TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Thi Lan Phircmg y DICH CHUYEN CO CHE QUAN TRI GIAO DyC DAI HOC TREN TOAN CAU VA SUY NGAM VE VIET NAM PHAM THI LAN PHLfgNG'''' TOIM TAT Bdi viet mo td ve nhimg thay doi tr[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Thi Lan Phircmg y DICH CHUYEN CO CHE QUAN TRI GIAO DyC DAI HOC TREN TOAN CAU VA SUY NGAM VE VIET NAM PHAM THI LAN PHLfgNG' TOIM TAT Bdi viet mo td ve nhimg thay doi qudn tri gido due dgi hoc (GDDH) tren phgm vi todn cdu tdc ddng cua lan sdng qudn li cong mdi Phdn ndi dung chinh ddu tien diim Igi ba md hinh cd tdm dnh hudng den tu tudng qudn tri GDDH tgi nhiiu nude Sau dd Id mo td vi xu hudng chung dich chuyin ca chi qudn tri GDDH tir qudn li true tiip aia nhd ntrdc sang qudn tri da tdng Tiip theo Id mo td nhiing thay ddi qudn tri GDDH dang diin tgi cdc viing dia li khdc tren thi gidi vd lien he tdi Vift Nam Cudi cimg Id kit luan vd mgt sd gai y cho vifc ddi mdi qudn tri GDDH Viet Nam Tit khoa: qudn tri, giao due dai hpc, dai hpc nghien ciru ABSTRACT Shift in mechanisms of higher education governance around the globe and reflections on Vietnam The paper describes changes in higher education governance around the globe under impacts of the wave of new public management The first main content is a review o three models which have a big influence on the idea of higher education governance in many countries Then, a common trend in shifting higher education mechanisms from government to multi-level governance is presented After that, the paper demonstrates changes in higher education governance in different geographical regions of the world and then reflects on Vietnam The final section is conclusions and suggestions for the renovation of Vietnam's higher education governance Keywords: governance, higher education, research university Ddt v^n de C6 th6 noi thdp nien 80 cua the ki XX Id cot moc quan trpng ddnh dau sir suy yiu ciia mo hinh qudn li cong truyen th6ng D^n giOa thdp nien thi nhung khdi xuong cai cdch qudn li khu vuc cong lap diln tai nude Anh dd lan rpng sang nhieu nu6c khdc vd tra thdnh mpt trdo lim PoUitt va Bouckaert [13] ghi nhdn nhOng thay ddi r5 r?t qudn li cong tai 12 nuoc phuong Tay thupc khdi OECD nhu cdt gidm ngdn sach nha nude • TS, Tnrdng Bai hoc S u pham TPHCM; Email: phdn bo cho khu vuc cong Idp, phdn quyen quan li cua cdc ca quan trung uong xuong dia phuang vd sang cdc co quan giam sat khdc, su dung danh gid boat dpng dua vao cdc chi si Hai tac gid dd gpi lan song ndy la Qudn li cong moi (New Public Management) Bay ndm sau, tdng hpp nhOng nghien cuu tiSp theo ve d6i moi quan li cong Christensen vd Laegreid [4] bien tap da ghi nhdn ddy la mdt xu hudng va cung Id hien thuc khdng chi gidi han d cdc nude phuang Tdy md ptlphuong@ier.edu.vn 25 TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cdn lan rpng sang cd chdu A vd chdu Phi Khu vuc GDDH tai hdu het cdc qudc gia nhdn phdn Idn kinh phi hoat ddng til ngdn sdch nhd nude nen da khdng thi tranh khdi su tdc dpng cua phong trdo Qudn li cdng mdi Cdc tu tudng qudn tri' nhdm tdi muc tieu hieu qud kinh t6 vd dap ling yeu cdu cua xd hpi da thdm nhdp vdp khu v\fc GDDH Nhd nude dd lap cae cdng cu vd ca quan ddnh gia dpc lap dS dvra vao dd phdn bd ngudn luc ngan sdch vd Ichuyen khich canh tranh giiia cdc co sd GDDH Trong cac co sd GDDH, thdnh lap cdc hpi ddng trudng vdi mdt bd phdn ddng ke cdc thdnh viSn khdng thu^c gidi hpc gid ngdy cang trd nen phd bien [1] Quan ni^m truyen thong coi trudng dai hpc (DH) Id mpt the che xa hpi tdn tai lau ddi d chdu Au dan mdt vi tri vd dupe thay the bdi quan niem coi trudng DH Id mdt td chuc ddp ung cdc nhu cdu cua xa hpi tdn tai phd bien tai MT [3] Mac du gidi lanh dao va cdng chung khd cdi md vdi nhung y tudng vd cdch qudn li mdi, gidi hpc gia vdn nghi ngd vk su bam rl cua cdc tu tudng cd vu cho muc tiSu hieu qua kinh te vd danh gid hoat dpng d\ra vao cac tieu chi dinh lupng khu vuc GDDH [2] M$t nhung muc tieu cdt loi ciia GDDH la tao nhimg tri thiic vd hi6u bilt mdi, nhOng kSt qud tilm tdng md chua thi hi$n ngdn ban Hem thi nua, lao d0ng hpc thuat, dac biet Id nghien ciiu co bdn, can tu de tim tdi cau trd ldi cho nhimg vdn dl thu hiit chi bdi td md mq^n hiiu bilt Vi thi gidi hpc gid lo ngai rdng, lan sdng dp dung cdch qudn tri 26 SS 3(68) nam 2015 mdi ed thi hdp nghet mdi trudng thuc ddy sdng tao cua GDDH Bdi vilt md td vl nhthig thay ddi qudn tri GDDH tren pham vi toan cdu su tdc dpng ciia trdp luu quan li cdng mdi Tac gia dd hdi ciiu mpt sd lupng Idn tdi lieu trpng Hnh vuc dl hinh thdnh nen cdu tnic vd nhilu phan ndi dung bdi viet Nhiing phan ndi dung bai vilt dupe tdng hpp lai va chit Ipc tit nghien ciiu khdc trd len thi se khdng cd trich ddn ngudn tdi lieu NhOng npi dung sii dung lai kit qua nghien ciiu ciia it hon tai li?u thi se trich dan ngudn tham khdo Vi khdi niem qudn tri sii dung bdi viet cdn rat mdi me tai Viet Nam nen khimg phdn tich chieu kich qudn tri ciia De Boer, Enders va Schimank [7] dd dupe md td ki cang dl ban dpc dl hiiu hon vl thuat ngO Bdi viet dupe bd cue phdn Sau phdn gidi thieu la nhung trinh bdy ve ba md hinh GDDH cd tdm dnh hudng tren the gidi xudt phdt tir cdc nude Diic, Phap, Anh vd Mi Phdn kl tilp md td xu hudng chung dich chuyin co ehl qudn tri GDDH, dd Id tii chii ylu sit dung can thi$p tryc tiep cua nha nude sang sii dung cdch tilp can qudn tri da tdng dua vdo dilu phdi cua ca chi thi trudng, tu qudn cua nhd trudng, tu qudn ciia cpng ddng hpc thuat vd dan ddt ciia cdc ddi tupng ngoai trudng Tilp theo Id md ta nhiing thay ddi qudn tri GDDH dang diln tai cdc viing dia li khac tren thi gidi Phdn thii lien he tdi Vi?t Nam Cudi ciing la kit ludn vd mdt sd gpi y cho • viec ddi mdi qudn tri GDDH Vi$t Nam TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Cac mo hinh gido diic dai hpc co tam anh hudng tren the gidi 2.1 Mo hinh gido due dai hpc Buc GDDH Ddc dugc phdn chia thdnh hai khu vue la ede trudng DH vd cae co sd GD khdng phai DH, trudng DH dugrc coi la hinh mau vd ehuan muc, thd che va cau tnic cho cae ea sd GDDH khdc Truydn thong cua DH Due duge hinh thdnh tir eudc cdi cdch DH vdo dau thd ki XIX Wilhelm von Humboldt khdi xudng dua trdn hai nguyen tdc co bdn Id tu hoc thuat vd thdng nhdt giira day hpc vd nghidn eiiu Tu tudng DH cua Humboldt da du nhap sang hau hdt cdc nude Tay Au vd Bac MT vd hinh ndn DH nghidn cuu ngdy Tu hoc thuat md hinh DH Due ke thira tu tudng gido due cua thdi ki Khai sang, dd Id tu tudng tim kiem hidu biet mdi vi mue dich nhdn van, vd vi loi Tu hoc thuat dugc thd hidn cu the bdng tu hpc tap va gidng day (Lemund Lehrfreiheit) Nd cho phep gidi hoe gid dugc lua chpn van de vd phuang phdp nghidn cuu, dugc phep cong bd kdt qua nghien cuu eho dii eo the gay tranh eai, dugc ehpn ndi dung vd phuong phdp day hpc [15] Tu lira chpn van de nghidn euu dd tao didu kidn cho nghien cuu da nganh, tir dd hinh hdnh ndn cdc DH da nganh Tu hpc thuat dugc coi la tinh thdn cot ldi cua md hinh DH Due vdi ngv y rang nhd nude can dam bdo cho DH dSc lap vdi cdc doi hoi kinh td vd chinh tri Nguydn tdc thdng nhat giiia day hoe va nghien cuu DH Due duge thd hien bdng sir coi trgng ngang giiia Pham Thi Lan Phirffng hai nhidm vu nghidn euu va day hge Gidi hgc thuat lam vide d edc trudng DH Due phdi thuc hidn ca hai nhidm vu ndy Hdu hdt cae giao ehde DH tich liiy su tinh thdng hgc thuat thdng qua nghien cuu va hg dinh hinh vide day vd hge tuan theo nguydn tac tim kidm tri thuc he thdng mdi [15] Nhiing dae diem hge thuat cua DH Due quy dinh dac didm ridng ed vd quan tri Tu hge thudt duge coi la nguyen tac thd ehd cao nhdt trudng DH Do vay, tu chu cua trudng DH Id dd phuc vu eho tu hge thudt va tu ehu cua trudng DH chi dugc coi Id ed gid tri phuc vu cho tu hoc thudt Didu ndy co nghia Id, nhung gido su dung dau cae ngdnh hge la nhiing ngudi cd quydn lire eao nhat vide quydt dinh ede van dQ nghien cuu, day vd hge trudng DH Them vdo dd, thd che eai tri cua Due coi phap lu^t Id nguydn tac eao nhat, ndn trudng DH phai hoat ddng tuan theo ede quy djnh eiia timg bang Nhung nguyen tdc vd phan b6 kinh phi, thang bac luang, bd nhidm gido su, md chuong trinh dao tao, kidm dinh chuong trinh hoe phdi tudn thu theo ede quy djnh eiia moi bang Tu nhung phdn tich trdn co thd thdy quan tri GDDH Due ehira dung phan Idn ede dae didm cua md hinh quan tri DH nghidn eiru truyen th6ng Trong mo hinh nay, trudng DH van hdnh dudi su didu khidn tu qudn cua giao su vd cdc quy djnh ciia nha nude Quyen lire eua giao su rdt cao ndn hp it ehiu ede dp lue ddi mdi ngoai tru ydu cau tii cdng ddng hge thuat Trong lan sdng chuydn ddi qudn tri GDDH dang didn tai hau hdt ede nude TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM tren thi gidi Dire cung dang tien hdnh dp dung cac y tudng vd phuong phdp quan li mdi Phdn 4.1 dudi ddy se md td chi tiet hon vl nhiJng thay ddi ndy 2.2 Mo hinh gido difc dgi hoc Phdp Md hinh GDDH cua Phdp khdc xa nhilu so vdi nguyen tdc Humboldt ve trudng DH vi DH Phdp chju sir quan li true tiep cua nhd nude vd khdng cd dpc quyIn hoat ddng nghien ciru [9] DH thudng chi thuc hien cac nghien cim chuyen ngdnh hpc thuat hep, cdn nghiSn ciru ling dung vd da ngdnh cac td chiic khoa hoc cdng nghe khdng phai DH dam nhdn Nguyen tdc td chirc ndy dupe hinh thdnh vdo thdi Napoleon ddu thi ki XIX vdi quan niem GDDH nhu la mpt lanh dia md nhd nude cdn phdi quan li vd trudng DH phdi tuan thu cdc quy tdc vd chudn m\ic chinh quyen trung uong ddt ve cdc mdt npi dung giang day, td chirc thi cir, va vi the hanh chinh Phdp chia GDDH khu vuc bao gdm cdc trudng DH trang bi kien thiic hpc thudt tdng qudt va cdc co sd GDDH chuyen nghiep dao tao lao ddng chuyen mdn bac cao Tuy nhien, trudng DH khong cd vi tri uu viet tuyet ddi vi cd nhiing co sd GDDH chuyen nghiep thudc nhdm tinh hoa (Grandes Eeoles) thdm chi cd vi thi eao hon trudng DH Vi nha nude Phdp can thi$p true tilp vdo nhilu boat dpng cua GDDH nen nhd trudng thyc chi Id sir tap hop ciia giang vien cdc ngdnh hpc thudt ma khdng cd dupe nhung ddc tinh tu chu cua mpt td chirc Mpt diem rdt khdc biet giira DH Phap vdi DH Dire va DH nghien ciiu tai cac nude khdc Id DH Phdp dupe cdu 28 S6 3(68) nam 2015 bdi mpt sd chuyen nganh hay timg nhdm chuyen nganh chii khdng phdi da nganh Cdc hpc gid DH Phap thudng chi nghien cim pham vi chuyen ngdnh cua minh, cdn nghien ciru da ngdnh theo chii de cdc ca quan khoa hpc cdng nghe khac ddm nhdn Viec tuyIn dyng va bd nhiem cdc vi tri hpc gid cao cdp cdc co quan chuyen mdn qudc gia quylt dinh Chinh sy kiem soat kep ciia mpt ben la cac quy dinh chung ciia nha nude vd mdt ben la cac ca quan chuyen mdn cdp qudc gia dd gay can trd cho viec xay dyng trudng DH nhu Id mdt td chirc thdng nhdt ty chu [9] Cd the ndi rdng, cho din trudc cu0c ddi mdi GDDH vdo thap nien 90 ciia thi ki XX, Phap khdng cd mOt td chiic GDDH ndo tuong duong vdi md hinh trudng DH tai chdu Au vd Bdc Ml Hon hai thdp ki qua, Phap da tien hdnh sdp nhdp cdc co sd GDDH vdi de tao cac trudng da ngdnh Nhd nude ciing chia bdt quyen quyet dinh xudng khu vuc GDDH va nghien ciiu Cac cdng cy qudn li mdi da dupe dp dyng de thiic ddy CO sd GDDH quan tdm din ddp img ddi hdi ciia cdc khu vyc khdc xd hdi Trong chimg muc ndo dd, triet h vd quan tri GDDH Phdp dang dich chuyen theo hudng hpc tap md hinh DH Anh MI 2.3 Md hinh giao d(ic dai hpc Anh MI Nhu chinh ten gpi cua nd, md hinh GDDH Anh IVfi thudng thdy d nude Anh vd nude MT Md hinh ndy kl thita nhilu ddc dilm ciia md hinh GDDH Diic vdi mpt nhiing nguySn tie cdt loi la TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM kdt hgp gidng day va nghidn cuu Tuy nhien, DH Anh - MT eo didm khae la ndi dung ciia ca hai hoat dong day hgc vd nghidn cuu dugc mdi trudng tu xae djnh can cu vdo nhu cdu ciia xa hdi chd khong phai dua vdo nhung muc tidu hge thuat ciia cdng ddng hge gid nhu md hinh DH Humboldt, hay ede muc tidu chinh sdeh ciia nhd nude nhu mo hinh DH Napoleon Tai Anh, sir tham gia eiia cdng ddng dia phuang vao qudn tri trudng DH cd lich sir bdt dau tir eudi thd ki XVII Dd theo doi ede hoat dpng trudng DH, ngudi ta lap mpt hgi ddng trudng, dd sd thdnh vidn la lanh dao dia phuong ehidm ti le dp dao [14] Hdi ddng trudng dugc giao trdeh nhidm van hdnh trudng DH nhu la mdt thue thd tu ehii, quyet dinh ede van dd ehidn luge phdt tridn va phdn bd tdi chinh Cdc vdn dd vd chuong trinh hgc, tuydn sinh va tdt nghidp, dinh hudng nghidn cuu hgi ddng giang vien quydt dinh Nhung trudng DH eang Idu ddi va eo truydn thdng hgc thuat, thi tidng ndi eua dgi ngii gidng vien edng eo trpng lugng Can thidp eua nhd nude Anh vdo hoat dgng eiia trudng tdn tai nhung rat tinh te Sir can thidp ndy thudng thong qua nhimg yeu cdu giai trinh vd cac muc tieu dang ki va vide sii dung nguon vdn nha nude edp Tai MT, GDDH duge phdn tdng rdt da dang tu DH nghidn euu tdi trudng cao ddng dao tao nam Trudng DH duge coi la mgt thd chd tinh hoa vira dao tao lao dgng chuydn mdn cao cho thi trudng lao dpng vira eung edp kien thuc chuydn gia Pham Thi Lan Phuang phuc vu cho cac ca quan quydt djnh cap trung uong va dja phuong Nhu vay, trudng DH cung cap djch vu eho nhidu doi tugng sir dung nhu sinh vidn, cae hiep hpi nghd nghiep ed nhu eau vd dao tao bdi dudng chuydn mdn, co quan lap chinh sdch, doanh nghiep vd cdc ddi tugng kinh td khdc [5] Nhd nude co the can thidp vao khu vue GDDH thdng qua vide tai trg cho mgt sd nhdm ddi tugng hoae edp kinh phi nghien cuu eho mgt sd chuong trinh, nhung khdng tham gia vdo nhiing hoat dgng quan li thudng ngdy tai cosd Co chd didu phoi qudn tri eiia md hinh GDDH Anh - MT phdi hgp hai lire lugng chinh dd Id lanh dao cua nhd trudng hay hdi ddng trudng vd thi trudng Tu quan eiia dpi ngG hge gia cung duge coi trgng nhung ban thdn hg eung tu giac quan tam vd didu chinh phii hgp vdi ydu cdu eua thj trudng Nhd nude md hinh chi can thidp gian tiep vdo dinh hudng phdt tridn ciia co sd thong qua edc cdng cu gidi trinh va tai trg Trong hai thdp ki gdn day, tai Anh vd MT, nha nude phdn ndo da va dang tim each chi phdi nhidu hon tdi GDDH Dich chuyen tir quan h' true tilp cua nha nirdc sang quan tri da tang Phdn tren da de cap mpt so dien bidn chuyen ddi quan tri d nhung mo hinh GDDH co tam anh hudng tren toan thd gidi Thuc trang dien tai cac nude eho thay eo mpt xu hudng chung Id edc nude dang giam ddn can thidp true tiep eiia nha nude (government) thdng qua cae quy dinh, ludt Id vd tang cudng sii dung cac eo chd 29 S6 3(68) nam 2015 TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM quan tri da tdng (governance) nhu tham gia ciia nhieu ddi tupng hudng loi khdc vd canh tranh thi trudng D I md ta sy dich chuyen cua co chi qudn tri GDDH thdi gian gdn ddy, De Boer, Enders va Schimank [7] da md rdng tam gidc lire lupng dieu phdi quan tri GDDH gdm nhd nude, chinh the hpc thudt vd thi trudng ciia Clark [5] thdnh chilu kich qudn tri, bao gdm: quy djnh ciia nhd nude, ty quan cua nhd trudng, dan dat tir ben ngoai, canh tranh thi trudng vd ty qudn hpc thuat Ndi dung cua nhimg chieu kich qudn tri ndy dupe trinh bdy d bang dudi day: Bdng I chieu kich cua qudn tri DH Quy djnh cua nha nude Tir qudn ciia nha trudng Dan ddt tir bdn ngoai Canh tranh thi trudng Tu qudn ciia hpc gia Quydn hanh giao eho cdc co quan qudn li nha nude dugc bidu hidn qua sd lugng vd pham vi cua cac quy djnh ve hdnh vi ciia tnrdng DH cac tinh hudng cu thd Quydn hdnh giao cho lanh dao nha trudng gom ban gidm hidu, trudng phong ban, trudng khoa thidt lap muc tidu, quydt dinh va didu hanh edc boat dpng nha trudng; tidu ehi de nhan bidt Id ton tai mpt hpi dong trudng thuc ch^t Sir CO mat vd quydn bo phidu cua edc vien ngodi trudng cdc hpi dong quyet dinh va tu van, dai didn cua nha nude thudng Id mpt phin hpi ddng trudng, ngoai eon co thdnh phdn Id doanh nghidp, cuu sinh vidn eiia trudng Canh tranh giua cae trudng dd thu hiit sinh vidn, giang vien, ngudn tai trg, cdc hoat dpng tidp thi trudng td chiie Vai^o cua hoc gid qudn li nhd trudng thdng qua edc quydt dinh tap thd nhd trudng, tu qudn ciia cgng ddng hpc gid cdc quydt dinh su dung binh duyet chuydn mdn nhu quydt dinh cap kinh phi Trong chilu kich quan tri tren thi chi cd quy dinh cua nhd nude Id phuong thirc qudn li true tiep cua nhd nude chilu kich cdn lai la sy kit hpp cdc phuang thiic quan tri d nhilu tang khdc tir nha nude dai dien, quan li cdp trudng, edp khoa, can thiep eiia vien ngodi trudng, canh tranh thi trudng vd tu qudn ciia cd nhdn va cdng ddng hpc gia Phdn tilp sau ddy se md ta thyc tiln cu the ve dich chuyin cac chilu kich quan tri frong nhilu he thdng GDDH 30 khdc tren todn cdu 4, Thay doi cc che quan tri d^i hpc tren pham vi toan cdu 4.1 Tgi Anh, DUrc, Ao, Hd Lan Anh la nude di tien phong ddi mdi quan tri E)H vd da tien nhimg budc dai viec su dyng co ehl thi trudng dl kich thich cdc trudng DH canh tranh vdi Ao va Hd Lan mac dii khdng cd truyin thing gdn kit DH vdi cac yeu cau cua xa hdi nhung da cd nhirng budc chuyin dich manh mS viec Phgm Thi Lan Phiramg TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM giam bdt su dung quy dinh eua nhd nude vd tang cudng su dung canh tranh thi trudng Due Id nude bdt dau sau ciing va tien budc cham nhat ddi mdi Trong hinh dudi day, chieu kich quan tri dugc minh hga bang khdi hinh dung, mdi khdi hinh duge chia thdnh 10 nde de ludng eudng trdn moi chidu kich Dau dudi eua khdi hinh bidu thi cudng dg bdng 0, edn ddu trdn tuong ung cudng dp bang 10 Djnh dang cua cac dudng mui tdn dd ki hieu cho cdc nude vd dp ddi cda chung bidu hidn muc dp thay ddi Miii ten ung vdi nude Anh co chieu ddi hon hdn cdc chidu kich Tu qudn cua hgc gid (ASG), Dan ddt tu ben ngoai (EG), Tu qudn ciia nhd trudng (MSG) vd Canh tranh thj trudng (C) Didu cd • hi SR: Quy dinh cua nha nuac ASG: Tu quan cua hpc gia EG: Dan dat tir ben ngoai MSG: Tv q u ^ cua nha tnrdng C: Canh tranh thi tnrdng nghTa la tai Anh, vai tro tu qudn eiia hgc gia gidm manh, tham gia cda vidn ngoai trudng, tu qudn cua ddi ngii qudn li nha trudng va canh tranh thj trudng tdng Idn Mgt dae didm ndi bat la d chidu kich Quy dinh eua nha nude (SR) eua nude Anh di nguge ehidu vdi nude cdn lai Dd la Anh dd tang eudng thidt lap cac CO quan qudn li ddc Idp dd ddnh gia nghidn euu vd kidm dinh chat lugng dao tao, su diing cac chi so hoat dgng, tu dd dua cdc quydt djnh vd cap kinh phi Nhung cdng eu qudn li ndy eo thd dan tdi kdt qud Id cdc trudng ed thdnh tuu nghidn cuu khong cao se khd thu hiit kinh phi ddnh cho nghidn cdu vd trd cac ea sd ehi chuydn ve day hge Do vay eanh tranh thj trudng GDDH d Anh dd ddn ddn sir bat hgp li va ed ve qua da _ • t " 1- m Anh Ha Lan Diic Ao Hinh Dich chuyen qudn tri DH tgi Anh, Due, Ao, Hd Lan Nguon: [7] TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Vdi ba nude Due, Ao va Ha Lan, cac mui ten deu ngdn hon cua Anh chung td nhirng thay ddi quan trj DH cham ehap hon Cde miii tdn tai nude ndy dang di chuydn vd phia vimg xdm, tue la diem chudn cua muc dnh hudng d moi ehidu kich, khdi hinh dung Didu thd hien rdng Due, Ao va Hd Lan can phdi tidp tuc cdi each dd dat tdi didm chuan Anh dat rdi Mac dii xudt phdt didm eiia quan trj DH Due tuong ddi gidng vdi Ao, Ha Lan va cd nhieu diem xa la vdi tu tudng quan It mdi, nhung khde vdi hai nude kia, Due khdng dd dang tiep nhan trao luu mdi Hai CO chd didu phdi quan tri DH quan trpng nhat tai Due hidn van la quy dinh CLia nhd nude vd tu qudn cua hpc gia Su dyng tu qudn cua dpi ngu qudn li nha trudng e6n rat hidm d Due, chi e6 mpt s6 it DH dd thdnh lap eac hpi ddng trudng dd ede quydt dinh quan trpng Due su dung ede hgp dong thda thuan giiia bg qudn li va trudng DH tu khd sdm va su dung ddnh gid eua edc hdi ddng chuydn gia dgc lap ndn co ehd din ddt cua eac doi tugng ngoai trudng ban ddu CO ve tidn bg hon cdc nude khac Tuy nhidn, cdc hgp dong nay, eac mue tidu dua thudng qua cu thd vd cung nhde do qudn li true tidp eiia bp van hidn didn Budc tidn ddi nhdt cua Due ddi mdi quan tri DH dd la su dung eanh tranh cdp kinh phi nghidn euu 4.2 Tai Ml Ve ea ban, eo che qudn tri GDDH MT khdng thay ddi nhidu vai thap ki gan ddy Thi trudng va dgi ngu qudn li nhd trudng van Id hai ydu td co tdc dgng Sd 3(68) nam 2015 quyet djnh tdi hoat dgng ciia trudng DH Phdn Idn eac trudng DH vdn tri co cdu qudn tri nha trudng bao gdm: 1) hgi ddng trudng, 2) hidu trudng va phdng ban hanh ehinh, 3) khoa thdnh vidn, 4) nganh hgc thudt, va 5) hdi ddng giang vidn [8] Tuy nhidn, cd thay ddi chut it CO cdu va qua trinh quydt djnh trudng DH ndn ddn tdi djch chuydn cdn can quydn lire cua edc ben tham gia vao GDDH Thay ddi dang kd nhat dd Id dnh hudng cua ddi ngii qudn H nha trudng tdi cdc mat hoat ddng nhd trudng tang Idn Chidu hudng ndy cung dang didn ddng thdi d chau Au nhu Clark [6] da dd cap vd dgi ngii quan li cd vai trd dan ddt cde trudng DH sdng tao Mpt nhOng bidu hidn ciia hidn tugng ndy Id cdng ndng qudn li cua dpi ngii quan trj cap trudng dugc tang eudng So lugng hi^u trudng duge bd nhidm vdo cdc nhi^m vu hanh ehinh nhu lap kd hoach, tai chinh, ddi ngoai, gido due bdi dudng vd td xa tang len Nhirng ngudi thudng cd ndn tang giao due ve quan tri, ludt, tdi chinh vd hg ed, xu hudng it coi trgng quan diem cua giang vien Bidu hi?n khdc niia dd la sir gia tdng eiia cdc quy djnh vd thu tuc hdnh ehinh nhd trudng, thdm ehi cd nhung quy dinh ddt quy ehd chat ehe vd sd lugng cdc khoa hge, dinh mde edng vide cua giang vien, ede hoat dgng tham gia bdn ngodt trudng Nhiing Imh vue ndy theo nd ndp truydn thdng thudng la gidng vidn quydt dinh Thay ddi ddng kd thu hai dd la vide lap cac hdi ddng quydt dinh ehidn TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM luge Cae hdi dong d^e biet thudng dua edc dinh hudng ed tinh dai han, thdnh phdn bao gdm dgi ngii qudn li hanh chinh cap cao va edc dai didn tu tdt ca ede khoa/ngdnh trudng Sir edn thidt ciia cdc hpi dong la trudng DH MT hidn phdi can nhde vd nhung muc tidu rat phiic tap vd mo hd De dat dugc nhiing mue tidu va kd hoach ndy, cdn phai tinh toan ddn nhiing nhu eau va co hdi cua edc ITnh vuc hgc thuat Thay ddi ddng kd thu ba dd Id phdn bd lai quydn lire dd trudng khoa ngdy cdng cd nhidu quydn quydt djnh hon [8] Trudng khoa phdi ehiu trdeh nhidm hidn thuc hda cac myc tidu ddt ehidn luge phat tridn nhd trudng, vay hg dd dugc giao thdm mgt sd quyen quydt djnh md khong can phdi hdi y kidn tu lanh dao cdp trudng Hidn nay, d hdu hdt edc trudng DH, vidc'tuydn giang vien mdi da dugc giao eho trudng khoa quydt djnh, hdi ddng chuydn mdn ngdnh ehi de nghi cdn tuydn ngudi Cae vi tri hgc thudt Idm vide bdn thdi gian vd theo du dn tang Idn, cde vi tri cap cao bi gidm bdt, vay, phdn eua hgi ddng giang vidn trd ndn khdng ddng nhdt vd tidng ndi cua hg vi thd ciing kem trgng lugng hon 4.3 Tgi cdc nude Bong A Tai Ddng A, nai ma nha nude cd quydn lyre rat cao qudn li ede trudng DH, cde nude nhu Nhdt Bdn, Han Qudc, Singapore, Thai Lan, Trung Qudc va Malaysia ciing dang theo sau lan sdng ddi mdi qudn tri DH d cac nude phuang Tay Theo Mok [U], tai cde nude nay, khu vuc tu nhan tham gia vao cung cdp dich vu GDDH edng nhidu, nhidn Phgm Thj Lan Phiratng quydn luc eua eua nha nude vide dan ddt phat tridn khdng hd gidm Nha nude ede nude Ddng A dang bd bdt cac quy dinh can thidp true tidp bdng cdc khung phdp li vd muc tidu chinh sdeh, thay vao Id su dung cdc cdng eu qudn li mdm deo hon nhu eanh tranh thi trudng, ehi sd hoat ddng Thai Lan va Malaysia da tien xa hon cdc nude khac vide dp dung mo hinh qudn li mdi vdo trudng DH Hai nude da chuydn ddi mgt sd trudng DH cdng lap sang hinh thue to chuc tu chii nhu doanh nghidp [12] Thay ddi qudn tri gido due tai cac nude Ddng A theo hudng tdng cudng tham gia ciia khu vuc tu nhdn, su dung ea chd thi trudng, dong thai ciing ed sy ddn ddt cua nhd nude khdc rdt nhieu so vdi mau hinh ddi mdi thudng thdy tai cdc nude Tay Au va MT Theo Marginson [10], la vi rat nhidu nude tai khu vuc ehiu anh hudng cua vdn hda Khdng Tu ndn dd eao vai tro giao dye Ngudi ddn d nhung nude sdn sdng trang trai chi phi cho vide di hgc Cac nude ehiu dnh hudng eua van hoa Khdng Tu eo truydn thdng qudn li tap trung nen Idn song ddi mdi hidn chi Id ddi mdi kT thuat qudn li Mo hinh qudn tri DH eiia nhung nude vdn tri kiem soat ehung vd khung chuong trinh va vi tri nhan su edp cao; khdng chii trgng tdi tu ehu thue chdt eua nha trudng vide quyet dinh [10] Suy ngSm vd Vift Nam Trudng DH hi?n dai ddu tidn cua Viet Nam dugc lap dudi thdi Phap thugc Sau la mpt thdi gian dai dp 33 TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM dung md hinh GDDH eiia Lien Xd eu, eung Id mpt md hinh quan li tap trung, td chuc vd qudn li DH theo nhdm nganh va chia cdt giiia gidng day vd nghien cuu Vi thd, cd thd noi, vd eo ban GDDH Viet Nam van theo md hinh DH eua Phap vdi nhirng dae diem nhu dd phdn tieh phdn 2.2 Nhiing nd luc ddi mdi GDDH Viet Nam hon hai thdp ki qua da giup ich gidi thidu vd dp dung nhidu tu tudng td chiic vd qudn tri DH mdi la tai nude ta Cd thd ke mdt vdi van de nhu DH da nganh, kdt hgp gidng day vd nghien cdu, tu chu DH, hpc phi, kidm dinh Sau hon 20 ndm ddi mdi, Chinh phu dd phan bdt quyen qudn Ii xudng cdc eo quan cdp dudi, ban hanh nhieu quy dinh eu thd hon vd ty chu dai hpc, van dung eo chd thj trudng eung dng gido dye, nghidn eihi vd tu vdn Tuy nhidn, dong gdp eua hoat ddng nghien cdu vao hoat dgng chimg cua hdu hdt cdc tnrdng DH cdn qua nhd so vdi boat dgng dao tao D6 la vi Viet Nam chua ed trudng DH dung nghia vdi tinh thdn DH Noi each khae, Viet Nam ehua co mgt trudng ndo xung ddng dugc ggi la DH nghien cim Dd tich luy duge luc lugng hge gia vd vdn hda hge thu^t dii dd trd thdnh mgt DH ed tdn bang xdp hang vdi trdm trudng DH nghien ciru cua thd gidi thi phdi trdi qua nhiing giai doan phat tridn tdt ydu vd khdch quan Mae du vay, cd the rut ngdn giai doan ciia GDDH Viet Nam bdng cdch xdy dung mgt CO chd quan tri DH hgp li, kich thich sdng tao vd phdt tridn bdn vihig Dudi ddy la mgt so dd xudt: Sd 3(68) ndm 2015 Dd xdy dung DH nghidn cuu tai Viet Nam, cdn ed mgt khung phap li rieng eho DH nghien cuu ma d dd tu hge thuat phdi la nguyen li ehi dao cao nhdt cua mgi boat dgng Chinh tu tudng DH nghien euu eua Humboldt da Id cim cdnh dd dua nude Duc/Phd kidt que sau ehidn tranh vdo ddu thd ki XIX trd thdnh mgt dd ehd manh ve mgi mat sau 50 ndm Chinh phu ndn ed dieu Id ridng cho DH nghien cdu va DH khdng nghidn euu hodc nghidn euu ung dung; tdt nhat la dat mdt danh xung khae cho eac ea so GDDH khdng nghien cuu Tat cd cde eo sd GDDH se duge chgn didu Id hoat dgng va vay nhan dugc syr doi xii khdc Trong danh gia hoat ddng nghidn ciiu eiia DH, ti trgng didm sd cua ddnh gid chuydn gia thdng qua edc hgi ddng chuydn mdn phdi chidm phan nhidu hon so vdi ede tidu ehi danh gid khde nhu bdng phdt minh sang ehe, thu hut tdi trg Hgi ddng ddnh gia chuydn mdn phai bao gdm edc chuydn gia vd ngoai nude vd ITnh vue dd Ngdnh khoa hpc eo bdn dd hdi nhap vdi qude td thi sd lugng ddnh gid vidn la chuyen gia nude ngodi nhidu hon va ydu eau sd bdi bdo edng bd kdt qua nghien cuu tren tap ehi qu6e td nhidu hon Cdch thue hidn khdng c6 gi mdi tai Viet Nam, quy Nafosted da co kinh nghiem dang dd hpc tap Kinh phi cdp cho DH nghidn eiiu ngoai khoan duge cap theo cdng thuc dua vdo sd lugng sinh vidn, c4n phdi ed mdt khodn tuang duong su dyng cho muc dich nghien cdu vd trao ddi hgc gid qudc td Chu dd vd thdi gian nghidn cim khdng TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nen gidi han de tao dieu kidn cho cae y tudng sang tao, nghien cuu quy md Idn vd keo ddi nhidu ndm Vide phan bd kinh phi nghien euu trudng cung phai dua vao ddnh gid ciia chuydn gia thdng qua cde hdi ddng chuyen mdn De phdt tridn ndng luc cua dgi ngu lao ddng hge thudt nhd trudng, thi vide tuydn ehgn va ddnh gia nhan su ciing gdp phan quan trgng Can dat mgt tidu ehuan nhdt dinh vd sd an bdn khoa hgc md giang vidn phai cdng bo trdn tap ehi khoa hgc hodc duge ede nha xudt bdn hgc thuat phat hanh Sau khoang thdi gian 5-6 ndm, nhdng gidng vidn cd bdng tidn si vd tri dugc thdnh t\m hgc thuat se duge bd nhidm vao nhiing vj tri edp eao va duge nhdn vao bien chd Cdc can bg hgc thudt trung edp, tap su va Idm vide theo du an ki hgp dong ki ban Didu ndy Idm gidm bdt khodn chi luong thudng xuydn va tao mdt moi trudng Idm vide cd tinh ddo thai Ddy la md hinh nhdn su DH dang ngdy cang phd bidn tai hdu hdt ede nude trdn thd gidi Kdt luan Cung vdi Idn sdng ddi mdi quan li khu vue edng lap, hau hdt eac he thdng GDDH trdn thd gidi dang chuydn ddi co chd qudn tri Nhd nude gidm dan su can Phgm Thi Lan Phuang thidp true tidp sang dan ddt GDDH mdt each gian tidp va tinh vi hon Canh tranh thj trudng dugc tang eudng dd gdy dp luc cho trudng DH phdi cdi thidn tinh hgp li cua ket qua dao tao va nghidn cuu Tieng ndi cua dgi ngu qudn tri nhd trudng vd cac ddi tugng hudng Igi ben ngoai tdng len Sy van dgng cua nhiing eo ehd qudn tri ndy Idm cho quydn luc cua dgi ngu hgc gid d nhung he thdng GDDH lau ddi bi gidm sut Truydn thong DH Viet Nam edn qud it 6i so vdi eac nude chdu Au noi dugc coi la cdi ndi eua GDDH hidn dai Do vay nhidu tu tudng DH cd tdm anh hudng trdn the gidi chua du thdi gian dd dugc hidu rd, cdng nhan vd dua vdo van dung Mdt nhirng tu tudng dd Id xay dyng DH nghien cihi, linh hdn cua h? thdng GDDH Dd xdy dyng mo hinh ndy tai Viet Nam, tir quan didm qudn tri, ngodi vide sd dung eanh tranh thi trudng, ddnh gia thong qua chi sd hoat ddng, vide hinh nhidu khung phap li cho ede loai CO sd GDDH khde dd phdn tang la rdt cdn thidt Trong cdc khung phdp li dd, didu Id trudng DH nghien cihi phdi Idy tu hpc thudt Idm nguydn tdc ehu dao dh hudng dan cac boat dpng td chuc vd van hdnh ' Quan tri (governance) Mm ^ dieu khien theo nhieu chieu kich tac dpng cua nhieu tic nhSn khic Quan li (management) him ^ dieu khien mpt chi^u, thudng la ciia dp tren doi vdi cip duoi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Amaral, A., Jones, G A., & Karseth, B (2002), Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance, Dordrecht: Springer Amaral, A., Meek, V L., & Larsen, M I (2003), The Higher Education Managerial Revolution? Dortrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Braun, D., & Merrien, F.-X (1999), Towards a New Model of Governance for 35 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 10 11 12 13 14 15 s6 3(68) nam 2015 Universities? A Comparative View, Britain: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Christensen, T., & Laegreid, P (2011), The Ashgate Research Companion to New Public Management, (T Christensen & P Laegreid, Eds.) Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited Clark, B (1983), The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in CrossNational Perspective, Berkeley: University of California Press Clark, B (1998), Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation, Oxford: International Association of Universities and Elsevier Science Ltd De Boer, H., Enders, J., & Schimank, U (2007), On the Way towards New Public Management? The Govemance of University Systems in England, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany In Dorothea Jansen (Ed.), New Forms of Governance in Research Organizations (pp 137-154) Dordrecht: Springer El-Khawas, E (2002), "Govemance in US Universities.' Aligning Internal Dynamics with Today's Needs" In A Amaral, G A Jones, and B Karseth (Eds.), Governing Higher Education- National Perspectives on Institutional Governance, (pp.261-277) Dordrecht: Springer Le Feuvre, N & Metso, M (2005), Comparative Report: The Impact of the Relationship between the State and the Higher Education and Research Sectors on Interdiseiplinarity in Eight European Coimtries http://www.york.ac.uk/res/researchintegration/ComparativeReports/ComparativeJk port_State_and_Higher_Education.pdf Marginson, S (2010), Higher education in East Asia and Singapore: Rise of the Confucian Model, Higher Education, 61(5), 587-61A1 Mok, K H (2007a), The Search for New Govemance: Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Universities in Malaysia and Thailand, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 27(3), 271-290 Mok, K H (2007b), Withering the State? Globalization Challenges and Changing Higher Education Govemance in East Asia, (W T Pink & G W Noblit, Eds.) International Handbook of Urban Education, 305-320 Pollitt, C, & Bouckaert, G (2004), Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis (2nd Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press Shattock, M (2006), Managing good govemance in higher education Maidenhead; OpenUniversity Press Teiehler, U (2014), Teaching and Research in Germany: The Notions of University Professor, In Shin, J C et al (Eds.), Teaching and Research in Contemporary Higher Education: Systems, Activities, and Rewards, (pp.61-88), Dordrecht: Springer (Ngiy Tda soan nh$n clw^ic bii: 06-3-2014, ngiyphin bi$n dinli gii:17-3-2014: ngiy chip ntiSn dSng: 23-3-2015) 36 ... chii trgng tdi tu ehu thue chdt eua nha trudng vide quyet dinh [10] Suy ngSm vd Vift Nam Trudng DH hi?n dai ddu tidn cua Viet Nam dugc lap dudi thdi Phap thugc Sau la mpt thdi gian dai dp 33 TAP... viing dia li khac tren thi gidi Phdn thii lien he tdi Vi?t Nam Cudi ciing la kit ludn vd mdt sd gpi y cho • viec ddi mdi qudn tri GDDH Vi$t Nam TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Cac mo hinh gido diic... Vi thd, cd thd noi, vd eo ban GDDH Viet Nam van theo md hinh DH eua Phap vdi nhirng dae diem nhu dd phdn tieh phdn 2.2 Nhiing nd luc ddi mdi GDDH Viet Nam hon hai thdp ki qua da giup ich gidi