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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE EducaEional Sci , 2014, Vol 59, No, 6A, pp 242 251 This paper is available online at http //sEdb,hnue,edu vn HOAT D 6 N G GIAI QUYET VAN DE THEO CON DUONG KHOA HOC M 6 HINH[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE EducaEional Sci., 2014, Vol 59, No, 6A, pp 242-251 This paper is available online at http://sEdb,hnue,edu.vn HOAT D N G GIAI QUYET VAN DE THEO CON DUONG KHOA HOC - M HINH CHUYEN D I THONG TIN THANH KIEN THl^C NGU6l HOC D6 Hitdng Tra Khoa Veil li, TrUdng Dgi hpe Suphgm Hd Npi Tom tat Bai bao Erinh bay cd sd de dUa cong cu hifdng din ngUdi hgc phan tich dUdcraucdich cua tinh hudng va xac dinh dUdc cac phan cua hoat dong giai quylt van dl, Dilu khdng chi giup ngUdi hoc co dUdc mgt ngi dung kien Ehflc va ki nang nao dd, ma quan hdn dd la nang lUc giai quylt vln dl mot each khoa hgc - Mot Erong nhflng nang lUc cin hinh Ehanh ci ngUdi hoc, Tii khda: Giai quylt vln dl, dUclng khoa hoc, thong tin, kiln thflc Mcf dau Nhieu nghien cflu rat quan tara den hoat ddng giai quylt vln de cua hgc sinh Cac nha li luan day hgc bd mon tren cd sd phan tich qua trinh va cac chiln Ifldc giai quyet da nghien cfiu nhflng flng xfl can cd cua hgc sinh giai quyet vln dl (rad hinh dinh hfldng) va dfla eac rao hinh day hgc/hgc tap tfldng flng, Khi hudng dan giai quylt vln de, giao vien cd the phan tfch boat ddng giai quyet eac bUdc lien tilp vdi cac lenh d n EhUc hien; Dd la dUa mgt algoriE giai quylt Cach lam thfidng dfia tren kinh nghiem cua giao vien (tren ed sd hieu bilt va phan tich khd khan cua hpc sinh) hoac dUa tren cac kinh nghiem cam tinh Dilu cd the dUa den nhflng cai Ehien giai quylE vln dl nhUng chl la cue bd- NgUdc Iai, rad hinh dinh hudng khdng dUa cae ehi din eu Ehe Erong cac hanh ddng to ma dfla mdt long the cac dinh hfldng buoc hpc sinh cd each flng xfl tfldng flng vdi cai raa giao vien chd ddi, Dd la dfla cdng cu de hudng din hgc sinh va day khdng phai la hudng din algorit Cdng cy hfldng din (chfing tdi gpi la md hinh dinh hfidng) dfidc xay dfing dfia tren viec xac dinh cac dac trflng cfla vln dl, xae dinh cac Ehanh phin cua hoat dgng giai quyet vln dl Eheo dudng khoa hpe Lien he: D6 Hifdng Tra, e-mail: dhtra@holmail.com Hogt dong gidl qiivil vdn di theo dildng khoa hgc - mo hinh chuyin dd'i thong Un Noi dung nghien cu'u 2.1 Co sof h'thuyet Viec hgc tap cac kiln thfic khdng phai theo kieu xip Ehanh tflng ting, cung khdng theo radt dudng Ehang, Euyin Einh, V6i mdt khai niem nao do, chflng nao hoc sinh cdn chfla nhan thflc dUdc sU khdng day du quan niem cua minh thi hg se edn gifl lai cac quan niem thilu sdt, Ngay ca da dUa cho hg rapt "cdng cu" radi Ehi hp vln quay trd lai vdi "cdng cu" cu raa hpc sinh eho la "kinh te" hdn Md hinh cua If Ehuylt kiln tao vl sU hgc cung khang dinh; chi thdng qua hoat ddng giai quylt van dl ngUdi hgc mdi xay dung nhflng kiln thflc rieng cho minh Viec xay dung kien thflc khoa hpc d n dfldc xem nhU mdt sfl thay doi quan niera xult phaE Efl quan niem va kiln thflc da cd HoaE ddng giai quylt vln dl phai trd phfldng Uen de thay ddi quan niem va phUdng phap Giai quyet vln dl phai cho phep lam bdc Id nhflng quan niem da cd va tao nen nhflng xung ddt nhan Ehflc Dieu cho thiy d n phai xay dung cac tinh hudng hpc tap cho phep hgc sinh: - Sfl dyng cac kien thflc rieng cua minh - Nhan thfic dUdc rang cac kiln Ehflc dd chua day du - Thu nhan cac kiln Ehfic radi Ehich flng Edt hdn vdi Unh hudng Trong vat li, hieu ragt dinh luaE khdng chi d viec nhan UIIE ndi dung dinh luaE, cac dieu kien hdp thfic cua nd raa phai hieu ca viec thiet lap radi quan he gifla cac dai Ifldng Giai quyeE van de chinh la van dung cac kiln Ehfic da cd va giai quylt cac tinh hudng phfic hdp, la dip dera lai nghia dung cho cac dinh luat Chi thdng qua boat dgng giai quyet vln de hgc sinh radi hieu dung cac mdi quan he trflu tUdng cd Erong dinh luat Chinh vdi nghia raa boat ddng giai quyet dUdc xera la ragt Erong nhflng phfldng Eien tdi flu hgc tap Kiln thflc ma ngfldi hoc co dUdc la cac thdng Un ed nghia va ed the sfl dyng dUdc, Tuy nhien, kien Ehflc mang dac Einh chu quan, nd phu Ehuoc vao ca nhan mang Ehong tin; cd the cd ngfldi cd kha nang (hoac khdng) Um y nghia cua Ehdng Ein dd Nhd cac hoaE ddng cua nao bo raa Ehdng Ein ban dau cd the dupc biln dd'i de chuyen hda kien thflc va cac kiln Ehflc mdi cd the dfldc sfl dyng lai (dfldc ma hda, dflpc truyen tai, dfidc Ifiu trfl va truy cap, ) vdi Eat ca sflc manh cua nd Moi van de cd the chfia nd cae thdng tin d n thilt Qua trinh suy nghi de giai quylE vln de va dUa quyeE dinh la qua trinh bien dd'i thdng tin: Tfl thong tin cua van de din thdng Ein cac giai phap hoac quylt dinh Day la qua trinh chuyen dd'i thdng tin kiln thflc hoac qua trinh chuyen dd'i kiln thflc cd trfldc dd sang kiln thflc radi bdi vi cac giai phap hole quyet dinh la thdng tin tao Idl ich cho ngUdi giai quyeE van de; nd giflp hg daE dfidc muc Eieu Chinh vi vay, viec phan tich hoat dgng giai quylt vln dl cd Ehe giup giao vien dfla dfldc cdng cy hieu qua dinh hfldng hoaE ddng giai d ngfidi hgc, 243 D6 Hifdng Tra 2.2 2.2.1 Van de va hndng dan hoat dong giai quyet van de d ngUdi hoc Dac trifng cira van de vln dl tiem an moE tinh huong va no ddi hdi mdt giai phap ma luc dlu ca nhan chfia bilt phfidng Eien hoac dfidng giai quyet chung Khong cd khd khan Ehi khdng phai la van dl, nhung dd chUa phai la dac trUng thUe chat ciia van dl Dac ErUng Ehuc chit cua vln dl la dac trflng cua su EUdng tac gifla tinh hudng (tiera i'n van de) vdi ngfidi giai quylt tai Ehdi diera nao dd Cung radE tinh hudng cd the la van dl ddi vdi ca nhSn nhUng lai khong phai vdi ca nhan khac Viec quyet dinh mgt tinh hudng la van de ddi v6i ca nhan nao dd chinh la dfla gia thuyet ve tinh trang kien thflc cua ca nhan dd (nhflng kinh nghiem da cd, nhflng tinh huong da gap, ) Dieu la quan trgng day hgc De hgc sinh "dUdng dlu" vdi rapt van de thi can phai dat hg vao tinh hudng, ma luc dlu cdn chfia biet dUdng giai quyet Tien trinh giai quyet van de dd cd eac dac trfing: - Xae dinh dfidc rauc dich van dl nhung luc dlu chfia bilt cai se lam - Chu the lien tuc dat cau hdi treng sudt qua trinh giai quylt (phUdng dien gia thuyet cua heat ddng giai quylt van de) - Cac dfl kien d n xfi li phai dfldc xult phat Efl cac gia thuylt da cd - Kit qua nhan dfldc phai ddi chieu vdi cac gia thuylt dUa luc dlu va vdi cac kiln thflc da cd 2.2.2 Hufdng dan hoat dong giai quyet van de De thiy dfldc mgt vai diem chung gifla hoat ddng giai quylt vln dl cua hpc sinh va boat dpng nghien cflu khoa hpc, chflng tdi neu cac giai doan cua boat dpng giai quylt van dl va phan Eich nhflng dac trflng cac giai doan dd - Nhan bilt cd tdn tai vln dk: de cd hoaE ddng giai quyll vln dk, dilu kien dlu tien d n thda man la ngfldi giai quyet can y Uiflc dfidc sfl tdn tai vln de, tfi dd y thflc dfldc muc dich d n dat dUde, Eham chi muc dich dd edn rit map md Dieu khdng phai nad cung dat dUdc day hgc, Viee xac dinh rd rang myc dich can dat la ylu td then chdt hoat dgng giai quylt Dd khdng phai la boat dgng ddc lap ma dfldc tien hanh song song vdi viec phan tich tinh hudng - Hieu mdt each dinh tinh vln de bang viec md hinh hda tinh hudng: sU khac chu ylu vl each flng xfl cua nha khoa hgc va hgc sinh la d viec phan tich tinh hudng: nha khoa hoc thiet lap rapt bieu tUdng tdng the, dinh tinh vl vln dl, cdn hgc sinh chi tao nen cac bieu tUdng ddi vun vat, nhilu khdng lien quan vdi Khi giai quyet, thiet lap bieu tfldng ve vln de la dilu can thilt, nd dUde thue hien xult phat tfl nhfing thdng Un cd thong bao va nhflng kien thfic raa ngfidi giai quyet cd, la sU ddi dlu dlu tien gifla vln de va cac kiln thfic da cd Hogt dong gidi cptyil vdn di theo dildng khoa hgc- mo hinh chuyen ddi thong tin Bieu EUdng vl vln dl d ngUdi hgc d n Ehda man cac dieu kien sau: -I- Phai duih Einh Dilu dam bao eho viec giai quyeE vln dl vl sau vi each fing xii thudng cd d hgc sinh la lap Eflc thfl td hdp tit ca eac dfl kien da cho, tham chi ca CO nhflng dfl kien khong thi'ch dang + Phai cd each nhin bao quat, tdng the ve Einh huong, cd nghia phai dUa vln dl vao khung li Ehuylt nhat Viec thilt lap bilu tUdng Eong the, dinh Ei'nh la ragt boat ddng ddng Ihdi vdi viec y thflc dUdc vln de, hieu van de Day la giai doan khd khan nhflng mlu chdt Vdi viec hpc tap cua hgc sinh cd the dUa nhfing dinh hfidng nhan thflc d n EhilE Nhan biet co tdn tai van de Mo hinh hoa Einh huong (chfla dung van de) Xay dyng bieu luong vl vln dl De xuat cac gia thuyet Lya chgn cac chien lucre giai quyel Thyc hien giai quyet Phan tich ket qua - Dfla gia thuylt, DSy la ragt Erong nhfing giai doan cd ban eua hoat ddng giai quylt Nd lira cho hoat ddng giai quylt tfia nhfl hoat dpng nghien cflu Dd la gia Ehuylt ve eac tham sd co anh hfldng den hien tudng dang xet hoac gia thuyet ve ban chat cua cac anh hudng Day la giai doan ma cac quan niem dUde hoc 16, tao nen cac xung dot nhan thflc, giup ngudi hgc thiy dfldc su khdng diy du ve kien thflc cua minh - Lfla chgn cac chiln Ifldc giai quyet Khi giai quylt van de, dudng EhUc hien khdng phai da chi san, Giong nhU nha nghien cflu: chinh bai dau Efl cai da biet (cac dinh luat., ) ma dinh hfldng sU lUa chgn each giai quylt, Neu nhieu dinh luat dlu cd the ap dung tinh huong, dd ngUdi hpc se cd mdt sfi lUa chgn thUc sU Dieu chi dUpc Ehuc hien \ieu ho da nham Edi nhieu dUdng giai quyet khac cd the Day la ylu Eo cd ban thai nghien cflu Nhflng lua chpn dfldc ggi la cac chien lUdc Chinh tfl sU phan Eich eac chien Ifldc cd Ehe cd se hfldng din sfl lUa chgn cua hgc sinh - Giai quyeE van de bang ehfl, sau dd la bang sd Can phai yeu clu ngfldi hpc giai quyet tinh hudng dudi dang chfl cho din kit qua cudi cung Viee giai quylt Einh hudng khdng chi cd muc dich nhlE la dua din klE qua bang sd tUdng flng vdi tinh hudng da cho ma quan trgng hdn la thilt lap radi quan he gifla cac dai ludng, Ich Idi eua tinh huong 245 Do Huong Tra dang nghien cflu chinh la d phUdng phap giai quylt Do vSy, chi giai quylt Unh hudng tdi cung d rafic trfiu tUdng (chfi) thi cac dai lUdng vat li mdi the hien radi lien he gifia cac biln, cac thara sd chfl khdng phai chi la nhfing sd - Phan tich ket qua.Cd dUdc kit qua khdng phai la cdng viec cudi cung cua viec nghien cflu Cin xem xet cac ket qua mdt each cd phe phan, ddi chilu nd vdi cac he qua rut tfi gia thuyet da cd, vdi cac kien Ehflc da biet Neu ddi chilu nay sinh mau thuin thi d n dat cau hoi Neu cdn cd gia thuylt hoac nhfing lUa chgn bi bd qua thi d n tien hanh cho tdi Unh hudng dupc giai quyet tdi cung Chflng tdi nhin manh sU d n Ehiet phai phan Eich ket qua va ddi chieu vdi kiln thflc da cd bang viec kiem tra ben (tinb vflng chac, tinh hdp logic cua lap luan) va viec kiera tra ben ngoai (ddi cbilu vdl cai da bilt) Viec kiem tra khong ehi d budc cudi cung, ehi lien quan din kit qua, ma sudt qua trinh giai quylt can kiera tra, can dat cau hdi 2.3 ThiJfc tien cua viec day hoc giai quyet van de Quan sat cac gid hoc cung nhu phan tich san pham cua hgc sinh, phan tich cac fing xfl cua hgc sinh cho thiy: - D6I vdi giao vien: cac vin'dl giao vien giao cho hgc sinh khong phai la vln de ddi vdi chinh hg bdi hg da biet ket qua, phUdng lien va dUdng giai quylt Viec khong cd vln dl - ddi vdi giao vien - anh hfidng tdi viec hfidng din (nhfing diera d n nhan raanh, nhfing diem can bd qua, ) giai quyet vln dl cua hgc sinh Thera nfia, eac tieu chuan hfldng din sfl lfla chpn van dl cua giao vien khong ro rang: rang dd la de cap din rapt vln de thflc sfl hay chi la mgt nhiera vy lap lai each lira da bill, Phin nhieu giao vien dfla tinh huong bang viec giao cac nhiem vu da bill each thfic giai quylt, Giao vien quan niera rang dd la cac Einh hudng vfla sfic hpc sinh, an loan vdi giao vien, cdn vdi cac tinh hudng chUa xac dinh dfldc each thflc thflc hien dl din den "rui ro" Erong day bpc - Doi vdi hgc sinh: cung radt tinh huong, cd nhieu each flng xfl khac Xae dinh "ngfldng vln dl" ddi vdi hoc sinh mgt ldp khdng ddn gian va cung khdng hien nhien Giao vien d n dfla gia thuylt vl cai da cd d hgc sinh (cac quan niem eung nhU each thflc Ehflc hien), Dilu chi cd dfldc giao vien thflc hien su phan tich "qua khfl" cua ldp hgc (cac tinh budng da hpc, vln dl da giai quylt, each giai quylt da thflc hien) va gia thuyet vl cai hgc sinh se xay dfing dfldc (mgt gia Ehuylt chung la khdng the Eranh khoi nlu lap luan bang Ehuat ngfl "Idp hpc"), Khi giai quylt vln dl, cd the hoc sinh khdng giai quylt nhfl giao vien chd ddi, va giao vien, ve phin minh thi khdng eung d p thdng tin cd ich va can thilt de hoc sinh hil'u va Uln bd •- Khi giai quyet vln de thfldng la giao vien cung d p cac Ehdng tin ma hgc smh yeu cau (ndi chung, dd khdng phai la eac thdng tin ed tinh chien Ifidc) Viee chu trgng trinh bay lai cac giai phap (da bilt) da din den viec giao vien bd qua nhilu phin each giai quyet, vi du nhU trinh tfl cua hoat ddng gill quylt Cd the giao vien khdng bilt vln de 246 Hogt dong gidi quyit vdn di theo dildng khoa hgc - mo hinh chuyen ddi thong tin ddi vdi hoc sinh bdi vi giao vien da bilt, vay, each trinh bay cua hg mit di dac tinh gia thuylt, Ei'nh "vln de" Dilu nay, mdt each khdng y thflc, giao vien da biln tinh hudng tiera an van de mgt tinh hudng ro rang, tinh huong ddng, hgc sinh se di den kit qua ragt each Erflc Eilp va khdng cd khd khan gi nhieu Cach trinh bay giai quylt nhfl Ehi cua giao vien da khdng ehu trgng tdi sU phan tich va lara sang to muc dfch cua vln dl, bdi tfl dlu, giao vien da cho rang muc dich da dfldc eoi la hien nhien Dieu cd the giao vien quan niem rang sU cd mat cua cau hdi thdng bao la du de hgc sinh y thflc ve myc dfch can dat, va hdn nfia, la du de muc dfch dd dfidc xac dinh rd rang NhUng tfi sU phan Eich each giai quylt cua hgc sinh da chflng to khdng phai nhu vay day, ngUdi hgc khong biet cai hg nghien cflu la gi cung nhfl vi lai lap luan hoac chflng minh nhu vay - Mdt Idi thudng thiy la hgc sinh tfi bd cac lap Iuan, ldi cd the khdng xac dinh dUdc muc dich - d n dudc hieu vdi tu each la kiln thflc vat II Viec trinh bay Iai cac giai phap da biet khdng the hien dac tinh gia thuyet - y dinh Erung Eam cua viec giai quylE vln de theo dUdng khoa hoc Giai phap dd la dfldng chac chan, bd qua tit ca sy lua chgn, Hdn nfla, viec trinh bay nhU the khdng cho Ehly each giai quyet td'ng the, ngan can sU tiep can ve chien lUdc giai quylt Dieu khdng day cho hoc sinh phudng phap giai quyet vln de va dua den hinh anh sai ve cdng viec khoa hgc Khi trinh bay lai cac giai phap da bill, giao vien day boc sinh giai quyet mdt sd cac vSn de co cung tien trinh giai quylt - dd la cac vln dl dang clu Muc dich d day khdng phai la xay dflng rad hinh giai quyet cac vln de tudng tU Cae Einh hudng md la eac tinh hudng can dfidc fiu Uen lUa chgn cd y dinh dUa ngUdi hoc vao boat ddng giai quylt vln dl ThUc tl cho thiy, hoat dgng giai quylt van de phin ldn la giai quyet cac vln dl tfldng tfl Dieu da loai bd dac tinh vln dl Cac boat dgng cd rayc dich chinh la day hgc sinh qua trinh - rad hinh giai quylt Sau dd, hgc sinh giai quylt cac vln de radi thupc ldp cac vln dl da bilt bdi sfl tfldng tU, Cach lam khdng Eao dilu kien cho viec day radt phUdng phap hoac phat huy ti'nh sang tao hoc tap Cach day nay, thara chi cd the bieu qua va cdng cung khdng cho phep ngUdi hgc xay dUng cdng cu can thiet de giai quylt ragt van de thUc sU - Phan tfch cac boat ddng giai quylt vln dl cua hpc sinh, chung toi Ehly, hpc sinh cd vln dl thudng nghi din viec ap dung cac "y EUdng" da cd san tn' nhd Kiln thflc va kinh nghiem rieng cua ngUdl bpc ludn cd khuynh hUdng dfla ngfldi hoc di theo dfldng radn qua khfi Eheo phep Ehfi va sai Nlu van dl cang khd, sd Ifldng cac phep thfi cang ldn, va vi thi, lam cho hoat ddng giai Ehilu cd chl dinh hfldng Efl duy, Eao nhflng rao can ddi vdi sfi sang tao Trong phep thfl va sai cung cd the hgc sinh khdng nhan bieE dfldc dilu gi, dieu se din din tfl bd viec giai quyeE hoac Ehfi giai quyet bang viec to' hdp tit ca nhflng dfl kien da cho Hoat dpng giai quylt van de cua hoc sinh dd khdng cd dac trUng ciia hoat dgng nghien cflu Dilu quan trpng hoat ddng giai quylt vln dl la ngUdi hgc phai xay dfing cdng 247 Do Huong Tra cy de nhan bill kieu tinh hudng va sau dd la nhan bilt tiln trinh giai quylt EUdng flng chfl khdng phai la lap mdt danh sach cac tinh hudng, mdi tinh hudng gan vdi mdt kil'u lap luan 2.4 Thi du day hoc khai niem ttfdng tac - IiXc * Hudng ddn xdy diing biiu tUdng tdng the Trong day hgc kiln thflc vl Efldng tae va cac lflc cd hpe, de hoc sinh thflc hien sU phan Eich (dinh Einh) Einh hudng, xay dUng dUde bieu tUdng vl hien EUdng chung tdi da hudng din hpe sinh Ehiet lap bieu EUdng Cau hdi daE vdi giao vien la nhflng dac trflng nao cua bieu tUdng cd ich ddi vdi hpc sinh? day, hgc sinh la nhflng ngfldi tSp nghien cfiu, hg cdn chfia biet nhieu cac dinh luat, nguyen li Hdn nfla, vdi cac dinh luat, nguyen li da hoc, hg chi giai quyet mdt sd tinh hudng, kiln Ehfic cua ngfidi hoc chUa du rdng, chUa diy du va chUa tdng quat Do viy, bieu tUdng vl vln dl cua ngUdi hoc khdng hoan toan gidng nhU cae nha nghien cflu Hoc sinh sfl dyng cac kiln thfic it td'ng quat de Eim cac mdi lien he, bieu tfidng cua cac nha nghien cflu la rit tdng quat De dua cac dinh hUdng de hUdng din ngUdi hoc thilt lap cac bieu tUdng, chung tdi thiy can xac dinh cac bleu tUdng trung gian ViSc thiet lap bieu tUdng dinh tinh bao gdm hai qua trinh ngUdc va bo sung cho nhau: Qua trinh phan tich (chi nghien cflu d mdt phUdng dien nhit cua tinh huong) va qua trinh Eong hdp bao gdra viec nhdm lai, lien klE cac phUdng dien khac Cd Ehe tdra tat dinh hUdng bang Sd dd sau Phan lich myc dich cfla tinb huong Phan lich chuyen dgng So val - tuong tac Hinh ve Bieu tirgng dong hgc *• — T Bieu tugng khong- thdi gian +-• Bieu tugng Eucmg tac =-==:^:i;:: - • - Bieu tugng Eong Ihe dinh tinh - Ba hieu tupng irung gian dUele xdc dinh Id: + Biiu tuang dirng hpc: dd thife hien sU phan tich chuyen dgng Hgc sinh d n xac dinh dUdc cac vaE chuyen ddng va cac vat dflng yen (Erong he quy chilu xac dinh), Ddi vdi eac vat chuyen dgng thi xet xem van tdc cua nd cd thay dd'i hay khong Chinh dieu se dinh hfldng vl sau sfl Ifia chpn cae dinh luat 248 Hogt dpng gicii cjitvet vdn de iheo dildng khoa hgc - mo hinh chuyen ddi thimg tin -I- Bii'u tUcJng khe'mg - thed gian: lien quan den viec phan tich dien bien ciia hien IUdng theo Ehdi gian, xac dinh cac Ehdi diem dac trUng va khoang thdi gian gifla hai thdi diem dac trUng, mat kh^c la vi Eri tUdng flng cua vat tai cac thdi diera dd Bieu EUdng khdng - Ehdi gian se dUdc cu the hda sd dd (hinh ve) tdm Eat + Bii'u tupng tuang tdc: la cac tUdng tac cd hpc cd mat tinh huong Lpi ich cua viee phan tich la chUa cin chgn he (dieu se khong cd phan tich bang Ehuat ngfi lUc Viec chgn he se dUdc thUc hien ve sau dUa tren phan tich Sfl phan tich tfldng Eac se dfldc cu Ehe hda bieu dd vat - tUPng tac Sau bieu dd se dupc gan vdi sd dd tdra EaE EUdng fing Viec phan Eich chuyen ddng va cac dfl kien co Erong thdng bao (vi du, khdi Ifldng m, thdi gian t, ,) cflng dUdc the hien tren sd dd Cudi cung, dai Ifldng can nghien cfiu, myc dfch cua vln dl nghien cfiu dUdc bleu thi bang dlu hdi C) tren sd dd, dd la ket qua cua viec phan tich myc dich, Viec thiet lap cac bieu tUdng Erung gian chinh la nhflng dinh hudng can thiet de xay dflng bieu EUdng ve vln dl, Viec khdp ndi gifia sd dd tdra EaE va bieu vat - IUdng tac d n dUdc Iam thUdng xuyen, nd giup ngUdi hoc cd dUdc nhflng Ehdng tin cd ddng nhit cd Ehdng bao cua tinh hudng Dd se la chd dUa cho cac bfldc giai quyel tiep theo Viec hfidng din x^y dUng bieu tUdng va lua chgn Einh hudng cd the kit bdp va bd sung cho nhau; rapt mat, dfia nhflng cdng cu de giup hpc sinh xay dung bieu tfidng; mat khac, cin dat ngUdi hgc tinh hudng cho ho khdng the bat dlu Efl nhflng sd da cd, vay, budc phai phan tfch moE each thfldng xuyen tinh hudng Cac tinh hudng md, gan vdi thUc tien thda man yeu cau b Hudng ddn xdy dung gid thuyet va liia chpn chiin liipc gidi quyet - Xdy clung gid thuyet DSy la mot nhflng cdng viec khdng the thieu cfla boat dgng giai quyeE van de Gia thuylt d n dl cap din viec xac dinh cac tham sd (dai lUdng vat If) va anh hudng cua nd den kit qua nghien cflu Mdt nhflng each lam la xet anh hfldng cua tham sd d cac trUdng hdp gidi ban Day la dip de cac quan niem dfldc bdc Id Nhflng Ehdng bao dudi dang dinh tinh la rat cd ldi, bdi vi nd khong chi rd tham sd nao la thich dang va hgc sinh huge phai xac dinh chung Viec xac dinh rd rang mang dac trUng gia EhuyeE - Lifa chpn chien lifeic hode ecm cluitng gicii quyel Xuat phat Efl bieu tfldng tdng the da cd, hgc sinh xac dinh cac nguyen H, dinh luat cd the ap dung Nlu nhieu dinh luat hoac nguyen Ii cung cd the dUdc ap dung thi budc ngudi hoc phai lUa chgn mgt each rd rang Mdt cac dinh luat, nguyen li da dUdc chpn thi budc cdn Iai la xac dinh he vat va cac thdi diem xac dinh, Chinh tfl nhflng thdng Un cd dfldc bieu tfldng tdng the va tinh vflng chac gifla cac dinh luat, nguyen li raa ngudi hoc dudc dinh hfidng suoE giai doan Ifia chpn cd tfnh chiln lUdc nay, Cd Ehe cd hai phfidng an: + Hoac tfi gia thuylt da co, yeu clu hpc sinh nhim tdi nhilu dfidng giai quyet 249 Do HUdng Trii (chiln lUdc) khac nhau, dua Er£n viec sfi dyng cac dinh luat khac Khi dd, d n Einh den viec dinh hUdng lUa chpn cac chiln lUdc khac nhau, nghien cflu cae dfldng cd Ehe Trong sudt qua trinh nay, hoc sinh d n phat bieu mot each ro rang sU lUa chpn cua minh -I- Hoac khdng yeu d u ngUdi hpc Um nhfing giai phap khac ma chi yeu cau rang sU lUa chon phai rd rang, cd y thflc, dUa Eren nhflng tieu chuan xac dinh chfl khdng phai bdi sU tUdng tU vdi Unh hudng da biet Mgt su lua chgn da dUde thUc hien, vln de se dUdc giai quylt din cflng Muc dich d day la chdng lai sfl lfla chgn In ngira, khdng cd y thfic, c Thiic hiin viec gidi quyet Sau da xac dinh dupc dUdng giai quylt, can hudng din hpe sinh giai quylt van dl Viec giai quylt vln dl d n lara viec vdi cac kl hieu trUdc, sau dd mdl thay sd Day khong phai la dieu de dang vdi da sd hgc sinh Nghien cfiu each giai quyet cua hgc sinh chung toi nhan thiy nhflng ki hieu cua hg sfi dyng Ehfldng la khdng vflng chac, khong du, hoac ngUpc lai, thfla va khong cd fch Nhfing sal lam raac phai trflu tfldng hda cung la dlu hieu xau cho thay ve viec khdng hieu Unh huong Trong qua Erinh giai quyet vln de, d n tap cho hoc sinh thoi quen lara viec vdi nhflng ki hieu d Phdn tich cd phe phdn ket qud Khi phan tich cd phe phan boat ddng giai quyet va xera xet lai gia thuyet ve anh hfidng cua eac thara so la dip de ddi chieu vdi cac quan niem da cd, Neu giai quyeE van dl Unh hudng d cac dudng khac thi su phan tich khdng chi d kll qua thu dupc ma cdn bao gdm ca viec so sanh cac dfldng dd Nhfing tieu chuan chung cua viec kiem tra phai dUdc vach rd bang each phan biet tinh vflng chac ben (khdng cd mau ihuin gifia cac lap Iuan) va tinh vflng chac ben ngoai (khdng cd mau thuin gifla ket qua vdi cai da biet) Viec kiem tra khdng chl d ket qua, ma radi cd the, qua trinh giai quyet van de, can cung cap cho ngUdi hoc nhflng tieu chuin de kiera tra Ket iuan Viec dUa cac dinh hUdng nhara giup ngudi hgc xay difng bieu tUdng ve van de va tuan theo cac giai doan khac giai quyll van de ddng vai trd quyet dmh cdng cua hoat ddng giai quyet van de theo phUdng phap khoa hpc, Vai Erd ciia giao vien la hudng dan viec giai quyeE va dmh hudng hoaE dpng giai quyeE nhfing Ehdi diem thich hdp, Y nghia chu dao boat dgng cfla giao vien la sfi can thiep mdt each it nhat cd Ehe de gianh phin Idn hoat dgng sang tao cho hgc sinh Cach hudng dan giai quylt van de da dUdc thfl nghiem d mgt sd ndi dung thudc phin Cd hpc Vat li 10 Kit qua thu dUdc cho Ehay mpE vln dl dUdc lua chpn tdt cd thi dua den su Ehay ddi vl phUdng phap va thai dp cua hoc sinh Mat khac, ben canh nhfing kiln Ehfic thu dUdc thi nhfing kiln thfic vl siBu nhan Ehfic (nhU giai thich each thfic boat dong) cung dac biet quan trong, dac biet la cac tieu chuan hfidng din sU lUa chpn each 250 Hogt dpng gidi cjuvil vchi di theo difdng khoa hgc - mo hinh chuyin cldi thang tm giai quyet va lara sang td each giai quylt Dieu lam cho cac thdng tin dfldc chuyen ddi kiln thfic d ngUdi hgc thong qua boat ddng giai quylt vln dl, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Caillot M et Dumas - Carre, A., 1987 Un enseignement d'une methodologie de resolution cle probleme de physique Rapport de recherche 12, pp 199 - 244, Paris, INRP [2] ChiM.T.H, FeltovitchP !., 1981 Ccilegorisatiem und repre.sentuticm ofphy.sicsproblems by expert and novice Cognitive Science, pp 121-152 [3] GU D, MarUnez Torregrossa J., La re'sohition de probleme coinnie instrument de changement ecmceptuel et me'thoclologie PeEiE X, pp, 14-15,25-28 [4] Dd Hudng Tra Nguyen Thi Thuy, 2013 Tmh huemg vdn de md trcmg dgy Iwe khoa hpc - Cong eu phcit trie'n tri lue ciia ngudi hpc Tap chi Giao dye, 11/2013 tr, 116118 ABSTRACT Activities to solve problems according to the scientific way - Model converts information into knowledge This paper presents the basis for proposmg tools to guide students to analyze situations and determine the components of problem-solving activities This not only allows students to acquire the knowledge and know-how of sorae, but the most imporEant is the ability to solve the problem in a scientific way - lE is one ofthe skills that students need to forra ... phan tich tinh hudng - Hieu mdt each dinh tinh vln de bang viec md hinh hda tinh hudng: sU khac chu ylu vl each flng xfl cua nha khoa hgc va hgc sinh la d viec phan tich tinh hudng: nha khoa hoc... qiivil vdn di theo dildng khoa hgc - mo hinh chuyin dd''i thong Un Noi dung nghien cu''u 2.1 Co sof h''thuyet Viec hgc tap cac kiln thfic khdng phai theo kieu xip Ehanh tflng ting, cung khdng theo radt... thdng tin cd ich va can thilt de hoc sinh hil''u va Uln bd •- Khi giai quyet vln de thfldng la giao vien cung d p cac Ehdng tin ma hgc smh yeu cau (ndi chung, dd khdng phai la eac thdng tin ed tinh