(I tx Jf ''''U y^ eOl MOI CAC WIO HiNH DAO TAO NGHt VA CHLfONG TRINH MUC TIEU QUOC GIA V t DAY NGHE THEO HU''''O''''NG PHAT T R | £ N TH! TRU''''O''''NG DjCH VU CONG Nguyen Quoc Viet* Nguyen Minh Thdo** Mddau Chinh[.]
-(I.tx-Jf 'U-y^ eOl MOI CAC WIO HiNH D A O T A O NGHt VA CHLfONG T R I N H MUC TIEU QUOC GIA V t DAY NGHE THEO HU'O'NG PHAT T R | £ N TH! TRU'O'NG DjCH VU CONG Nguyen Quoc Viet* Nguyen Minh Thdo** cho day nghe, thi ngan sach nha nudc tang dan qua cac nam va ludn giii vai trd chil dao vdi mirc ddng gdp khoang 60%'^ Tuy nhien, day nghe d Viet Nam van cdn nhieu bat cap, chua dap ung dupe nhu cau cua thuc tiln, cu thi nhu: Chat lupng dao tao nghi mac du da cd chuyen bien, song van chua dap ung dupc nhu eau cua thi trudng lao ddng; Nang luc nghe nghiep eua lao ddng Viet Nam vin cdn khoang each ldn so vdi cac nudc khu vuc va yen the gidi; Co cau dao tao chua gan bd biiu CO vdi nhu eau nhan luc ctia nganh, dia phuong; chua dap ting dupc nhu cau nhan Iuc ky thuat chat luong cao cho san xuit; Cac dilu kien co sd vat chat ky thuat cho day Trong khoang mdt thap ky gin day, boat nghi cdn thieu vl sd lupng, ban chl ve ehit ddng day nghe ciia Viet Nam dupc nha nudc lupng; Co che chinh sach quan Iy va phat va xa hdi quan tam diu tu, nhd dd cd sy phat triln day nghi the hien nhilu dilm bit hop ly, trien tich eye, timg bude dap iing nhu eiu don cu nhu co che tai chinh, co che xay dyng nhan lyc dao tao nghe cho cae nganh kinh tl, cac chuang trinh dao tao; Mdi Hen ket doanh dac biet la cac nganh kinh tl mui nhpn va nghiep vdi eac ca sd day nghi cdn ylu va eho cae vimg kinh tl, nhit la cac vimg kinh chua dupc the che hda Vai trd ciia doanh te trpng diem Trong sd eac ngudn lyc diu tu nghiep boat dpng day nghi rit han chl, doanh nghiep tham gia mot each bj ddng Mddau Chinh phii nhieu nudc tren the gidi nhan thiic dupe rang sang tao ddi mdi khu vye dich vy cdng cd the lam tang hieu qua eung ling dich vu cdng tren cae phuong dien san lupng, hieu qua, hieu lyc, cdng bang va dap irng nhanh chdng nhu cau eiia ngudi sir dung dich vu O Viet Nam, ITnh vyc dich vu cdng, dao tao nghe la mdt ndi dung quan ypng Chinh phti ludn khang djnh ngudn nhan luc chit lupng cao, cd nhan Iuc qua dao tao nghe la mdt ba tru ept tang yudng va phat trien bin vung cua kinh tl Viet Nam' ] Jien sT, Tmong D^i hoc Kinh t^, BH Quae gia Ha Noi "vien Quan ly kinh tg Trung utmg Bo KA hoacli va dautu Bai viet co su dung mot phSn kk qua nghien ciiu D6taicipNNKHCN-TB.03X/13-18 r46i- Ro rang, ddi mdi de phat triln va nang cao chit luong dao tao nghi la yeu ciu, la ddi hdi ctia dat nudc, nhim gdp phin nang Tgp cili nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 10 (UO) thang 10/2014 Ooi mdl cac mo hinh dao tao cao chat luong ngudn nhan lyc, thyc hien tai CO cau kmh tl theo hudng nang cao chat lupng, hieu qua va nang eao nang Iuc canh tranh cua nln kinh tl Chinh phu Viet Nam da kip thdi ban hanh Nghj sd 05/2005/NQCP 18/4/2005 vl diy manh xa hdi boa cac boat ddng giao due, y te, van boa va the due the thao, frong dd dac biet neu quan diem ddi mdi dich vu edng ve dao tao nghe, cu the nhu sau: ''Chuyen cdc ca so cong lap dang hoat dong theo ca che sir nghiep mang nang tinh hdnh chinh bao cdp sang ca che tu chu cung img dich vu cong ich khong bao cdp trdn lan vd khong nham lai nhudn co day du quyen tu chu ve to chitc vd qudn ly; thuc hien dung miic tieu vd nhiem vu; hach todn day dii chi phi, cdn doi thu chi ; thuang xuyen ndng cao hieu qud vd chdt luang dich vu sdn phdm; bdo dam quyen lai vd ca hoi tiep can binh dang ciia nguai thu huang Boi mai che thu phi di doi vai viec thuc hien tot chinh sdch iru dai cdc doi tuang chinh sdch vd tra giup nguai ngheo Mue phi quy dinh theo nguyen tac du trang trdi cdc chi phi cdn thiet, co tich luy de ddu tuphdt trien vd xod bo mgi khodn thu khdc" Tiep theo, Bd Tai ehinh da xay dyng De an "Doi mat ca che hogt dong ciia cdc dem vi su nghiep cong lap, day mgnh xd hpi hoa mot so logi hinh dich vu sir nghiep cong" Bd Chinh fri da cd Ket luan sd 37-TB/TW, 26-5-2011, thdng qua De an va nhat tri vdi nhiing ndi dung cua De an va khang djnh tiep tuc thuc hien ehu truong ddi mdi co che boat ddng va tai chinh ciia cac don vj su nghiep edng lap nham day manh xa hpi hda, thj trudng hda mot sd loai hinh djch vu su nghiep cdng Trong bdi canh nhu vay, phin tilp theo bai viet gdp phin lam rd cac khia canh cua chmh sach ddi mdi neu tren nhim tiing budc tao lap va phat friln thi chl Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao thi tnidng djch vy edng d Viet nam Tren ca sd nhiing lap luan ve ddi mdi djch vu cdng theo each tiep can the ehe, phan tnmg tam cua bai viet tap trung phan tieh ea sd the che, ehinh sach eho vide chuyen ddi vai trd cua nha nudc va md hinh quan ly cac trudng nghe cdng lap cua Viet nam theo hudng phat trien thi trudng cung irng dich vu edng frong ITnh vue dao tao ky nang nghe va phat frien ngudn nhan lue chat lupng cao Cudi cimg, bai viet se dua mdt vai khuyin nghi ehinh sach eho sy phat trien cua loai thi trudng djch vu dae thii Dich vu cdng va doi mdi quan diem ve cung cap dich vu cong Cac nha kinh te hpc nhin nhan djch vu cdng la dich vu cd mpt hoac bal dac diem: khong logi trir (non-exeludability) va khong cgnh tranh (non-rival) tieu dimg Khong logi trir cd nghia la khdng the loai tru, hoac mudn loai trti thi rat tdn kem, do tat ca mpi ngudi deu cd quyen su dyng, tieu ditng dieh vu nay, khdng loai trii bat cii ai, bat ke hg cd fra tien cho dich vu dd bay khdng Khong cgnh tranh cd nghTa la viee su dung, tieu diing ciia ngudi khdng lam giam di hoac anh hudng den viec sir dung, tieu dung eua nhiing ngudi khac Khai niem va pham vi djch vu cdng cd sy bien ddi thudc vao bdi eanh etia mdi qudc gia Chang ban, d Canada, cd tdi 34 loai hoat ddng dupc coi la dich vu cdng, tu qudc phdng, an ninh, phap che, den eac chinh sach kinh te- xa hpi (tao viec lam, quy hoaeh, bao ve mdi trudng, va cac boat ddng y te, giao dye, van boa, bao hidm xa bdi, ,) Trong do, Phap va Italy deu quan niem djch vy edng la nhiing boat dpng phuc vu nhu cau thiet yeu cua ngudi dan eac co quan nha nude dam nhiem hoac cac td chuc tu nhan thyc hien theo Tgp chi nghien ciiru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 10 (UO) thang 10/2014 Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao nhthig tieu ehuin, quy dinh cua nha nude Viet Nam, khai niem dich vu cdng dupc hilu theo nghta hep ban so vdi qude te, tap trung nhilu hon vao chirc nang phuc vy xa hdi eua nha nude, ma khdng bao gdm cac chuc nang cdng quyln, nhu lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap, ngoai giao, Theo quan diem cita nha nghien cuu Dang Due Dam (2002)^ xet ve pham vi thi khai niem djch vy cdng theo nghTa rdng ma qude te thudng dimg bao gdm hiu nhu toan bd khu vyc hanh ehinh - sy nghiep Cdn khai niem djch vu cdng theo nghTa hep ma Viet Nam dang dung thi ed pham vi gin triing vdi khu vye su nghiep ciing vdi nhiing djch vy hanh chinh cdng Khai niem dich vy cdng dupc su dung phd bien d chau Au sau chien tranh the gidi lin thu bai Tbeo quan niem cita nhieu nudc, cung img dich vy cdng ludn gan vdi vai trd eua nha nudc Djnh nghTa ro rang nhat va dupc hiu hit eac nha kinh te hpc thudng dung de tham khao la djnh nghTa cua Samuelson (1954)'* Theo dd, djeh vu cdng la nhung dieh vu ed dae tinh khong logi trit (non-exeludability), khong cgnh tranh (nonrival) lieu dimg va dupc cung ung bdi nha nudc (government-delivery) Dol mdl cac md hinh dao tao Ben canh cac dich vu cdng thuan cdn cd nhting djch vu ban cdng hay dich vu cdng khdng thuin (impure or quasi-public services) Day la cae dich vu khdng phai ciang ty nhien dupc su dung, tieu diing, va viec sir dung, tieu dung cua ngudi ciing ed the lam anh hudng d mtic nhat djnh den vide su dung, tieu dung cua ngudi khac Ngudi tham gia cung cap cac dich vu ban cdng cd the la nha nudc va nhieu td chiic khac (tu nhan, cac td chuc xa hdi, cdng ddng) Sy cung cap cac loai djch vu rat linh hoat, tiiy thupe vao nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dung, khdng mang tinh dpc quyln va ed the mien phi hoac tra phi, Dd la cac djch vu nhu y te, giao due, giao thdng dd thj, thdng tin, cpsdhatang Theo quan diem cua cae nha kinh te hpc, ddi vdi dich vu cdng khdng thuan tuy, ban than khu vyc tu nhan se cd the dam nhiem eae loai hinh djch vu nay, nhtmg chac ehan khdng du dap ung nhu cau cua ngudi dan khu vye tu nhan hoat ddng theo eo che thj trudng, quan tam tdi cbi phi va lpi ieh tu chii it quan tam tdi tac dpng ngoai vi tich cyc (vi du lpi ieh xa hpi mpi ngudi dan dupc dao tao va cham sdc sire khde) Do do, viee van Theo each quan niem nay, nhiing djeh vy hanh don thuan theo ca che thj trudng ma ed ea hai dac tinh tren la djch vu cdng thuin khdng cd su dieu tiet cua nha nudc se dan tdi tiiy (pure public services) Ddi vdi dich vy nhiing that bai thi trudng Sy dieu tiet vT md edng thuan tiiy, tat ca mpi ngudi diu dupc va vai trd eung iing djch vu chit dao thi hudng lpi, deu dupc tieu diing, su dung, bit trudng dac thu ciia nha nudc la can thiet ke hp cd tra tiln hay khdng; va ciing khdng de khac phue nhting that bai cd anh hudng gi neu ed them mot hoac nhilu Trudc day vai thap ky, tim hieu each ngudi cimg sir dung Rd rang xa hdi cin din nhting dich vu thuan edng nhu vay Nhung thiie nang cao hieu qua, chit lupng dich vu chi cd nha nude mdi eung iing loai djch vu cdng, mot sd hpc gia da gidi thieu ly thuylt vi ddi vdi khu vuc tu nhan thi viec cung vl thda thuan thj trudng (market-type ung cac djch vu dd vira khd thuc thi vira arrangements) Ly thuyet md hinh thue hop tac mdi vdi cac ddi tupng ngoai khdng kinh tl Tgp chi nghien ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 10 (UO) thans 10/2014 Poi mdi cac mo hinh dao tao nha nude tren eo sd eac thda thuan hpp ddng (contracting in va contracting out) va canh franh la co chl then chdt dam bao phan bd ngudn Iye hieu qua va lam hai ldng khach hang (vi du, mua sim cdng thdng qua diu thau canh tranh) Den nhiing nam gin day, cae ly thuyet ve ddi mdi the ehe khu vye dich vu cdng nhin nhan theo quan diem quan ly doanh nghiep, va chu yeu dua vao cac nghien ciru trudng hop so sanh dae diem td ehde eua khu vuc djch vu cdng vdi khu vyc tu (vi du nhu nghien ciru eua Perry va Rainey, 1988) Trong nhiing nam 1980s va 1990s, cac nghien cuu ve ddi mdi quan ly khu vuc dich vu cdng tap trung lap luan rang can thay ddi td chdc cita khu vyc djch vy edng theo hudng giam co cau td chuc theo cap bac va ap dung thyc tien quan ly cua khu vyc tu Thuc ehit cae quan dilm hudng tdi cae boat ddng ddi mdi nham nang eao bleu qua (performance/outcomes) eua khu vuc hanh chinh edng thdng qua viec pha vd khdi co cau hanh chinh cu va ap dung cac yeu td canh franh eua thj trudng (vi du nhu tu nhan hda khu vuc cdng) Mot sd ly thuyet mdi dupc gidi thieu nhu ly thuyet eiing hpp tac (co-production) hay quan diem ve chinh phu dien tu (e-government) Theo dd, da cd mdt vai djnh nghTa ve ddi mdi khu vyc djch vu cdng dupc ban luan, tu viec tap tnmg vao thay ddi quan diem va hanh vi (nhu Mulgan va Albury, 2003; Damanpour va Wischnevsky, 2006; NAO, 2006) Cung vdi cac giai phap canh tranh tbeo thj ti'ucmg, hinh thuc thda thuan hop ddng phi eanh franh ddi mdi cung dng djch vu cdng ciing dupc thao luan nhu mdt each thtic tim kilm ngudn lyc, ky nang va nang luc mdi khu vyc djch vy cdng (ching Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao ban nhu thda thuan hap tac giiia chinh quyen eac vung tren co sd mdi quan he tin cay lau dai frong phan tich cua Valkama va Antiiroiko, 2009) Hinh thiic ddi mdi cung ling dieh vu cdng theo each tiep can nhu eung mua sam cdng, vdn mdi, hop tac cdng ddng, dupc thyc hien ehu yeu dya fren quan he hpp tae tu nguyen The che thj trudng dich vu cdng ITnh vyc dao tao nghe Vi nha nudc phai tham gia cung ting djeh vu dao tao nghe ben canh sy tham gia ciia khu vuc tu nhan? Neu can thiet ed sy can thiep cua nha nude, thi lieu cac can thiep nen gidi ban d mue dp nao va dudi cac hinh thuc nao? De tra Idi eac cau hdi tren, can xae djnh nhiing the chd vdi cac quy tac chi phdi ITnh vyc day nghe va danh gia mue dp can thiep hien tai cua nha nudc yong ITnh vye de cd nhiing dieu ehinh chinh sach phu hpp Phan dudi day trinh bay mdt sd luan diem Iy giai vai trd cua nha nude eung img djch vy day nghe va yeu cau ddi mdi khu vuc djeh vu cdng d Viet Nam Ly thuyet Kinh te hpc cdng cdng cbi ring giao due dao tao la dieh vu cdng cpng khdng thuan tuy, cd anh hudng ngoai vi tich cye ddi vdi xa hdi Day la mdt ITnh vye djeh vu cdng khdng chi dap iing nhu cau cita ngudi di hpc ma cdn gdp phan nang cao mat bing dan tri, ky nang va van hoa cua xa hpi Bdi vay, dao tao ngbe la dich vu edng ein dupe khuyen khich cung cap va tieu dung Tuy nhien, han che ve ngudn lue, nha nudc khdng the dirng cung iing toan bd dieh vu dao tao nghe cho xa hoi ma can xac dinh thir ty uu tien: cd dich vy cin cung cip hoan toan, cd dich vu nen cung cip vdi mot mue phi thip, cd dich vu cung cap vdi mdc Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 10 (UO) thang 10/2014 Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao Ooi mrii rar mo tiinti dao tao Trong bdi eanh cua Viet Nam hien nay, cac ca sd day nghi cdng lap da va dang dam nhan vai hd chu dao cung img djch vu dao tao nghi Vdi chinh sach diy manh xa hdi hda day nghi, nhilu td chiic, doanh nghiep, ca nhan va ngoai nudc da dau tu lap ca sd day nghi ngoai cdng lap Tuy vay, cac co sd day nghe cdng lap van giii vai trd chu dao va chiem ty trgng ldn tdng sd cac ca sd dao tao nghi (khoang 65,7%> nam 2010) Thdng ke cua Tdng cue Nhu ciu dfii mdi mo hlnh dao tao Day nghi cho thiy (TCDN, 2010) hien ca nghi va Chiromg trinh mue tieu quoe gia nudc cd 123 trudng cao dang nghe (trong (CTMTQG) vl day nghi d Viet Nam cd 33 trudng ngoai cdng lap), 300 trudng Cd thi ndi vai trd cua nha nudc trung cip nghi (trong cd 94 trudng ngoai cung ung djch vu day nghe la het siic can cdng lap), 810 trung tam day nghe (trong thilt Tiiy vao hoan canh rieng cua timg qudc ed 296 trung tam ngoai cdng lap), cac sd heu gia va sir lira chgn cua chinh phii ma cac can cu thi vl thuc trang day nghi d ca sd dao thiep ciia nha nudc cdng hay thit bai tao hien dugc cu thi d bang sau Bang Sfi Iirong cac co sd day nghe d Viet Nam giai doan 2005 - 2011 phi cao han va chilm mdt thj phan nhat djnh, cdn lai nen xay dung mgt thi trudng dich vu cdng dac thii va hieu qua cho khu vuc tu nhan cung cip Nhung ca nha nudc chuyin giao mdt phin viec cung iing djch vu cdng cho khu vuc tu nhan thi nha nudc vin cd vai trd dilu tilt thj trudng nay, nhim dam bao quy md va chit lugng cua djch vu, dam bao su cdng bing phan phdi djeh vu va khic phuc cac bat cap cua thj trudng So lircmg CO sd d^y nghg Cao ding Trucmg d^y nghS Trung cap Tning^am day nghe Khac* So luong tuyen s nh 2008 2009 2006 2007 > 1.869 >1.936 > 2.000 > 2.100 102 62 90 262 236 265 104 214 632 ' 684 ^ 850 404 607 > 000 > 1.000 > 1.000 > 1.000 > 1.000 207.0 1.340X1 436.0 1.538.0 00 00 00 00 2005 > 1.640 2010 >2.200 423 810 >i.6oo 1.748.0 00 20II >23oo 136 308 849 > 1,000 1.860.00 Ghi chii: (*) gom cac ca sa dao tao nghe cua cdc trucmg dai HQC, cao ddng, trung cdp, cdc trung Idm huang nghidp, Irung Idm gido due thuang xuyen Nguon: So lieu 2009 trich ddn theo trd ldi phong vdn cua ong Ducmg Buc Ldn - Pho long cue truang Tong cue Day nghe Xem tai htlp://www.thanhnien.com.vn , So lieu 2010: Tong cue dgy nghe, tham khdo tgi Nguyin Tiin DSng (2012), SS lieu 2011: Tdng cue dgy nghi, tham khdo tgi Tong cue dgy nghi (2012) Nhu vay, thuc te thdi gian qua cho thiy nhu cau giao due va dao tao, dd cd dao tao nghi xa hdi la rit ldn Do dd, nlu de linh vuc giao due va dao tao van hanh don thuin theo ca chl thj trudng ma khdng cd sit dilu tilt cua nha nudc se din tdi nhiing that bai thj trudng Trong llnh vuc giao due dao tao, khu vuc tu nhan cd thi dam nhiem nhung chac chan khdng du dap iing nhu cau cua xa hdi Hon niia, khu vuc tu nhan thudng chi quan tam tdi chi phi va lgi ich tu nhan nen ngudi ngheo hoac ngudi khdng cd dii dilu kien se thilu ca hdi hgc tap, theo dd xa hgi se bj tdn that ldn khdng tan dung dugc tri tue cua nhiing ngudi va bit binh ding xa hdi tang len Vi vay, dl tao su Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 10 (110) thanu in/7nij Pol mdi cac md hinh dao tao cdng bang, nha nude can cung iing loai dich vu cdng eho tat ea ngudi dan d mdt mue dp nhat dinh, tao tiln dl cin thiet cho mdi cdng dan phat huy dupc het kha nang cua minh Vdi y nghia nhu vay, Nha nudc can yi vai trd cdt ylu phat friln day nghe de dam bao quy md va chat lupng cua loai hinh djeh vu cdng dac thu Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao nhu cac Chuong frinh myc tieu qudc gia ve day nghi, nhung cac chinh saeh cting nhu vide thye hien chuong trinh mue tieu qudc gia ve day nghe hien cd nhieu bat cap va hieu qua cdn md nhat Khao sat vide thyc hien CTMTQG vl day nghi d viing Tay Bic cho thiy mdt sd dja phuong da khdng thyc hien tdt boat dpng tu van, hudng nghiep cho ngudi dan din tdi sy lech pha frong cungciu, tham chi chua nghiem die thyc hien chi dao "khdng td chuc day va hpc nghi chua xae djnh dupc noi lam viec va miie tbu nhap cd dupc sau dao tao" etia Ban chi dao trung uong Tinh trang thy ddng frong viee huy dpng cac ngudn lyc xa hpi, chii ylu trdng chd ngudn kinh phi hd trp tir ngan sach edn rat phd bien tai eac dia phuang Trong mang ludi day nghe cdn nhidu bit cap, eo sd vat chat, thiet bi chua dap iing yeu cau Ben canh do, mpt sd noi day nghe cdn chay theo sd luong, chat lupng thap khdng phu hpp vdi nhu eau ngudi hpc, ngudi su dyng lao dpng nen ddng bao khdng miy quan tam den chuyen hpc nghe , din tdi chinh saeh va chuang trinh mac dii cd mue tieu tdt nhung thyc thi lai chua giup nhieu cho ngudi dan dia phuong Trong mang ludi trudng day nghi, da budc dau hinh mdt sd trudng trung cip nghi va trudng cao ding nghi trpng dilm dupc diu tu tap trung bang ngan sach cua nha nudc thdng qua Chuang trinh myc tieu qudc gia ve day nghe, mpt phan tir eac ngudn vdn ODA va vdn vay khae eua cac td chuc nudc ngoai Ben canh cac trudng day nghe, cac loai hinh trung tam day nghi cOng phat trien d cae quan, huyen dap ting nhu cau hpc nghe cua ddng dao ngudi lao dpng va nien, gdp phan ehuyen ddi co eau kinh te va co cau lao dpng ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, va gdp phan tim viec lam va tu tao viee lam frong co ehe thi trudng Ngoai ra, cac ldp day nghe eiing duoc md rdng vdi nhieu hinh thuc da dang tai cac co sd cd dang ky boat dong day nghe, tai eac doanh nghiep, lang nghd da gdp phan thyc hien chit truong xa hdi hoa day nghe, huy Bdi vay, chat lupng dao tao nghe mac dit ddng ngudn luc cua cae phan kinh te da cd chuyen bien nhung van chua dap iing tham gia dau tu cho day nghe dupc nhu cau cua thj trudng lao ddng Ky nang nghe va nang lyc nghe nghiep cua lao Cd the thay, mac du ngudn lyc dau tu eho dpng Viet Nam van edn khoang each ldn so day nghe dupe da dang hda, nhung ngan vdi cac nudc phat trien tren the gidi va sach nha nudc van giii vai trd chu dao khu vyc (chiem khoang 60%) va tang dan qua eac nam (nam 2001 chi cho day nghe chiem Lien quan den vdn dao tao nghe, hien nay, 4,9% tdng chi ngan sach nha nudc cho giao phan bd kinh phi dau tu phat trien cho eac co due va dao tao va tang din din nam 2010 sd day nghe cdng lap thyc hien theo Quyit chilm khoang 9%) Ben canh do, Viet Nam dinh sd 60/2010/QD-TTg 30/9/2010 cd nhilu chinh sach phat trien day nghi cting ciia Thu tudng Chinh phit Ban hdnh cdc Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 10 (UO) thang 10/2014 Nguyin Quoc Viet-Nguyin Minh Tiiao nguyen tdc, tieu chi vd dinh mice phdn bo vSn ddu tuphdt trien bdng nguon ngdn sdch nhd nuac giai dogn 2011-2015 va cae via ban hudng din Viec phan bd kinh phi diu tu phat triln thue Men theo phan cip Tuy nhien, khdng cd quy djnh vl djnh miic cu the ddi vdi hoat ddng diu tu phat triln ma theo kha nSng ngan sach ciia trung uang hay dia phucmg Thuc tl cho thiy, viec phan bd kinh phi diu tu phat triln d nhilu co sd day nghi cdng lap cdn chua hgp ly, mang tinh chit dan trai, cao bing, ehua can ddi ngudn lire mdt each ben viing Ngoai ngudn kinh phi thudng xuyen, ngudn ngan sach nha nudc cap cho boat ddng dao tao va day nghe dugc thuc hi|n thdng qua mgt sd Chuang trinh mue tieu qudc gia ITnh virc dao tao nghe, cd the liet ke mdt so chuang trinh quan quan trgng gdm: - De an hd trg nien hgc nghe va tao viec lam giai doan 2008 - 2015, theo Quyet djnh sdl03/2008/QD-TTg 21/7/2008 cua Thil tudng Chinh phu - Co che hoat dgng cua cac ea sd day nghe thugc Bg Qudc phdng va ehinh sach hd trg bg ddi xuat ngu hge nghe theo Quyit djnh sd 121/2009/QD-TTg 09/10/2009 cda Thil tudng Chinh phii - De an "Dao tao nghe cho lao dgng ndng thdn din nam 2020" (ggi tit la Dl an 1956) Ddi tugng ciia de an la (i) lao ddng ndng thdn tudi lao ddng, uu tien day nghi cho cae ddi tugng la ngudi thude dien dugc hudng chinh sach uu dai, ngudi dan tdc thilu sd, ngudi tan tat, ngudi bi thu hdi dat canh tac; (ii) Can bg chuyen trach dang, doan thi chinh trj xa hgi, ehinh quyen va cdng chuc chuyen mdn xa; can bd Doi mdi cac mohinhdaojao^ ngudn bd sung thay thi theo Quyit djnh sd 1956/QD-TTg 27/11/2009 cira Thu tudng Chinh phii - Dl an "Hd trg phu nii hgc nghe, tao viec lam giai doan 2010 - 2015", dd neu quan dilm: " Tang eo hdi hge nghe, tao viec lam cho phu nir; dae biet phu nfl: khu vuc ndng thdn, phu nti tudi trung nien, phu nii dan tdc thieu sd, viing dae biet khd khan, vung di ddi, giai tda; " theo Quyet dinh 295/QD-TTg 26/02/2010 cua Thu tudng Chinh phii Trong sd cac chuang trinh mue tieu qudc gia vl day nghe, De an 1956 la mdt de an ldn, quy md trien khai tren toan bd 63 tinh, phd cua ea nudc, vdi su tham gia phdi hgp ciia nhilu bd, nganh, cac hdi va su vao euge eiia ea he thdng chinh trj, vdi thdi gian lien tue 10 nam Qua nam dau thuc hien, day nghe dii timg budc gan vdi nhu can n§ng cao hieu qua san xuat cua ndng dan va cac du an dau tu hd trg san xuat, chuyen ddi cay trdng vat nudi, phat trien nganh nghe ndng thdn, xay dung cac md hinh kinh te hd, Do tinh dac thii cua lao ddng ndng thdn, nen viec day nghi cung dugc td chirc rit da dang, huy dgng su tham gia ciia tit ca cac CO sd dao tao ca nude, tii cac trucmg dai hgc, cac Vien nghien cim, den cac trung tam day nghe, trung tam giao due thudng xuyen, trung tam hgc tap cdng ddng, cae td chiic hiep hdi nghe nghiep, hdi ndng dan, doanh nghiep Chuang hinh day nghi ngin ban, dugc thilt ke linh hoat, ggn nhe dl ngudi hgc dl dang tiep can vdi cac khda hgc nghi Tuy nhien, sau nam triln khai chuang trinh dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn, hieu qua cua cdng tac day nghi chua dap img dugc yeu cau nang cao ehit lugng Tgp chi nghiln cUu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 10 (110) thang 10/2014 Ooi mdl cac md hinh dao tao ngudn nhan luc va nhu cau cua thi trudng, tham chi dang cd nguy co trd mdt chuong trinh diu tu lang phi, ma sd lupng lao ddng ndng thdn dupc dao tao cang tang nhung ddi sdng ngudi ndng dan lai khdng may thay ddi sau cac ldp day nghe Mdt chinh sach cd y nghTa ldn ve xa hpi, nhung vdi each thuc quan ly va dao tao nhu hien thi mac du dao tao cang nhieu nhung khdng ap dung dupc vao thue te thi se gay lang phi rat ldn Mot sd giai phap doi mdi theo hirdng phat trien thj trirdng dich vu dao tao nghe Dya tren thyc trang va nhu eau ddi mdi boat dpng dao tao nghe ciing nhu viec thuc thi cac CTMTQG ve day nghe ddi hdi ddi mdi theo hudng phat trien thi trudng djch vu dao tao nghe Xu hudng eung da dupc nhieu nudc tien tien tren the gidi nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc ap dung Dudi day la mdt sd giai phap nham hien thue hda mdt thi trudng dich vu edng dae thit yong ITnh vuc dao tao nghd d Viet Nam - Tang eudng phan cap va thuc hien trao quyen ty chu, tu chju yach nhiem cho cae co sd day nghe cdng lap ddng bp ve td ehiie thue hien nhiem vu, nhan lyc, tai chinh tren co sd cd tinh den dac diem timg loai hinh don vj, kha nang, nhu cau thj trudng va yinh dp quan Iy Cac don vj dupe giao quyen tu ebu, ty chju trach nhiem cung cap djcb vu dao tao, dupc hach toan day dti cbi phi cin thiet; duoc quyet djnh thu gia djch vu yen co sd khung gia tinh dit cae chi phi cin thilt - Tang eudng xa hdi hda cdng tac dao tao nghi, cac co sd dao tao nghi hien cin dupc khuyen khich huy dpng vdn, gdp vdn lien doanh, lien kit vdi cac phin kinh tl khac, de md rdng boat dpng dao tao nghi; Nguyen Quoc Viet-Nguyen Minh Thao dupc quyet djnh bien che va tra luong, tren eo sd thang bang luong cua nha nudc va hieu qua, chat Iupng cdng viec - Tang cudng trach nhiem giai trinh sau dupc ty ehu: Cae co sd day nghe cdng lap phai ehju trach nhiem giai trinh vdi xa hdi, nha nudc ve viee thyc hien tu chit Mat khae, Nha nude can thuc hien chat ehe co che giam sat, kiem tra cae don vj ty chti bao dam thyc hien diing nhiem vu dupc giao - Cae CO sd day nghe se phai tiep can vdi phuang thuc quan trj cua doanh nghiep, phai nang cao chat lupng dich vu de thu hut ngudi sir dung va tang ngudn thu cho dan vj Ddng thdi, cac co sd eung phai canh tranh binh dang ve chat lupng djch vu va vd mue tbu phi Trao quyen ty chit ve tai chinh va nhan lyc cho cac eo sd day nghe edng lap tao mdi trudng canh tranh binh dang gida cac don vi edng lap, ngoai cdng lap, theo hudng giam miic thu phi, nang cao chat Iupng dao tao nghe, cd lpi cho ngudi su dyng lap ddng va cho xa hpi - Can trien khai thye hien theo Id trinh viee phan bd ehi ngan saeh nha nudc eho cac CO sd day nghe cdng lap theo ket qua dau ra, theo mire dp thda man yeu cau ctia hpc vien va cila ngudi su dung lao ddng, thay vi each phan bd ngan sach khoan chi theo dau vao (sd lupng hpc sinh) nhu hien Ngoai ra, cung can thay ddi co ban phuong thtrc hd trp tir ngan sach nha nudc cho cac ddi tupng ehinh sach tbam gia hpc nghe Nha nudc nen hd trp trye tiep cho ddi tupng thu hudng thay vi cac CO sd day nghe thuc hien mien giam hpc phi Dieu tao su binh dang hudng thu djeh vu cdng va tao dieu kien cho cae CO sd day nghi bit dip dupe chi phi cung cap dieh vy Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 10 (UO) thang 10/2014 '53^ Nguyen Qudc Viet-NguyIn Minh Thao Dd) mcfi cac mo hinh daoJ9£::i Thuc hien phuong thiic nha nudc dat hang, giao nhiem vu, dau thau cung cap djeh vu ddi vdi cac ca sd day nghi (khdng phan biet hinh thire sd hiru) Giao nhiem vu phai dua tren co sd he thdng dinh miic kinh tl ky thuat va tieu ehi, tieu chuan chat lugng ciia timg loai hinh dich vu cung cip Ngan sach nha nudc phai dugc phan bd cdng khai, minh bach dl khuyen khich cac dan vi sir dung ngan sach cho hieu qua nhat Ap dung nguyen tie thj trudng phan bo ngan sach nha nude sS tao mdi trudng canh tranh lanh manh, bao dam cho cac ca sd day nghi cdng lap va ngoai cdng lap phat trien binh dang; tao lap thj trucmg dao tao nghe theo hudng nang cao chit lugng, giam chi phi, cd lgi cho ngudi sir dung lao dgng va cho xahdi CAH thich: ' Chifin lirgc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi 2011 - 2020 xac djnh '^Phdt trien nhanh nguon nhdn luc, nhdt let ngudn nhdn lue chdt luxmg cao, tap trung vdo viec doi mdi cdn bdn vd todn di?n nin gido due qudc ddn: gdn ket chat che phdt trien nguon nhdn luc vdi phdt trien vd img dung khoa hoc, cong nghe" la mgt ba khau dot pha chien lirgc ^ Nguyen TienDung(2012), Boi mdi vd phdt trien day nghe ddp img nhu cdu nhdn luc cho su nghiep cong nghiep hoa iheo hirang hien dgi, xem tai http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn ' Dang Diic Dam (2002), Phan cip quan ly kinh tS, Nxb CTQG, Ha Noi * Paul A Samuelson, 'The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure," Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (November 1954): 387-89 Tai lieu tham khao Bdo cdo ket qud thuc hien Chucmg trinh mue tieu qudc gia gidm ngheo, http://chuongtrinhl35.vn Bdo cdo cdc chuong trinh mue tieu qudc gia: Hieu qud vd nhiing vdn dk dat ra? http://www.tapchitaichinh.vn Chinh phii, (2010), Chiin lugc phdt triin kinh ti - xd hoi 2011 ~ 2020, Ha Ngi Dang Dire Dam (2002), Phdn cdp qudn ly kinh ti, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia Ha Ngi F Damanpour & J D Wischnevsky (2006), Research on Organizational Innovation: Distinguishing Innovation-Generating from Innovation-Adopting Organizations, Joumal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol 23, 2006, 269-291 Mulgan, G and Albury, D (2003), Innovation in the Public Sector, Strategy Unit Cabinet Office, October 2003 Nguyen Tiln Dung (2012), Ddi m&i vdphdt triin dgy nghi ddp ling nhu cdu nhdn lifc cho su nghiep cong nghiep hoa theo huong hien dai, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn Paul A Samuelson (1954), The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure, Review of Economics and Statistics, No 36 (November 1954): 387-89 Perry, J L.; Rainey, H G, (1988), The Public-Private Distinction in Organization Theory: A Critique and Research Strategy, Academy of Management Review, 13(2) \^2- Tgp chi nghiin cu-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG sii 10 it 101 thin» ... Nhu vay, thuc te thdi gian qua cho thiy nhu cau giao due va dao tao, dd cd dao tao nghi xa hdi la rit ldn Do dd, nlu de linh vuc giao due va dao tao van hanh don thuin theo ca chl thj trudng... dpc quyln va ed the mien phi hoac tra phi, Dd la cac djch vu nhu y te, giao due, giao thdng dd thj, thdng tin, cpsdhatang Theo quan diem cua cae nha kinh te hpc, ddi vdi dich vu cdng khdng thuan... dich vu cdng tap trung lap luan rang can thay ddi td chdc cita khu vyc djch vy edng theo hudng giam co cau td chuc theo cap bac va ap dung thyc tien quan ly cua khu vyc tu Thuc ehit cae quan dilm