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I^J_ KHOA HOC KINH ji VA QUAN Lt N G A N H MO VONG DUNG, TINH HINH KHAI THAC, CHE DIEN GRAPHIT TREN THE G i d l V A VIET NAM TS OAO DUY A N H , TS DO HONG NGA, ThS TRAN THj H I ^ N - Vien Khoa hgc va Cong nghg Md-Luydn kim Dgc d i i m , b'nh chat d a graphit ^ d c u n g dung Graphit Id mgt dang thu hinh cua cacbon Graphit la khodng vat m i m , cd dp cung t u 1H-2 (theo thang Mohs) va k h i i l u g n g ridng 2,09^2,23 g/em^ Graphit cd mau xdm d i n mdu den, m d dye va cd dnh kim Khae vdi kim c u o n g , graphit ed dg ddn nhigt ddn dign cao, nhigt ndng chdy r i t eao (> 3800 °C), i n djnh d nhidt dd eao, dgc bidt tro ve mdt hda hpc Cdc khoang c h i t t y nhidn eh&a graphit bao g i m : thach anh, calcit, mica, thien thach ehua sat va tuamalln Tinh t h i graphit hoan chinh vd cDng hiem, chDng tgo thdnh nhung t i m lyc giae, ddi ed v i t khia tam giac trdn mat, tap hgp thdnh vay mdng, nhung k h i i hinh que hay hlnh thoi r i t h i i m Do ddc diem c l u true tinh the ndn graphit cd nhieu tinh chat g i i n g kim loai n h u : dan nhigt d i n didn t i t , hda tan kim logi nong chay Graphit Id phi kim n h l t ed mdt s i ddc tinh hda ly g i i n g kim loai Graphit gom logi: t y nhidn va nhan tao Graphit t y nhien d u g e sdn x u i t t& qugng ttnh graphit vdi ham l u g n g va kich t h u d c hgt khdc Graphit nhdn tgo d u g c san x u i t ehu y i u t u nguon c i e dau md Graphit d u g e phdt hi^n ed nguon g i e t u qua trinh b i i n chat Id b i i n hon so vdi graphit co dung nham nDi l u a DD theo each nao thi nhigt dp cao, dp s u i t cao cDng mdi t r u d n g hoan nguyen Id cdc d l i u kidn tidn q u y i t cho s y hinh graphit Graphit hinh t y nhidn Id cdc tinh t h i tinh k h i l t , nhien hinh th&c ton tgi cua chDng cae logi qugng Id khac Graphit vd djnh hinh d u g c hinh thdnh t& qud trinh b i i n c h i t cdc via than antraxit ton tai t r u d e dd, graphit dang vdy d u g e cho Id hlnh d u d i edc dal d u o n g s a u , lang dgng cacbon huu ea Ngoai ra, cdn ton tgi mOt so hinh th&c khde eDa graphit n h u eac mdnh graphit xdm n h i i m md da cam thach hay graphit dgng vdn, dang mgch D y a vdo dang ton tgi cDa graphit eae md qudng ndi trdn, n g u d i ta chia qugng graphit thdnh ba logi chfnh vdi nh&ng dge d i i m nhu Bang Do graphit ed n h i i u dge tinh v u g t trOi ndn nd d u g c &ng dyng n h i i u ITnh v y c khdc nhau, Theo USGS nam 2012, nhu cau tidu thy graphit trdn t h i gidi n h u Bang S^ng ) D$c diem cOa cdc loai graphit tir nhien [1} ^^^^HrLo^i ^^^^^H f flo hiem ^ ^ Dang tinh t h i Hlnh thai tinh the Kich thyd'c (mlcromet) Tv (fl/cm^) Ham lutmg C Irong qujng (%) Bo k i t tnh graphit (%) flien try suit (n.cm) B n tiD{y|bJlt san Dham (%) ^ k J^^^^^^^^^HH V5 dinh hlnh Rat p h i b i l n Vi tinh t h i Hat >37 2,31 20-^40 28 0,091 70+85 ^ ^ • u n a p CtNG NGHllP MO, S01-2016 """ Vay Pho bien Vay tinh the, tho Vay, tam 100-I-177 2,29 101-12 99,9 0,031 85+95 Cao T | Jj^ "• ^1 Mgch Hilm gap Tinh the tho Tam, kim >177 2,26 >9D 100 0,029 95+99 R i t cao ;;^ _^[J KHOA HOC KINH T l VA OUAN Lt N G A N H M Bang LTnh V^K vd nhu cau tieu thu trdn the gien W Thi tryong Vgt iieu chiu Ilia, due, noi nau kim loai Pin Luyen kim Chit bfii tron Linh kien Khac Tong Ngudn: graphit Nam 2012 39% 9% 28% 9% 10% 6% 100 % USGS Cac &ng dyng cy t h i cDa graphit nhu sau: 1.1 Vdt lieu chju Iwa Graptiit d nhigt nong chdy rat cao cung khd nang c h i n g tham kim loai, chong an m6n tot Trong mgt s i logi gach chju lua (MgO-C) yeu d u ve kha nang c h i n g an mdn, chong thdm tot ludn d thdnh p h i n graphit hdm lugng graphit d n g cao thi tinh c h i t cDa gach d n g t i t nhung gia ggch cung tang len tuong &ng Noi nau kim logi dugc che tao tu hon hgp set va graphit (ch&a 85 % C dang vdy Idn) hogc SiC va graphit (chua 80 % C dang vay nhd) Ndi n l u kim logi s u dyng graphit vdy Idn, frong ggch MgO-C d n graphit vdy khdng qua Idn 1.2 Pin Graphit t y nhidn vd t i n g hgp dugc s u dyng d i san xudt andt cDa t i t d d e d n g nghd pin ffiin hinh bao gom pin so d p (pin s u dyng mdt lln), pin th& d p (pin d ttii sac lgi), pin xach tay, pin d n g nghidp [2], Pl- Nhu d u v i pin, chD y i u Id pin ion lithium va pin NiMH tang, lam cho nhu d u graphit tang vao c u i i ndm 1980 va d i u nhung nam 1990 S y tang trudng la nhu c l u vd phdt t r i i n eac t h i i t bi dign t& dl dgng n h u may nghe dTa CD cam tay, dyng cy dign, xe ffi$n, mdy tinh xach tay, ffi$n thoai di ddng, mdy tinh bang, va cae sdn p h i m didn thogi thdng minh [3], [4] Pin xe didn cung d u g c d y dodn sd tang nhu c l u graphit 1.3 Chat dan difn Graphit la chat d i n ffidn khd t d t nhung dgc tinh n i l trpi lam cho graphit khdng the thay t h i bang cdc vat ddn khdc la d khd nang chju nhigt cao cQng n h u c h i n g an mdn hda chat cua nd Graphit cd t h i Idm dign eyc cho eae be dign phdn, eho edc id h i quang iioac Idm choi than t i i p dign d c dgng off didn 1.4 Ccr Mgt nhung dge ffiim dde dao cDa graphit Id tinli c h i t bdi trgn Bpt graphit tron vd dgc bidt d tinh i n ffinh d u d i ffiiu kidn dp suat vd nhigt dp cao N h d dd, graphit d u g c s& dyng nhu chat bdi tron khd mdy mdc hgng nang d i gidm va cham giua d c bp phgn hay nhung noi c6 nhidt dp cao bat tiiudng Graphit d the p h i i trgn thdm chat khdc 6k tang c o tinh, s& dyng n h i i u ehi t i i t ydu d u m a sat nhd va chju nhidt n h u vdng bi trugt, xec mang, o true dan va vdng ddm n i l hoi, khac dau, mdy bom chan khdng 1.5 Cdng nghiep hang khong vu tru Do s y on ffinh nhidt dac bidt cao cung ty trpng nhg, graphit vd d c san pham cua nd da tim dirge nhieu c h i d&ng trang &ng di,tng hidn tai va t u o n g lai cDa nganh d n g nghidp hang khdng vu tnj Mdt so &ng dyng cDa graphit nganh d n g nghigp hdpg khdng vu try bao g i m cac hop ddng co, ong n i , d i u tdn lua, mui tdn l&a, c h i t cdch nhigt [5] 1.6 Cong nghidp hat nhan l>ng dyng eua graphit edng nghidp hgt nhdn bao gom Id vdt ligu xay Idt cDa nha mdy hat nhan, bd d i i u hda va phdn xa nhigt, d t nhidt va vgt lidu d&ng Id thu d p Trang tuong lai, cac Id phdn &ng hat nhan se cd nhiet dO lam vide tdi 1000°C, do yeu d u vdt ligu cd tinh c h i t i n dinh nhi^t va ty Id h i p thy notron cao Hign nay, cde edng trinh tgp trung nghidn c&u sdn x u i t eae san p h i m t u graphit de dap &ng mue dich ndy Theo tinh todn, mdt 16 phan &ng tdng s6i A GW d n 3000 t i n graphit d i xdy dyng vd 1000 t i n graphit d i vgn hanh moi ndm [6] Tinh hinh khai thac, c h i bien graphit tren the g i d i Theo d u lieu cua eg quan khdo sat khodng sdn Braxin nam 2013, tru lugng qudng graphit trdn todn t h i gidi khoang 130 trigu tan, dd Braxin e h i i m hon 44,5 % t i n g tru lugng, Trung Q u i e d&ng thu hai vdi 42 % t i n g tri> lugng Gan ddy, n h i i u nguon quang graphit Idn cung d u g e tim thay d Hdn Q u i e , Tridu Tidn, Oe, Tuy nhidn, cho d i n v l n chua ed so lidu t h i n g kd tin cdy d u g c cdng b i Mdt s i quoc gia ed ngudn tai nguydn graphit ddng k i d u g e trinh bdy Bdng Bing Trw Iwang quing graphit tren thi gidi Tta lyqn y ^ ^ ^ r a p h | t ^ ^•ja • 2013 1f i'} EiUll ^iiiiii.ft'i>ll^^ An nfl ••• iiiin \ Mexico • •• 100 • Madag"SSr«^' f^'-">94ff KhScB 960 J °'- anil "^^lil 42 « 8,5 25 1^ (Nguon: USGS) CONG NGHIEP MO, S - KHOA HOC KINH T l VA QUAN Lt N G A N H MO Ding thoi vdi nguin tai nguyen graphit dli dao san CO cung nguin nhSn lyc gia re, nydc hoan toan cd thi huy d|ng sSn xuat dD dap Crng nhu cau graphit cOa thj tnj'dng thi gidi tyong lai Mpt s l nha may san xuit graphit Idn tren thi gidi dyo'c trinh bay B4ng Tuy thupc vSo mgc dich sy dung ma graphit co nhirng yeu clu chat iyong kliac BSng IS tieu chuin graphit phim va ITnh vyc sy dung theo Qingdao Develop Import and Export Co., Ltd (Tmng Quoc) Graphit ty nhien da dyoc khai thac ti> lau Cun^ v6i sy hl#n dgi hoa khong ngirng, nhu cau ve graphit ty nhien cung tang len qua cac nam Sy tang tnjong cua c6ng nghigp san xuat graphit tu nhien dy