CAOTOO Bdi OiiONG CAN ed m DOI Mdl GIAO DUC DAI HOC THEO Hl/OiNG HOI NHAP QUOC TE • PGS, TS PHAM C 6 N G NHAT Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Xa hdi vd Nhdn vdn Dgi hoe Quoc gia Hd Ndi Gido due dai hpc duoc h[.]
CAOTOO-Bdi OiiONG CAN ed m DOI Mdl GIAO DUC DAI HOC THEO Hl/OiNG HOI NHAP QUOC TE • PGS, TS PHAM C N G NHAT che, the hiln a muc tilu, ndi dung va phuong Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Xa hdi vd Nhdn vdn phdp, hinh thuc td chuc day hpc Dgi hoe Quoc gia Hd Ndi Vemuc tieu, nhilu nguyin nhan khdc ma cd luc chua chuttongdung muc din vile xac dinh muc tilu cho nln gido due eda qudc gia, ttong dd cd gido due dai hpc Thdi ido due dai hpc duoc hilu Id giai doan gian gan ddy, muc tilu giao due dai hpc da cd gido due thudng dien d cac trudng su thay ddi, dupc xae dinh Id dao tao nhan d^ hpc, viln dai hpc, trudng cao tai'^' Tuy nhiln, cdn chua thdng nhat ttong ddng, hpc vien va vien cdng nghe Tai Viet nhan thiic Neu hilu nhan tdi la ngudi cd sang Nam, giao due dai hpc la hinh thuc td chuc kiln, cd khd nang ddng gdp them mdt budc gido due cho cdc bde hpc sau giai doan bac quan ttpng vao su phat triln eda nghien ciiu phd thdng vdi cac trinh dp dao tao: cao ddng, lyluan hayhoatddng thuc tiin, nghla la nhan tdi phai Id nhiing ngudi tdi gidittongxa hpi tM dai hpc, thac sy vd tien sy '^' Xet vl mat lich su, d nudc ta giao due dai muctieunay tdid dat ddi vdi chat lupng cua hoc da cd tu hang nghin nam*^' va da ttai qua giao due dai hpc Vilt Nam hien Tren tiiuc cac nln giao due khac nhau: phong kiln, te, cac trudng dai hpc mdi chi cd kha ndng thudc dia vd chu nghia thuc dan mdi [d mien ttang hi cho ngudi hpc (sinh vien, hpc vien hay Nam Viet Namtiirdc1975), CNXH Sunghiep nghiin ciiu sinh ) kiln thiic co ban, tinh gido due dgi hpc d Vilt Nam tu sau Cdch mang than phan tich ddc lap, tu khoa hpc dl Thang Tam 1945 din da dat dupc nhirng phat huy khd ndng cua ngudi hpc Nhu vay, tuu quan ttpng, gdp phan tao cac thi ca ddi mdi muctieugiao due dai hpc he ngudn luc ngudi Viet Nam - nhdn td till muc tieu cdng Ididng phu hpp vdi chdt quyet dinh thdng loi cua su nghiep dau ttanh lupng thuc te cua nln giao due dai hpc ttong giai phdng dan tdc va xay dyng CNXH Tuy nudc Trong idii dd, cd cac qudc gia cd nhiln, budc vao giai doan ddi mdi va hdi nen gido due dai hoc tien Uen, dat muc nhap qudc tl cang sau, nln gjao due dai tieu giao due, hp ludn neu len nhimg ude hpc nudc ta da hoc Id nhiing bat cgp vd han nguyen rat thuc tl Mdt trudng dai hpc danh G Lf LUAN CHfNH TR!-So 10/2014 EL DAO TAO - B | D U A N G CAN B Sinh viin nghiin eicu (choa hgc thdng nhdt gdn muctieugido due vdi muc tilu tim idem viec lam ddi vol ngudi hpc Chua tao dupc sullen thdng giiia cac chudn muc giao due dai hpc ttong nudc va qudc tl Mac du ddt dudi su quan \f va gidm sat chat che eda Bd Gido due va Dao tao nhung ttIn thuc tl, kha nang liln thdng kiln thuc giua cac CO sd giao due dai hpc cdn rat ban cbl, it thda nhan va tiep nhan cac kit qud dao tao cOa nln ngudi hpc rdt idid khdn idii chuyin trudng, chuyen nganh hpc Vi$c hen thdng idin thuc giiia cac co sd gido dye dai hpc ttoi^ nudcvaqudcteiaicangbdtc^p, docdsukhdc biet ve muc tieu, npi dung va phuong ph^p dao tao giiia cac co sd dao tao (tru cdc chuong trinh lien kit dao tao theo thda thu?ln) Chuong trinh hpc cdn ndng, vdi thdi lupng idn Mdt thdng ke vd so sanh cho thdy, tiidi gian hpc nam d mpt idp dai hpc tai Viet Nam Ve npi dung la 2.138 gid, d My la 1.380 gid'^^ Nhu vdy, Ndi dung kien thuc dao tao cdn ndng ve ly chuong trinh d Viet Nam dai hon 60% so vdi thuylt, nhe vl thuc hanh, chua tao dui^c su My, thdi gian hoc tten idp nhilu, ngudi hpc tiing d My dd xdc dinh muc tilu dai hpc cua minh nhusau: "Muc dich cua mdi trudng giao due va sinh boat sinh viln la ddo tao nhiing cd nhan dat va cdng dan cd ttach nhiem Ngudi tdt ngiiilp cam thdy tu tin ttong vile tun hieu rdng rdi rihilu van de va kinh nghiem d mdi trudng dai hpc hay ngoai ddi, du la hpc bat cu nganh chuyen mdn nao" Chu "thdnh dat" cd the hieu la cd liieu biet vl tri thiic co ban, dd cd nhdn thdnh dat dupc sua soan ky cdng dl tu tin vao ddi vd vao thi trudng lao ddng (kilm sdng ciing nhu phdt triln tri thiic) Nhung muc dich dao tao nhdng "cdng dan cd ttach nhiem" (responsiblecitizens) thi dd qua ro '^' Trong dd, hau hit cac trudng dai hpc dViet Nam hien It dat hodc col nhe nhung muc tieu Day la mdt nhirng nguyen nhan iam giam chat luong san pham sau ddo tao LfLUANCHfNHTRi-SdlO/2014 m roi vao ttang thai ludn hi dp iiic vl vile hodn tiianh cac chuong trinh mdn hpc, it cd thdi gian de tu hpc, tu nghien ciiu hodc tham gia cac hogt ddng xa hdi khdc Nhin chung, chuong trinh giao due dai hpc tai Vi|t Nam hien dd bOc id su lac hau, kem hieu qua Vi phuong phip va hinh thuc td ehiic day hoe, nhin chung giao due 6ai hpc d nudc ta chua tilp can dupc cdc phuong phdp vd hinh thiic td chiic day hpc dai hpc phd bien cua thi gidi Vdi muc tilu "nhdn manh din ky nang xu ly vdn dl ddt cupc sdng hon la tap tinng vdo viec lam day kiln thiic da cd san", vile dp dung cac phuong phdp va hinh thiic td chiic dg-y hpc eda cdc trudng dai hoc hiln ttIn th^ gidi rdt Unh hoat dua tren tinh thdn de cao vai ttd cua ngudi hoc, tao dieu kien tdi da cho ngudi hpc cd thi tu hpc, tu nghien cdu Tuy nhien, tai Viet Nam quan niem "nln gido due can ttang bi cho ngudi hpc mpt lupng lain tiuic cang nhieu cang tdt dl hp cd thi cd mdt nln tdng viing ehdi kill tnj5ng"'6) nen vaittd,vi tri cua ngudi hpc chua thuc su dugc quan tam Cdc phuong phap vd hinh thiic td chiic day hpc cdn kha lac h^u Kit qua khdo sat thuc dia eda Vien Han ldm Qudc gia Hoa Ky (2006) cd nhan xet vl phuong phdp day va hpc dgi hpc cua Vilt Nam nhu sau: "Phuong phdp gidng day khdng hilu qua, qua phu thudc vao cac bai thuyet trinh va it su dung cac ky ndng hpctichci^c, ket qua la cd it su tuong tdc giua sinh vien vd gidng vien ttong va ngoai lop hpc; qud nhan manh vao ghi nhd kiln thiJC theo Ideu thu0c idng ma khdng nhan manh vao vile hpc khdi niem ho^c hpc d cdp dp cao (nhu phdntichva tdng hpp), dan din hdu qua la smh vien hpc hdi hpt thay vi hpc chuyin sau; hpc mdt cdch thu dpng"'^ Mac du nhiing ndm gan day, theo chd truong eda Bp Gido due va Dao tao, nhilu trudng dai hpc, cao ddng ttong ca nudc da bat dau dp dung phuong phdp giang day cho sinh viln theo phuong thuc tin chi, nhung "dao tao tin chi d Viet Nam hien ehua thue su dung vdi tinh than cua tin ciii Cdch day, hpc vdn cdn chua thoat khdi tinh thdn niln che Tinh chu dOng cua sinh viln cdn yeu kem""^^ Su ddi mdi vl phuong phdp gidng day ttong cac trudng dai hpc nhilu chi mang tinh hinh thdc, vile caitienvl phuong phdp vd chuong trinh hpc vdn chua dugc chu ttpng Cac bdt cap, ylu kem ttIn ddy da tao su tut hdu ttong gido due dai hpc d Viet Nam vd tac dpngtieucue din phat triln idnh tl - xa hpi: Mot la, chat lupng ngudn nhdn luc sau ddo tao chua ddp iing dupc ylu cdu cua thuc tl Khdo sat 60 doanh nghiep ttong linh vuc dich vu - cdng nghiep tai Thanh Hd Chi Minh ve "Danh gid mirc dO hdi ldng eda doanh ngliiep vl chat lupng cua sinh viln dupc dao tao ttong nam dau tiln sau tdt nghilp" (dira tten cdc tieu ehi: kiln thiic ly thuylt, ky ndng thuc hanh, trinh ngoai ngu, tac phong iam vile vd ndng luc nghl ngiilep) eho thdy, chi cd 5% dupc danh gid d muc dp tdt, 15% khd, 30% trung binh vd 40% khdng dat'^' Kit qua khdng chi phan dnh su ylu kim gido due dai hpc ma gian tiep ciil bdo mOt nguy co: ttong dieu kiln cac doanh ngiiiep da va dang su dung cdng nghe tu dpng quan ly nhdn luc, niu lao ddng Viet Nam khdngtichcue nang cao tiinh dp chuyen mdn, ren luyen tac phong cdng nghiep, tinh ky luat, chuyen nghiep, se tut hau so vdi cdc n i ^ khdc ttong khu vuc Hai li, han chi ve kha nang nghien ciiu va cdng bd cdc kit qua nghiin ciiu Hdu hit cdc nln gido due tien tien cua cac qudc gia ttong khu vuc va tten the gidi dlu dao tao duoc mpt Lf LUAN CHfNH TRI-So 10/2014 ^ ninTAO-B6lDUaNGCANB6 dpi ngu cic nhi khoa hpc dong dip, co kha luong ngudnnhinlucmicdthe lam suy giam nang nghien ciiu va cong bo cac ket qui ddn kha ning canh ttanh toan ciu ciia nin nghien ciiu niroc vi quoc te Cung v6i kinh td dit ntrdc Theo Bao cio ve Tinh cash xu thg hOi nhap, sd lupng va chit lupng in ttanh nang luc toan ciu (2013-2014) dupc pham khoa hpc quoc te tro thinh thuoc thuc hien vdi 148 nudc cua Di6n din Kinh tS quan trpng, chi so khich quan khong chi Thd gidi (WEF), tinh bleu qui cua he thong phin anh su phat trien khoa hpc cong ngh6 giao due Viet Nam dupc xep vi tri 67/144.6 cung nhu hieu suit khoa hpc m i phin hang muc Giao due dai hpc vi dio tao, Vi$t anh trinh dp vi chit lupng thuc ti nin giip Nam dung thii 95 ttong bing xdp hang, thii due ciia m8i quoc gia Tai Viet Nam nhiing ttong cac nudc ASEAN"" nam gin day, mit dil di co su quan tam ciia Tren tinh thin "ddi moi cin ban vi toan nhieu co so giio due viec tao co che didn giio due Vidt Nam theo hirdng chuan khuySn khich cic nha khoa hpc tip trung hoi, hien dai hoi, xa hdi hoi, dan chii hoa nghien ciiu va cOng bo cac ket qui nghien ciiu va hdi nhip qudc te""^', 4-11-2013, ttong nuoc vi quflc tS, nhtmg hoat dflng niy Trung uong Ding Nghi quydt sd 29vin nhiSu ySu kem NSu so sinh voi cac NQ /TW ve "Ddi mdi cin bin, toan dien giao kit qua nghien ciiu va cong bd cac k§t qui due va dap tao, dap img yeu ciu cdng nghigp nghienciiuciianhieu quSc giattongkhu vuc hda, hien dai hda ttong diiu kien kinh tethj vattenthi gioi thi kha nang ciia chiing ta trudng dinh hudng xi hdi chu nghia va hOi nhiiu ban che, thim chi co xu huong ngiy nhip qudc te", ttong dd ndu chin giai phip cang tut hiu xa hon cho vide ddi mdi giio due toin dien va nhin Theo thdng ke cua Vien thdng tin khoa hoc manh cic diem sau: (ISI),ttong15 nim (1996 - 2011), Viet Nam co Tha nhat, cin xay dung trigt ly giao due 13.172 kit qui nghien ciiu cdng bd tren cac chung cho ndn giio due mrde nhi, ddng thdi tap san qudc te cd binh duyet, bing khoang moicosdgiioducdaihpc cdng cin cd triit ly 1/5 cua Thii Lan, 1/6 ciia Malaysia va 1/10 giap dueriengphu hpp vdi tdn chi, muc dich cuaXinhgapo Trong Idii do, dan s6Viit Nam va hudng tdi hdi nhap vao ddng chay chung gip 17 lan Xinhgapo, lin Malaysia vi gin cita giio due qudc td gip nroi Thai Lan Viet Nam hien co Thiihai, viec ddi mdl tu giio due hien khoang nghin giio su vi phd giao su, 24 cin "gin vol xiy dung xi hdi hpc tip; bao nghin tidn sy vi hon 100 nghin thac sy ma sd dam cic didu kien ning cao chat lupng: chuin sin pham khoa hpc ciia ca ntrdc ttong 15 nam hda, hien dai hda, din chu hda, xi hdi hda va qua chua bing 1/5 ciia trudng Dai hpc Tokyo hdi nhip qudc te he thdng giio due va dao tao; (69.806 cdng trinh) vi mdt nua cua trudng Dai giii viing dinh htrdng XHCN va ban sic dan hpc qudc gia Xinhgapo (28.070 cdng ttmh)""' tpc Phin diu ddn nim 2030, ndn giio duo Ba la, lam suy giam kha ning canh ttanh Viet Nam dat trinh dp tien Udn khu cua ne'n kinh te dit nuoc ttong dieu kien hdi vuc"'™ Cic cip, cic nginh, trudc bdt la B6 nhap qudc te Thuc te cho thiy, sir bat cip, Giio due va Dio tao cin cd su thay ddi manh han che ttong giio due dai hpc khdng chi tic me vd tu ttong td chiic giio due d?i hpc: dpng true tiep den viec lam suy giam chit thay ddi cich tuydn sinh, lua chpn "diu vio" LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 10/2014 m cho phep hinh thdnh nhilu md hinh dao tao dai hpc khdc nhau, kilm sodt chdt cbl "dau ra" cua mdi co sd ddo tao dl bao ddm chat lupng chung V.v Thii ba, ddi mdi manh ml ndi dung chuong trinh vd phuong phdp day hpc theo hudng hdi nhap qudc tl VI ndi dung chuong trinh va gido trinh, cdn dupc td chuc xay di^g vd triln khai theo hudng md (cho phip cap nhat thudng xuyen vl kiln thuc vd ngoai nudc, su dung giao trinh, hpc lieu nude hoac ngodi nudc mot each iinh boat), npi dung giang day phdi gdn chat va phd hpp vdi ylu cau thuc tiln cua nganh nghl md ngudi hpc dang theo dudi Ve phuong phap, cho phep su dung da dang cdc phuong phdp day hpc theo nguyen tdc "lay ngudi hpc la trung tam", giam thilu gid giang tren idp dl ngudi hpc cd thdi gian tu hpc va tu nghien ciiu Cdc co sd dao tao can thudng xuyen thuc hien vile kilm tra, ddnh gid khdch quan, chdt che dl bao dam tinh hilu qua eda vile day vd hpc Thii tu, ddi mdi vai ttd cua cac co quan quan iy riba nudc ttong td chuc gido due dai hgc dilu kien hdi nhap qudc tl Theo dd, ve mat phap ly, edn tilp tuc bd sung, hoan thien cac quy dinh ve phdp luat ddi vdi cac boat ddng gido due dai hpc Thay vi true tilp quan ly todn diln ddi vdi cdc co sd gido due dai hpc, cdc co quan quan ly nha nudc chi nen ddng vai ttd la cac co quan "tai phdn", dinh hirdng cdc hoat ddng theo luat phdp, ddng thdi tao dieu kiln dl cdc co sd gido due dai hpc duoc ddc lap, tu chu hon va can ttanh idi tu qudn ly dp ddt, hoac "bao cap" Thii nim, tang cudng cac boat dpng nghien cuu va cdng bd qudc tl kit qua nghiin ciiu, tiln tdi qudc t l hda cac tilu chuan ddnh gid khoa hpc va cac hoat ddng ve chuyen mdn tai cdc ca sd gido due dai hpc Trudc mdt, Nhd nudc, cac co sd gjao due dai hpc cdn ed cdc co cbl chinh sach ddng vien, khuyen khich cac nha khoa hpc nghien cuu vatichcue cdng bd qudc te cdc kit qua nghien cuu Ve lau dai cdn dat id ttinh tiln tdi qudc te hda cde tieu chudn ddnh gia boat dpng khoa hpc va ho^t ddng vl chuyen mdn ttong tat ca cdc co sd gido due dai hpc, can coi day id giai phap quan trpng de dua gido due dai hpc Vilt Nam hdi nhap sau hon vao mdi trudng qudc t l O (1), (3) Luat giao due dai hoc Viet Nam, 2012 (2) Nam 1070 dudi Uieu vua Ly Nhdn Tdng da cho xay dimg nha Qudc Tu Giam dung lam nod md khoa thi myen chpn nhdn tai cho ddt nudc, day dugc coi la truong dgi hpc dau tien d Viet Nam (4), (5) Vfl Quang Viet: So sanh ch uong trinh giio due dai hoc My - Kyyiu hdi thao khoa hgc ve td chiic, quan lygiao due dai hoc, Dai hpc Qudc gia Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, 2006 (6) Lfe Minh Khoi: Giio due Viet Nam - nguyca tut hau trudng, http: I lhuc.edu.vn (7) Ngo Td Thanh: Cin ddi mdi cich giing day & dai hoc, dantri.com.vn, ngdy 12-3-2010 (8) My Quyen: Dio tao tin chi d Viet Nam cdn nhiiu bat cap, Bao Thanh nien, 14-2-2012 (9) Doanh nghiep "cham diem" sinh vien, Bdo Tudi tie online, ngdy 25-5-2014 (10) Theo GS Nguyin Van Tudn, Dai hoc South Wales, Austtalia (11) Giio due Viet Nam thua ca Campuchia, Bdo Ngumlao iJpngonline, 6-9-2013 (12) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai biiu toan qudc lan thiiXI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Npi, 2011, tt 130-131 (13) DCSVN: Van kien Hdi nghi lan thd Tim Ban Cbaphinh Tnmg uong Khda XI LfLUAN CHfNH TR!-So10/2014 ... du nhiing ndm gan day, theo chd truong eda Bp Gido due va Dao tao, nhilu trudng dai hpc, cao ddng ttong ca nudc da bat dau dp dung phuong phdp giang day cho sinh viln theo phuong thuc tin chi,... dung chuong trinh vd phuong phdp day hpc theo hudng hdi nhap qudc tl VI ndi dung chuong trinh va gido trinh, cdn dupc td chuc xay di^g vd triln khai theo hudng md (cho phip cap nhat thudng xuyen... hpp vdi ylu cau thuc tiln cua nganh nghl md ngudi hpc dang theo dudi Ve phuong phap, cho phep su dung da dang cdc phuong phdp day hpc theo nguyen tdc "lay ngudi hpc la trung tam", giam thilu gid