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DAO TAO NGHE CHO NGl/OI LAO DONG DAN TOC THIEU SO 6 VIET NAM Nguyin Th''''i Khdnh AV* Trong nhung nam qua, Viet Nam da quan tam chii trgng dfin viec phat trien ngudn nhan luc cho ngudi din tdc thifiu sd[.]
DAO TAO NGHE CHO NGl/OI LAO DONG DAN TOC THIEU SO VIET NAM Nguyin Th'i Khdnh AV* T rong nhung nam qua, Viet Nam da quan tam chii trgng dfin viec phat trien ngudn nhan luc cho ngudi din tdc thifiu sd Tuy nhien, d vung cao, viing sau, vung xa, ty lfi tai mu chii cao, tinh trang hgc sinh bd hgc cdn nhieu, nhat la hpc sinh nii em cac gia dinh ngheo Mot sd dan tgc it ngudi chua cd ngudi tdt nghiep trung hgc phd thdng Den nay, van hon 95% sd lao ddng la ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd chua qua dao tao va chua dugc trang bj trinh chuyen mdn ky thuat co ban Trinh ciia dOi ngii can bp lanh dao, quan ly d viing ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd cdn thap, chua dap ling dugc yfiu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua cac dia phuong Thurc trang dao tgio nghi cho ngirdi dan toe thieu so Dfi an Dao tao nghfi cho lao ddng ndng thdn dfin nam 2020 (cdn ggi la Dfi an 1956) dugc Thli tudng chinh phii phfi duyet theo Quyfit djnh sd 1956/QD-TTg 27/11/2009 thuc hifin 11 nam (20102020) vdi muc tifiu day nghfi cho khoang 10,6 trieu lao ddng ndng thdn, viing dan tdc thifiu sd, hd trg day nghfi cho 6,54 ' Trung tSm b6i dOng chfnh trj huy?ii Than Uyen, tinh U i Chau trifiu ngudi; dao tao, bdi dudng 1,1 trifiu lugt can bd, cdng chiic xa Qua nam trifin Idiai De an nay, da cd nhieu lao ddng khu vuc ndng thdn, vimg • dan tdc thieu sd dugc dao tao nghfi, phan ldn lao dOng cd vific lam mdi hoac tiep tuc lam nghfi cu cd nang suat, thu nhap cao hon Viing trung du mifin niii phia Bac co ty lfi ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd dugc hd trg hgc nghe cao nhat (59%), tifip theo la Tay Nguyfin (50%), BSc Trung bp va Duyfin hai mifin Trung (15%), Tay Nam bd (13%)^ Kfit qua day nghe cho lao dpng ndng thdn vimg dan tdc thifiu sd (DTTS) tinh dfin hfit thang nam 2013 la nhu sau: Tdng sd lao dpng ndng thdn dugc hgc nghfi la 886.621 ngudi, lao dpng la ngudi DTTS 223.792 ngudi, chifim 25,24% so vdi tdng sd lao ddng dugc dao tao Ty le lao ddng la ngudi DTTS dp tudi dugc dao tao nghfi theo Dfi an 1956 la 223.792 tdng sd 7.820.909 ngudi, chifim ty lfi 2,86% (trong ty le lao ddng dp tudi dugc dao tao nghfi cua cua ca nudc la 37,3%) Tdng sd lao dpng ndng thdn sau hpc nghe co viec lam la 620.028 ngudi, dat ty le 73,07% so vdi tdng sd lao ddng da hgc xong nghe Ciing tinh den thang nam 2013, ty le lao dgng ndng thdn, lao ddng la ngudi DTTS tu Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 08(120) thang 8/2015 :49, Pao tao nghe cho ngifcli lao dong j | | | Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly tao viec lam sau hoc nghe chiem ty le cao (63,1%); dac biet lao dpng hpc nghS nong nghiep tu tao viec lam chiem ty le rat cao (87,74%) Kit qua dao tao nghe duoi mpt nam ciia 32 tinh chi chiSm ty le 4,97% (938.930 nguoi t6ng s618.874.910) so vcri lao dpng dp tu6i Kit qua dao tao ngh6 duoi mpt nam ciia 26 tinh co dong dong bao DTTS la nhu sau: s6 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS dp tuoi dupc dao tao nghe duoi mpt nSm chi chiem ty le 5,73% (277.659 t6ng s6 4.850.247 nguoi) Kit qua dao tao trinh dp trung cip nghS ciia 21 tinh CO dong ddng bao DTTS chi chiSm ty le 0,48% so voi tSng s6 lao dpng la ngu6i DTTS (18.641 nguoi t6ng s6 3.887.043 nguoi) KSt qua dao tao trinh dp cao ding nghe cua 16 tinh co dong dong bao DTTS chi chiem ty le 0,17% so vol tong so lao dpng la nguoi DTTS (6.016 nguai tong so 3.445.927 nguoi) Ty 1? hp ngheo chung cua ca nuoc giam nhanh, tir 14,27% nam 2010 xudng 9,6% nam 2012 (giam 4,67%) Ty 1? hp ngheo tinh theo cac viing giam tit 4,24% dSn 7,91% Tuy nhien, ty 1? hp can ngheo ciia ca nuoc iji giam rk it, tit 7,51% nam 2010 xu6ng 6,57% nam 2012 (0,94%) Ty le hp ngheo cac tinh co dong d6ng bao DTTS tai viing cao hon nhieu so vol ty ie hp ngheo ca nuoc: Ha Giang 35,03%; Dien Bien 45,38%; Quang Binh 39,49%; Quang Tri 40,21%; Dak LJk 27,95%; DJk Nong 38,58%; Soc Trang 28,24%; Tra Vinh 29,14% Hon nam, co 16.000 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS dupc thf hucmg chinh sach xu4t khiu lao dpng, da di lam viec co thoi han o nudc ngoai, 7.132 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS thupc 62 huyen ngheo Da s6 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS di xuit khiu lao dpng 50 deu CO viec lam, thu nhap on dinh Cac ho gia dinh nha co nguon thu nhap da thoat ngheo, dau tu xay dung nha, mua sim tai san, diu tu phat triSn san xuit, kinh doanh hipu qua Cac ket qua neu tren cho thay, cac Bp, nganh va dja phuang da tich cue trien khai thuc hien hoat dpng dao tao ttghi cho lao dpng nong thon gin voi thuc hien chinh sach nong nghiep, nong dan, nong thon va chuang trinh xay dung nong thon mai; xac dinh ro cac muc tieu, chinh sach, doi tupng phil hpp kJ hoach phat triSn kinh tj - xS hpi giai doan 2010-2015 Cong tac tuyen truySn, quan triet quan diem, muc tieu, to chirc tap huin triSn khai thuc hien boat dpng dao tao nghS cho lao dpng nong thon viing DTTS da d^t nhihig ket qua nhat djnh, buoc dau t^io dupc su chuyen bien nhan thuc ciia cac cap, cac nganh va nguai lao dpng ve y nghTa, sir can thiet ciia viec hpc nghe doi vai lao dpng nong thon, gin muc dich hpc nghe v6i nhi^m vu xoa doi giam ngheo, phat trien san xuat, nang cao chat luang cupc song, chuyen dich CO cau kinh te, ve lao dpng va viec lam, bao dam an sinh xa hpi tren dia ban nong thon, mien mil vimg DTTS Tuy nhien, mpt so dja phuang khu vuc nong thon vimg dan tpc thieu so chua thyc su quan tam den viec ho trp lao dpng nong thon sau hpc nghe, dac biet la van de von va thi truong dau cho san pham nguiyi dan tao ra, nen hieu qua day nghe doi vai lao dpng nguai dan tpc thieu so chua cao Viec xac dinh nhu cau dao tao tai viing dan tpc mien mii ban che, chua sat vdi nhu cau cua ngudi hpc va ngudi sir dyng lao ddng, dan den hpc xong, kho khan tim viec lam Dd an da thuc Men dupc hon nam, nhtmg hien vin mdt bp phjn lao Tfp chi nghien citu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 08(120) thing 8/2015 Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly ii^ne uio nguoi iao oong dpng ndng thdn vung dan tdc mien niii chua bifit cd chinh sach hd trg hpc nghfi hoac biet nhung khdng hifiu rd chinh sach, din tdi tinh trang di hpc khdng gan vdi nhu cau, hoac hpc cho cd Difiu ciing cho thay su han chfi cdng tac tuyfin truyfin tdi ddng bao DTTS vfi nghfi dao tao, co hpi vific lam, thu nhap Ddng thdi, anh hudng khdng nhd tdi viec chuyfin dich co cau lao ddng va chifin luge phat trifin kinh te-xS hdi ciia mdi dia phuong Cd nhieu ly khifin ddng bao chua man ma vdi dao tao nghfi nhu thifiu sy ddng bp td chiic thuc hien, mang ludi day nghfi nhieu bat cap, co sd vat chat, thifit bi chua dap irng yeu chu Cdng tac tu vin, hudng nghiep hpc nghfi chua phii hgp vdi dieu kien, kha nang ciia ngudi dan va nhu cau cua xahdi Nhung bat cap ve dao tao nghfi d vCing ddng bao dan tdc thifiu sd cd thfi ndi dfin mpt sd nghfi ma hpc vien cd nhu cau that su lai ' khdng cd danh muc dao tao nghe, tir dan den tinh trang thira ma thifiu lao ddng d mot sd dia phuong Trong cd kha nhifiu ngudi dan bifit rang di hpc nghfi dugc nha nudc hd trg 100% chi phi hgc tap, nhung hg van khdng man ma, vi tir ban lang xa xdi trung tam huyen de hgc nam trung cap, may thang so cap ciing phai cd tien an d, di lai Mdi thang dii tan tifin het miic cung khoang tren mdt trifiu ddng Ddi vdi cac gia dinh d viing sau, vimg xa, khoan chi phi van vugt qua kha nang chi tra ciia hp Ket qua giam sat tai 12 tinh viing dan tdc thieu sd, bao gdm: Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Son La, Thua Thien - Hufi, Quang Nam, Gia Lai, D4k Lak, Khanh Hda, Ninh Thuan, Kien Giang, An Giang cho thay: Mang ludi CO sd day nghfi d cac tinh da dugc quan tam dau tu bSng nhifiu ngudn vdn, nhung lai tap trung tai trung tam huyen, phd la chii yeu; ft co sd dao tao, hoac CO sd phan hifiu tai cac trung tam cum, xa Trong khi, ddng bao DTTS dai da sd sdng d cac xa, ban vung sau; ngai di hpc xa nha; mdt sd nghe dao tao ngan ban lai chii yfiu gan vdi md hinh day nghfi tai xa, thdn, ban Thuc trang dan den viec thieu chii ddng cho cdng tac phan ludng dao tao, gay khdng it khd khan cho ca ngudi d^y va ngudi hgc, nhat la khau thuc hanh Ben canh do, cac ldp dao tao lao dpng viing DTTS chii yeu la tap huan, bdi dudng kifin thiic san xuat (dudi thang), rat it dong bao DTTS cd co hpi dugc hpc nghfi bai ban, chinh quy hon Mdt sd ndi dung, chuang trinh dao tao nghfi cdn nang vfi ly thuyfit, chua thuc su phii hgp vdi trinh dp nhin thiic ciia ddng bao DTTS Thyc te dan dfin tinh trang da sd ngudi lao ddng sau dugc dao tao nghfi van lam nghfi cu (nghe ndng nghifip chifim ty lfi trfin 80%) Cae nhan td anh hudng den cong tac dao tao nghe cho ngudi lao dong dan toe thieu so 2.1 Quy mo, ca chu, chat Iwffng ngudn nhdn Iwc ngw&i ddn tdc thieu sd Ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd cd khoang 12,3 trifiu ngudi, chiem 14,27% dan sd ca nudc, sdng tap trung chii yfiu d viing mifin niii phia Bac, duyen hai mien Trung, Tay Nguyfin va ddng bang sdng Ciru Long Lao ddng ndng thdn (LDNT), lao ddng la ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd chu yeu tap trung vao ITnh vuc san xnit ndng - iam - ngu nghiep (trfin 70%), cdng nghi?p - xay dyng (khoang 10%), djch vu (khoang 20%) Da sd LDNT, lao dpng la Tgp chi nghiin cwu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 08(120) thang 8/2015 51 Dao tao nghe cho ngUdi lao ddng^ Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly ngudi DTTS tir 15 tudi trd len cd trinh dp tifiu hgc va trung hgc co sd; sd lao ddng dp tudi khdng bifit chO chifim ty lfi cao, nhit la khu vuc mien mii phia Bac va Tay Nguyen He thdng trudng phd thdng dan tdc ndi tni khdng ngiing dugc ciing cd va phat trifin nhung van khdng thu hiit dugc nhifiu ddng bao ngudi DTTS den hpc Ca nudc hifin cd 346 trudng vdi gan 60.000 hpc sinh thupc 45/53 dan tdc thifiu sd Vimg mifin mii da CO trung tam dai hgc khu vuc Tay Bac, Ddng BIC, T3y Nguyen va Tay Nam bd He thdng trudng dao tao nghfi, trudng cao dang dugc Cling cd, phat trifin Den nay, ddng bao cac dan tdc thifiu sd mdi cd trfin 13.000 ngudi cd trinh dp tren dai hpc, dai hpc, cao dang; hon 78.000 ngudi cd trinh trung hoc chuyfin nghiep ngudi dan tdc thieu sd tai dia phucmg; Chinh sach uu tifin difim ddi vdi hgc sinh thi da.i hgc, cao ding tao co hdi cho hgc sinh tai cac viing mifin cd difiu kifin kinh te - xa hgi khd khan; Chfnh sach hd trg hgc sinh la hd ngheo tai cac xa dac bifit khd khan; De an hd trg dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn theo Quyfit dinh 1956/QD-TTg; Chinh sach tin dung ddi vdi hpc sinh, sinh vifin ngheo Nha nudc cung ban hanh mdt sd chfnh sach cd anh hudng gian tiep dfin phat trifin ngudn nhan lyc vimg dan tpc mien mii, tieu bieu: Chuong trinh 135 giai doan II; Nghi quyfit 30a/2008/NQ-CP ciia Chfnh phu vfi giam ngheo nhanh va ben vung vdi 62 huyfin ngheo giai doan 2009 - 2020 Mdi day nhat, 01/7/2015, Thii tudng Chinh phu vira ban hanh Quyfit Ddi sdng ciia da sd ddng bao DTTS cdn dinh 971/QD-TTg sua ddi, bd sung Quyfit nhifiu khd kh5n Ty le hg ngheo nam 2012 dinh 1956/QD-TTg 27/11/2009 ciia tai viing DTTS khoang 38% Phong tuc, tap Thu tudng Chinh phii phfi duyet Dfi an "Ddo quan ciia mdt sd DTTS cdn lac hau; trinh dp tgo nghi cho lao dgng ndng thdn din ndm san xuat lac hau, thd so; nang suit, hieu qua 2020", dd, siia ddi ddi tugng ciia Dfi an lao dpng thip; phin ldn san xuit ty cung ty "Ddo tgo nghi cho lao dong ndng thdn din cip, san xuit hang hda cham phat trifin hoac ndm 2020" Theo Quyfit dinh 1956/QDquy md nhd, le, ty phat Difiu anh TTg, ddi tugng ciia De an "Dao tao nghe hudng ldn dfin dgng lyc di hpc va nang cao cho lao ddng ndng thdn dfin nam 2020" la tay nghfi ddi vdi ddng bao ngudi DTTS lao ddng ndng thdn tudi lao ddng, 2.2 Cache, chinh sdch cua nha nw&c vi cd trinh dp hpc van va siic khde phu hgp dao tgo nghi cho ngw&i lao dpng viing ddn vdi nghfi can hpc Trong dd uu tifin day tgc thieu sd nghe cho cac ddi tugng la ngudi thudc difin dugc hudng chinh sach uu dai, ngudi cd Trong nhirng nam qua, nhifiu chii truong, cdng vdi each mang, hd ngheo, hg cd thu chinh sach tryc tifip lifin quan dfin giao due nhap tdi da bang 150% thu nhap ciia ho dao t^o da dugc ban hanh va td chiic thyc ngheo, ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd, ngudi tan tat, hi$n nhu: Chinh sach xay dung va phat trifin ngudi bi thu hdi dit canh tac he thdng cac trudng phd thdng dan tdc ndi tru; Chinh sach cir tuyfin hpc sinh vao cac Tai Quyfit djnh 971/QD-TTg Uiidng dai hpc, cao ding, trung hpc chuyfin 1/7/2015, quy dinh tren da dugc siia ddi, bd nghi?p nhim dap iing yfiu ciu vfi can bp la sung Cu thfi, ddi tugng ciia De an "Dao tao 52' Tgp chi nghiin cii-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 08(120) thang 8/2015 iiyiie cno nguai iao flong Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn Ngan sach trung uong hd trg cd muc tifiu cho cac dia phuong chua ty can ddi ngan sach de thyc hifin chfnh sach hd trg dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn Vific phan bd kinh phi cho cac dia phuong trfin co sd quy md lao ddng ndng thdn, nhu cau thyc te vfi dao tao nghfi, dao tao bdi duong can bd cdng chirc cap x§ ciia cac dia phuong, trfin co sd dinh hudng va can ddi chung cua ca nudc, timg ITnh vuc ndng nghiep, cdng nghifip, dich vu; uu tifin cac dia phuong viing Trung du, mien niii phia Bic, Tay Nguyfin, ddng bang sdng Cuu Long; vimg bifin, dao; cac dia phuong Cac nghfi dao tao cho lao ddng ndng thdn cd dan sd la ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd tir 100 dugc quy dinh la phai da d^g, cu thfi, theo ngan ngudi trd Ifin hoac cd dan sd la ngudi nhu cau cua ngudi hpc va thyc tifin san xuat; dan tpc thifiu sd dudi 100 ngan ngudi, nhung til dao tao mdt cdng doan, mdt k5^ nang nghfi cd ty lfi dan sd la ngudi dan tdc thifiu sd td nhat dinh, dfin dao tao cap van bang, chiing 5% trd len va dia phuang td chirc thyc hifin chi mdt each day dii, toan difin theo quy dinh dao tao nghfi cho lao ddng ndng thdn dat tir cua Luat Giao due nghfi nghifip 80% trd Ifin cd viec lam mdi hoac tifip tuc 2.3 Ngudn tai chinh ddu tw cho cdng tdc lam nghfi cu cd nang suat, thu nhap cao hon ddo tgo nghe cho ngw&i lao dpng ddn tpc sau dao tao thiiu s6 Trong difiu kifin ngan sach nha nudc cdn Dfi tifin hanh cdng tac dao tao nghfi cho eo hep, ngudn tai chinh dau tu cho dao tao ngudi lao ddng dan tgc thifiu sd thi can thifit nghfi dugc huy ddng tir cac td chiic qudc tfi, phai cd ngudn luc tai chfnh dfi thyc hifin cac CO sd giao due nghe nghiep, doanh Ngudn lyc tai chfnh dugc huy ddng tir nghifip, ca nhan va cpng ddng ngudn vdn ngan sach nha nudc va ciia cac 2.4 He thdng cff s& ddo tgo nghi cho doanh nghifip, ca nhan, don vi, td chiic ngw&i lao dgng d&n tpc thiiu sd va ngoai nudc Trong nhung nam qua, he thdng mang Vific Sli dung kinh phf dfi td chtic hd trg ludi CO sd day nghfi cho LDNT dugc tSp dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn thyc trung dau tu, phat trifin tir cap tinh, den cap hien theo co chfi dat hang, giao nhifim vu dao huyfin Nhieu tinh mifin niii, khu vyc ndng tgo theo quy dinh ciia Luat Dau thau, Luat thdn, cd ddng ddng bao DTTS, nhifiu huyfin Ngan sach nha nudc va cac van ban hudng ngheo da cd co sd dao tao nghe Nhieu dia dan Luat phuong da dugc dau tu, dua vao sir dung Cac dja phuong ty can ddi dugc ngan nhiing co sd dao tao nghe, trang bi tuang ddi sach phai bao dam kinh phf tir ngan sach dia day du Budc dau da hinh dgi ngu phuong dfi thyc hifin chinh sach hd trg dao giao vifin day nghfi, ngudi day nghfi, can bd nghfi cho lao ddng ndng thdn dfin nam 2020" la lao dpng ndng thdn tir dii 15 tudi dfin 60 tudi (ddi vdi nam), dfin 55 tudi (ddi vdi nii), cd trinh dp hgc van va siic khde phii hgp vdi nghfi can hpc Dfi an dat muc tieu cu the giai doan 2016-2020 la dao tao nghfi cho trifiu Iao ddng ndng thdn, do, khoang 5,5 trifiu lao ddng ndng thdn dugc dao tao nghfi (1,4 tri^u ngudi hgc nghe ndng nghiep va 4,1 tri?u ngudi hpc nghfi phi ndng nghiep) Sau dao tao, it nhat 80% sd ngudi hpc cd vific lam mdi hoac tifip tuc lam nghe cii nhung cd nang suat, thu nhap cao hon Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 08(120) thang 8/2015 53 Pao tao nghe cho ngu&i lao dgng Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly quan ly theo yfiu cau cua cac co sd dao tao nghfi Mpt sd dia phuong da quan tam dao tao dpi ngii giao vifin, thu hiit can bp chuyen mdn, nghfi nhan, nha kinh doanh tham gia day nghfi, hudng dan thyc hanh, true tifip truyfin nghfi cho lao dpng hgc nghfi Hiu hfit cac tmh dfiu cd tir - trudng cao ding nghfi, mdt sd trudng trung cap nghfi; cac huyfin dfiu c6 trung tam dao tao nghfi hoac trung tam giao due thudng xuyen Mdt sd dia phuang td chiic md hinh day nghfi luu ddng, lifin kfit cac co sd day nghfi cua dja phuang vdi cac Bd, nganh Trung uong, vdi cac doanh nghifip va ngoai tinh dfi phdi hgp dao tao nghe, bd tri viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng Bfin canh viec td chiic dao tao nghfi cho lao ddng ndng thdn theo nhu cau hgc nghfi, cac dia phuong va co sd day nghfi da quan tam xay dung, phat trifin md hinh day nghfi phil hgp dia phuang Mpt sd md hinh thi difim day nghfi d cac tinh budc diu cd hifiu qua, giiip cho lao ddng ndng thdn, lao ddng la ngudi DTTS cd dugc nhiing nhan thiic mdi vfi kinh nghiem, k\ thuat lao ddng san xuit, tao vi?c lam dn dinh va thu nhap cao ban nhd dugc hgc nghfi Mdt so md hinh da thuc sy gdp phin cai thien ddi sdng cho gia dinh, thiic diy kinh tfi dia phuang phat trifin, gdp phin quan Upng phat huy npi lyc ciia ddng bao cac DTTS xda ddi giam ngheo Tac dong cua dao tao nghe vdi lao dpng la ngiroi DTTS 3.1 Nang cao dan tri Nhu da bifit, bdi canh canh tranh gay git trfin thj trudng lao ddng, nhiing ngudi hpc vin thip, nhfing ngudi ky nang, tay nghfi thap hoac khdng cd nghfi khd cd thfi c ^ tranh dugc so vdi nhimg ngudi cd trinh rsv dp, cd ky nang nghfi cao Khi do, hg se tr nhdm ngudi "yfiu thfi" thi trudn lao ddng Hg phai lam nhiing vific thu nh| thip, tham chi khdng kifim dugc vific lan trd ngudi thit nghifip dai ban MSc d d nhieu nudc, nhat la nhiing nudc phat trifir cd he thdng bao hifim that nghifip hoac ca loai trg cip xa hdi dfi ho trg cho nhdm ngud Nhung dii sao, nhtmg trg cap ch mang tinh tiic thdi, giiip hg "cim cy" dug cudc sdng thudng nhat, tao co hdi chi hp quay trd lai thi trudng Iao dpng Nhim] nfiu nhiing ngudi khdng ty tao cho h nang lyc, nang cao "vdn nhan lyc" ciia mini thi sdm hay mudn, hp ciing lai hi "bat" r khdi thi trudng lao ddng Mudn thoat khd vdng luan quan nay, budc nhimg ngudi naj bang each hay each khac phai nang cai "vdn nhan lyc" cua minh va each hifiu qu, nhat la dau tu vao dao tao nghfi Nhu vay dao tao nghfi vd hinh trung, trd mp nhan td lam giam sd lugng nhiing nguo "yfiu thfi" trfin thi trudng lao ddng va nhi vay, xet d khia canh qudc gia, an sinh xa hp dugc dam bao hon, nha nudc phal chl ph nhifiu hon cho cac loai trg cap xa hpi, d( ngheo ddi, khdng cd vific lam 3.2 Tgo Cff hpi viec lam, tang thu nhgp Vai trd ciia dao tao nghfi tac dpng try' tifip tdi dam bao an sinh xa hOi, nhit la dfi vdi nhdm lao ddng ndng thdn, lao ddnj ngheo Thdng qua vific trang bj cac kifii thiic, ky nang tdi thifiu vfi nghfi nghiep tir ca khoa dao tao ngin ban, ngudi lao ddng ndni thdn, ndng dan da cd kha nang nang ca nang suit lao dpng, tang thu nhap, thoe dugc ngheo mgt each bfin viing Qua thu tifin nam thyc hien Dfi an dao tao nghfi ch' lao ddng ndng thdn cua Chinh phii (de i 1956), d nhifiu dia phuong, sau nguc Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 08(120) thdng 8/20 oao tap nghe dio ngu'di lao dong ndng dan dugc hgc nghfi, nang suat vat nudi, cay trdng dugc nang len tir 1,5-2 lin; chit lugng va pham cap san pham hang hoa ciing dugc nang len Difiu quan trpng niia, thdng qua cac khoa dao tao, ngudi ndng dan, nhit la nhiing chu trang trai, chii hd, dugc trang bi nhung kifin thiic vfi khdi sy doanh nghifip, nfin sau khoa hpc da manh dan td chiic san xuit theo hudng san xuit hang boa, thu hiit them lao dpng tai dia phuong vao lam vific Day chinh la su tac ddng ro nhit, true tifip nhat ciia dao tao nghe ddi vdi an sinh xa h^i d ndng thdn nudc ta Trong Chifin luge phdt trifin kinh tfi- xa hdi Viet Nam 2011-2020, da nfiu ro: "Dfin nam 2020, chi sd phat trifin ngudi (HDI) dat nhdm trung binh cao ciia thfi gidi; lao ddng qua dao tao dat trfin 70%, dao tao nghfi chifim 55% tdng lao ddng xa hdi; ty lfi hg ngheo giam binh quan 1,5-2%/nam; phiic lgi xa hdi, an sinh xa hdi dugc dam bao thu hep khoang cdch thu nhap giiia cac viing va cic nhdm dan cu " Day la mdt dinh hudng rat rd rang vfi phat trien kinh tfi- xa h^i dat nudc, khang dinh vai trd ciia dao tao nghfi ddi vdi vific dam bao an sinh xa h^i Muc tifiu tang ty lfi lao dOng qua dao tao va dao tao nghfi \k tifin de, la difiu kifin va co hpi dfi ngudi lao dpng cd dugc cdng an, vific lam tir tfi (theo nghTa cua tir Decent work), cd thu nhap dn djnh Khi ngudi lao dpng cd k^ nang nghfi nghiep thi hg cd co hdi tdt hon tham gia vao thi trudng Iao ddng va nhu vay, lam tang ty lfi ngudi lao dpng cd viec lam (cd luong/thu nhap); difiu ciing ddng nghTa vdi ty 1? thit nghifip, ty le ngheo ciia lyc lugng lao ddng giam xudng Dao tgo ngh^, nhu da nfiu trfin, giiip cho nhirng ddi tugng yeu thfi xa hdi, nhit la nhung ngudi ngheo, dac bi?t la ngudi ngheo d ndng Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly thdn cd dugc ky nang nghfi nghifip cin thifit, tir vuon len thoat khdi canh ngheo mdt each bfin vung Xet tir khia canh nay, muc tifiu giam dugc ty lfi hd ngheo binh quSn 1,5%-2%/nam ma Chifin luge dua se la kfit qua ciia nhieu nhan td, cd nhan td cd y nghia la dao tao nghfi 3.3 Tgo dieu ki$n cho ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd hpi nhgp nw&c vd qudc te Kinh nghiem qudc te cho thiy, d cac nudc da trai qua qua trinh cdng nghifip hda, nhu cau ciia nfin kinh tfi cdng nghiep ddi hdi phai phat trifin dpi ngii lao ddng cd kifin thiic, cd ky nang nghfi nghifip cao, cd kha nang lam chii dugc cac phuong tifin, may moc, lam chii dugc cdng ngh? Qua trinh cdng nghiep hda dai hay ngin, ngoai cac yfiu td vfi co chl, chinh sach va thfi chfi, phu thugc vao nang lyc ciia ddi ngii lao ddng ky thugt Day cd thfi ndi 1^ nhu cau khach quan ciia nfin kinh tfi, ddi hdi chinh phii cac nudc phai dSu tu cho dao tao nghfi Trong timg giai dogn phat trifin ciia nen kinh te, ddi hdi quy md va CO ciu giao due- dao tao nghfi va qua dd ddi hdi quy md va co ciu nhan lyc ky thugt khac Nfiu nhu d thdi ky phat trifin thip, co cau giao due - dao tao theo trat tu uu tifin se la giao due phd thdng- giao due nghfi nghifip va giao due dai hpc (va co ciu nhan lyc se la lao dgng phd thdng- cdng nhan ky thuat bac thip va bac trung- lao ddng ky thuat bac cao va lao ddng quan ly); thi d thdi ky nfin kinh tfi phat trien cao (nhat la nen kinh tfi tri thiic), CO cau trfin se la giao due dgi hpcgiao due nghfi nghifip va giao due phd thdng (va CO cau nhan lyc se la Iao ddng ky thugt bac cao va lao dpng quan ly- cdng nhan ky thuat bgc trung va bac thap- lao ddng phd thdng) Ngugc Iai, dao tgo nghe lai la dgng lyc thiic day su nghifip cdng nghifip hda Tgp chi nghien ci^u CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 08(120) thang 8/2015 g| Nguyen Thj Khanh Ly Oao tao nghe cho ngu'di lao donq hien d?i hda dk nudc Ndu he thdng dao tao yiu kem, chAt lupng thip thi cd nguy ca tao ngudn nhan luc ch4t lupng thip va se kim ham sir phat tridn kinh td, lam tang nguy ca tut hau cua dat nudc bdi canh toan cau hda va hpi nhap kinh td thd gidi Chinh dilu cho tbSy vai trd chien lupc cua dao tao nghd ddi vdi su phat trien cua dat nuoc, nhin ca tit khia canh kinh te va khia canh an sinh xa hdi ChU thich: ' Hai Ngoc (2015), Ddo Igo nghe cho lao dgng vting ddn toe thieu sd Tap chi Bao anh dan tgc va m nui, 27/1/2015 Tai lieu tham khao Ludt gido due nghi nghiep, dupc Qudc hpi nudc Cdng hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam khoa Xlll, ky hpp thir thdng qua 27 thang 11 nam 2014 Hd sa su kien sd 259, 22/7/2013 www.molisa.gov.vn, Hpi thao bao chi vdi cdng tac truyen thdng ve dao tao nghe cho lao dpng ndng thdn Tai lieu tai Hdi nghi tap huan Chinh sdch ddn tgc vd viec Ihuc hien chinh sdch ddn toe Igi chinh quyen co sa Ths Pham Trpng Cudng, Trung tam Bdi duong dai bieu dan cir (Van phdng Qu6c hpi) Ndng cao chdt luang nguon nhdn luc ddn lgc Ihieu sd - nhiem vu chien lu(rc cua cdng tdc ddn t^c, ThS Ngd Thi Trinh Vien Dan tdc - Uy ban Dan tdc, (Tap chi Dan tdc sfl 163, thang 7/2014) Thdo Linh, Ket qud thtrc hien chinh sdch ddo tgo nghi cho lao ddng ndng thdn viing ddn tdc thieu s6 lit ndm 2010 din 2013, Trang thdng tin dien tir tdng hop Ban Ndi chinh Trung ucmg Tai lieu tai Hdi nghi tap huan Chinh sdch ddn tgc vd viec thuc hien chinh sdch ddn tdc tgi chirih quyin ca sa Ths Pham Trpng Cudng, Trung tam Bfli du8ng dai bidu dan cit (Van phong Qudc hdt) Ndng cao chdt lugng ngudn nhan Ittc dan tgc thiiu s6 - nhiim vif chiin luge cua cdng Idc ddn lgc ThS Ngd Thi Trinh, Vien Dan tpc - lly ban Dan tdc, (Tap chi Dan tdc sd 163, thang 7/2014) Quydt dinh sd 1956/QD-TTG 27 thang 11 nam 2009 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu : Phe duy?t De in " Ddo tgo nghe cho too dgng ngng thdn din nam 2020" 10 Quyet dinh sd 971/QD-TTg vd viec sua dfli, bfl sung Quydt dinh sfl 1956/QD-TTg, 27/11/2009 cua Thu tuong chinh phii phe duyet DS an "Ddo tgo nghi cho lao dgng nong ihon den ndm 2020" 56 ^«''"'*'''«'"™'^™ CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG so 08(120) thing 8/2015 ... 29,14% Hon nam, co 16.000 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS dupc thf hucmg chinh sach xu4t khiu lao dpng, da di lam viec co thoi han o nudc ngoai, 7.132 lao dpng la nguoi DTTS thupc 62 huyen ngheo Da s6 lao dpng... nghe hudng ldn dfin dgng lyc di hpc va nang cao cho lao ddng ndng thdn dfin nam 2020" la tay nghfi ddi vdi ddng bao ngudi DTTS lao ddng ndng thdn tudi lao ddng, 2.2 Cache, chinh sdch cua nha nw&c... Khanh Ly tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn Ngan sach trung uong hd trg cd muc tifiu cho cac dia phuong chua ty can ddi ngan sach de thyc hifin chfnh sach hd trg dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn