanence The ego is constantly looking for itself In the aesthetic of contemporary poetry, the ego self is the most beautiful, valuable and admirable 16 3.3 The concept of the "existence" time of the existential man in contemporary Vietnamese poetry 3.3.1 The fragility, the finiteness of human life Man is conscious of time Contemporary Vietnamese poetry centers on human life and death Human being is always aware of the limitation of their life Therefore, they live at the present but always trouble with the insecurities and losses that happening at present 3.3.2 Past - present - future and the obscurity, agnostic Being aware of the fragility and limitation of human life, existential man is aware of the obscurity and agnostic in the world Agnosticism is a stance on the limits of human knowledge They who have come out of many cruel wars feel anxious and insecure about the absurd and chaotic reality People feel isolated so that they always arouse a good deal of passion for cohesion and integration Contemporary Vietnamese poetry has shown many thought-provoking sentences that have long since captured the readers interest in thought of human self Sub-conclusion Through some remarkable poems of contemporary Vietnamese poetry, the readers clearly recognize the expressions of existentialist categories It is ego self, loneliness, absurdity and sexuality The imprint of existentialism expressed with different levels of expression The human value and existential human condition are referred a lot in literary works of contemporary poetry Many poets have also clearly revealed the artist's thoughts and concerns about real-life issues that are meaningful A number of generation of poets has pioneered in the process of Western existentialism, contributing to affirming the movement and development of Vietnamese poetry in the context of integration 17 Chapter SOME MAIN FEATURES OF EXISTENTIALIST TREND IN COMTEMPORARY VIETNAMESE POETRY FROM THE ART FORM 4.1 Writing style, poetic form and poem organization 4.1.1 The compatibility between existential contents and modes of expression In general, contemporary Vietnamese poetry is written in an existentialist style which unity between the content and form in each poem Each work has a close structure between every element in order to create a complete artistic one The content of a literary work does not express outside of the form, and the form does not express "autonomy" of the content Every element in the structure of the literary work is closely connected In particular, the literary work is lively context in which the elements were determined and depended on each other in order to express the meaning of the work 4.1.2 Main features in writing style, poetic form and poem structure In literature, writing style the manner of expressing thought in language characteristic of an individual in using words, structure, means of expression for a specific art form A writing style is an author's unique way of communicating with words Because of directly associated with writing style, some authors shared the same a unique writing style that distinctly them in literature Writing style has a narrower concept which refers to the ways that the author uses words In order for the literary work easily approaching people's hearts, each poet chooses for himself a stylistic form of poetry Through the poetry, readers can partly realize the emotional thoughts that the author has conveyed in their artistic work In term of organizing a poem, it is the link layout -structure to make a literary poetry There are many different 18 poems that are impressive in writing style, art form and organization Formal experiments of literary poetry always contain ideas and thoughts about life and human life of contemporary poets, especially existentialist poets 4.2 Outstanding existential lyrical tone nuances 4.2.1 Boring tone - melancholy Tone is considered the stylistic basic means of literary art form, an indispensable measure to determine the writer's unique talent and style It is an expression of the poetry in each period in general and contemporary poetry in particular The boring tone often appears through verses inspired by human and world issues, about people's private lives Poetry have expresses existential boredom in the poem in several levels: 1) Boredom with oneself; 2) Bore of others; 3) Bored about humanity Existential anxiety often arises when people start to feel fear and anxiety It is feeling sad for no reason It comes from the fact that people are aware of the value of their own lives When they realize the value of life, the value of their existence, they may have feelings of anxiety They may also have experience feelings of doubt about life and themselves Therefore, their sadness is associated with contemplation, questioning before countless questions about life with full of absurdity 4.2.2 Doubtful voice - questioning People doubt about irrational reality and the existence of human life Modern life is full of material conditions, but existentialists argued that people increasingly feel lonely They are lonely because of the trivial reality of life, chaos to create mental trauma The boring and irrational life led to a state of cynicism, inertia, and pessimism People live dependent on others They not feel competent to live their own lives without others Therefore, they take a skeptical mood before the absurd reality, the meaningless of life To survive, people have struggled for thought, awakening to rise in life ... tendency in contemporary Vietnamese poetry in the development of Vietnamese poetry 2.2 Research mission 2.2.1 Overviewing, evaluating the existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry and establish... contemporary Vietnamese poetry 1.1.2.1 Studies on inspiration and existential thought in contemporary Vietnamese poetry In general, some research works on existentialism in contemporary Vietnamese poetry... contemporary Vietnamese poetry The title of this thesis is "A study on existential trend in contemporary Vietnamese poetry", therefore, "trend", "existential trend" "contemporary Vietnamese poetry"