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Ki^T Q D A KtfHifcX €lifU KHOA HOC '''' •• •• r ^ '''' • • suf DUNG B A I T A P HOA HOC DE HINH THANH KHAI NIEM Mdi MOT PHlTdNG PHAP DAY HOC TICH ClTC TS NGUYEN THj SLrU\ Th S VU THj THU HOAI'''' ^Khoa Hda D^i[.]
Ki^T Q D A KtfHifcX €lifU KHOA HOC ' •• •• r ^ ' • • - suf DUNG B A I T A P HOA HOC DE HINH THANH K H A I NIEM Mdi MOT PHlTdNG P H A P DAY HOC TICH ClTC ''• '•- \ •' ]' TS NGUYEN THj SLrU\ Th.S VU THj THU HOAI' ^Khoa Hda D^i hgc SU ph^m Hi N0i nrUdng THPT Nguyin Trai, Ba Dinh, Hi NOi • SUMMARY Exercises are integral part of teaching and learning Chemistry at High Schools Chemistry Exercises are used and regarded as a source of getting knowledge, means of controlling learning activities as well as creating new knowledge so they are not only ways helping students to recall and practice their knowledge Using Chemistry Exercises is a significant method to enhance the quality of teaching and learning They play an important role in carrying on education aims, developing Chemistry logic of students, guiding students to scientific research methods because doing Chemistry exercises is the basic self working way of students Building learning activities by using exercises not only encourages students' motivation to the new knowledge but also makes students revise the old knowledge and find out the connections between the old and the new one, which can help students discover the new knowledge from the old one Chemistry Exercises provide students with knowledge, the ways to gain it and motivation with obtaining it LDATVANDE Bdn than bai tgp hda hpc la phQdng phap dgy hpc tfch CQC hpc sinh (HS) van dyng de cung cd khai nigm kien IhQc hoa hpc va ren kl nang hda hpe Song tmh tich eye cua phQdng phdp dQpc nang cao hon bai tgp hda hpc (BTHH) dQpc sQ dpng nhu Id ngudn kig'n thQc, phQdng tign digu khidn hogt dpng kien tgo kien thQc mdi ChQ' khOng_ phdi chl Id phQong tign giup HS tai hign, vgn dyng kien thuc VOI tmh da dgng cua mmh BTHH la phuong tign de tich eye hoa hogt dpng cua HS cac bai dgy hoa hpc, nhung higu qud cua nd cdn phy thuOc vao vigc su dyng cua giao vign (GV) qud trinh dgy hpc hoa hpc Vdi djnh hQdng ddi mdi phQdng phap dgy hpc (ppDH), de HS dupc hogt dpng nhidu hon, GV cd the ^^ ^^•^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^.^Qc, digu khidn qua trinh nhgn ,,,, , Jo, ãô *- *•• l u - \ A ^-, '^^"^ '^^^ HS vigc tim toi, kham phd nhung net ban chat cua khai nigm, kign thQc jrong bdi dgy hinh khai nigm (KN), HS phai ^,^ j - ^^^ ^- ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^ chua biet hodc big't chQa chfnh xdc, rd rdng Trgn cfl sd cdc kig'n thQc ,-ããã un nM ' ô J , 1, w w i, k>,'^^ ^°,^^3 ^^' ^"^ "^^^ ""^^ ^^"9' '^^ ^h'='" ^^ ^'^°"9 ^^' ^^P ^^ hudng dan HS kham pha, ty hmh KN, thu nhgn kig'n thQc mdi mOt cdch vQng chdc n sif DyNG nt THONG BAI TAP HOA HQC DE HINH THANH MQT SO KHAI NI$M HOA HLfU cd TRONG CHLTONG TRINH HOA HQC TRUNG HQC PHO THONG - NANG CAO Hg thdng bai tgp ndy dQpc xdy dyng trgn cd sd cdc kien thQc da cd ciJa HS, sdp xdp theo logic va trinh bay phie'u hpc tgp Hogt dOng gidi bdi tdp dgng ndy Hoa hpc & Lfng d u n g Si 18 (i02)/2oog cd the td chQc cho tQng cd nhan hodc nhdm HS Sau gidi nhQng BTHH nay, HS ty rut nhQng nhdn xet, net ban chit nhit cua KN vd khdi qudt hda chung, neu (CO dinh nghTa, KN GV cd nhigm vy chinh If, bd sung, chinh xdc hda KN vd td chQc cho HS vgn dyng, hodn thign vd phdt trien KN VIdu 1: Dung BTHH hinh thdnh khdi nigm (HTKN) ddng ddng; ^ Cd day cdc chd't hQu cfl sau: (etanol) (axit axetic) CH3-O-CH3 + Na - CHj-CHrCOOH + NaOH (dlmetylete) (axit propionic) CH3-OH + Na - > CH3-CHrOH + NaOH -^ (matanol) a) CH4, C2He, C3H8, C4H10 •' CHj-CCWH + NaOH - > CH3-CH,-0H + Na (etanol) CH3-O-CH3 + HBr -^ f (dimetylete) b) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH CH3-CH,-0H + HBr - > Quan sdt cdng thQc phan tQ (CTPT) cdc chit hai day trgn vd cho bidt didm giO'ng vd khdc giOa chung vd; - Quy lugt bidn ddi ve sd nguygn tQ C, H cug cdc chit day - Viet cdng thQc mO td phin cdc chit cdc day trgn ndu coi sd nguygn tQ C Id n Cdc chit hai day trgn cd tfnh chd't hda hpc tUdng ty vd dupc gpi Id cdc chd't ddng ding Hal day chat trgn dupc gpi la day ddng ding Cho biet thd ndo Id chit ddng ddng, day ddng ddng? Viet cdng thQc ciu tgo (CTCT) vd gidi thfch vl cdc chit cac day trgn Igi cd tfnh chit hda hpc tQdng ty nhau? VI du 2: Dung bdi tgp hda hpc HTKN ddng phdn Quan sdt CTCT cua ba chd't khdc cdc day chit sau: a) CH3-C-OCH3; H-C-C,H 2''5' II (metyl axetat) (etyl fomiat) CH3-CH2-C-OH II •CH, (metyl xoclobutan) Xdc djnh CTPT cua cdc chit hai day trgn va nhgn xet nhQng didm gidng vd khdc vd ciu tgo phan tQ giQa cac chit day? NhQng hpp chit khdc cac day trgn dupe gpi Id nhQng chd't ddng phdn cua Vdy thd nao Id chit ddng phdn? Giai thfch tgi nhQng chit ddng phan Igi cd tinh chit khac nhgu vd Id nhQng logi chd't khdc nhau? Vidu 3: Dung BTHH hinh thdnh KN nhdm chQc; Khi hinh thdnh KN nhdm chQc (Bai 26 - SGK hda hpc 11 nang cao), GV cd thd sQ dyng BTHH sau; Cho cdc cdp chd't sau ddy tdc dyng vdi nhau; m - Trong cdc cdp chd't cd phan Qng vdi Na, HBr, phdn tQ cd nhdm nguygn tQ (NTQ) ndo gdy nhOng PL/HH dd? - Phan tQ CH3-CH2-OH vd CH3-CH2COOH cd nhdm NTQ ndo khdc nhau, nhom UJis nao gdy phan Qng vdi NaOH? Nhdm NTQ -OH aneol (metanol, etanol) gdy rg phdn Qng vdi Ng, HBr dd phdn bigt vdi ete Nhdm NTQ -COOH axit (axit axetic, propionic) phdn Qng vdi NaOH de phdn bigt vdi aneol Cdc nhdm NTQ -OH, -COOH dQpc gpi Id nhdm chQc Vgy thd ndo Id nhdm chQc? Vidu 4: Dung BTHH dd HTKN este De hinh thdnh KN este, GV thudng ngu KN, cho vf dy cy thd vd mOt sd este dd HS hidu KN Vdi hogt dflng ndy, HS tiep thu vdn mgng tfnh thy dOng, BTIHH vdn chl dung de vgn dyng kig'n thQc Lgp PTHH ciJa phan Qng (PL/) giQa axit axetic va aneol etylic? b) CH3-CH=CH-CH,-CH3; (xiclopentan) Ldp phQdng trinh hda hpc (PTHH) cua cdc cdp chit cd xdy phdn Qng hda hpc (PLfHH)? De tich eye hda hogt dOng hpc tdp cua HS, GV c6 thd dung cdc bdi tdp sau dd td chQc cho HS ty kham phd, hinh thdnh KN este; (axit propionic) (pen-2-en) (etanol) Sdn phim tgo Id este etylaxetat Hay so sanh CTCT cua axit axetic CH3-C-OH vd etylaxetat CH3-C-OC2H5 II II 0 TQ dd rut nhdn xet vd cd'u tgo phdn tQ este? Vig't CTCT cdc ddng phdn mgch hd Qng vdi CTPT C4H8O2? Gpi tgn cdc ddng phdn cd chQg nhdm C=0 va chl rd ddng phdn ndo thuOc chQc este? Vidu 5: HTKN phdn Qng thijy phdn este Khi dgy vd phdn Qng thuy phdn (PLfTP) este, GV si!f dyng cdc bdi tgp (BT) sau; Lgp PTHH cua PU este hod giQa CH3COOH vd CzHjOH (xuc tdc axit) vd hay; Hoa hpc & Ung dung 5/18 (102)/20og - Ngu dgc diem cua PLf este hod? •"" " - Chi rd chidu thudn, nghjch ciJa PLf? - De cdn bdng trgn chuyen djch theo chieu thuy phan este thi cd the dung cac bign phap nao sau day? Dung H* iam mOi trudng; Dung OH" iam mOI trudng; Tang ndng dO cua aneol hay axit TQ cdc cau tra Idi cua HS, GV tdng kdt y kig'n: - Este thuy phan moi trudng axit va bazd - PLfTP mdi trudng axit la PL/thugn nghjch cua PLf este hoa: RCOOR' + H2O T^ RCOOH + R'OH - PLTTP este mdi trudng kidm la PLf mOt chigu va dupc gpi la PLi xa phdng hda: RCOOR' + NaOH ^ RCOONa + R'OH De vgn dyng, phdt tridn kig'n thQc, GV ygu cdu HS Idm tiep bdi tgp sau; Cdc este cdc PLfTP sau day cd dgc diem gi vg ciu tgo phan tQ de; Este + NaOH -^ Mud'i + aneol; (•''•; 'r Este + NaOH -^ MuO'i + andehit Este + NaOH -> Mudi + xeton; Cho cac vf dy minh hpa va viet cac PTHH xay GV da dua mOt tinh hudng mdi de HS suy lugn, tim toi hudng giai quyet mOt each sang tgo d mQc dp tu cao hdn GV gpi y va tdng ket y kig'n suy ludn ciJa HS: - Este thuy phan mdi trudng kigm tgo mudi + andehit hoge xeton thi phai thuOc logi este khflng no, thuy phan tgo aneol khong no, khOng bgn, se chuyen andehit hoge xeton Vidu: CH3C00CH=CH2 + NaOH -^ CHjCOONa + H2C^"=CH -> O-H*** (kembgn) Vl du 6: Hinh thdnh KN nigm amin Khi hinh thdnh KN amin (Bdi 11, SGK Hod hpc hpc 12 nang cao), gido vign cd the sQ dyng cdc cgu hoi va BT sau: Viet CTCT cua NH3 So sanh CTCT cua NH3 vdi cdc chit thuflc logi amin sau: CH3-NH2; CH3-NH-CH3; C6H5-NH2; CH3-N-C2H5; CH3 Cho bidt mdi lign hg giQa ciu tgo cija NH3 vd eae amin trgn? The nao la amin? Trong ciu tgo phan tQ cua amin vd NH3 cd dgc didm gl chung? DQ dodn tfnh chit cua amin TQ vigc hieu BTHH trgn, HS hinh thdnh dupe KN va cd the ty suy lugn, dQ doan tfnh chit HH cua amin tQ sy gidng vg ciu tgo cua amin vd NH3 la dgu cd nguygn tQ N cdn cd ddi e chQa lign kg't, cd kha nang nhdn H* ngn amin cd tfnh bazd tQdng ty NH3 VI du 7: Hinh cdc kig'n thQc vg Qng dyng cua ankan Este + NaOH ^ Mudi + HjO n.s'•!.- NhQ vdy, sau giai cdc bai tgp tren vd cd sQ chinh If, bd sung ciJa GV, HS da tham gia mflt cdch tfch eye, chij dflng vigc finh hfli KN CH3-C-H - Este thuy phan moi trudng kigm tgo hai mudi + H2O thi san pham thu dupc^phai tac dyng vdi kigm tgo mufl'i vd H2O Vgy sdn pham thu dupe phai cd tinh axit -> este cua phenyl dd thuy phan tgo phenol cd tinh axit tac dyng dupe vdi kidm Vidu: CH3COOC6H5 + 2NaOH - * CHj-C-ONa + CeHjONa + H2O Gido vign cd thd sQ dyng BTHH sau: (Bai 35, SGK hoa hpc 11 nang cao) GV cd the dung cac cau hoi va bai tgp sau: Nghign cQu sd dd Qng dyng ciJa ankan va cho biet Ankan dupc dung lam nhign ligu nhQng dgng nao? Qng dyng dupe dya vao tfnh chat nao cua ankan? Ankan dQpc dijng lam vgt ligu d nhDng dgng nao? Cong dyng cija cac vgt ligu dd? NhQ'ng Qng dyng ndo cua ankan dya vdo tfnh chit hod hpc? Ung dyng ngo dupe dya vao tfnh chit vgt ly cua Chung? Ankan dupe diinq lam nguygn ligu cho cac nganh san xuat nao? Hay kg nhQng san pham ma theo em dupc san xuat tQ ankan? (nhQng sdn phim md em bidt ngoai npi dung SGK) Thdng qua vigc giai BTHH trgn HS ty tim tdi, ndm vQng kig'n thQc vg ankan mpt each vQng chdc chiJ dflng hPn qua dd HS thiy hQng thu hpc tgp hon Vi du 8: Xay dyng va sQ dyng cau hoi bai tgp hinh khai nigm xicloankan (Bdi 36, SGK hod hpc 11 nang cao) Quan sdt CTCT cua hai hydrocacbon (HC) sau vd so sdnh phin phan tQ, dgc diem cau tgo cua Chung Hoa h p c & Lfng d u n g Si 18 (102)/2oog (CO •A CH2 CH3-CH2-CH3 Propan C3H8 H2C ^—-^ Lign kg't ddn, mgch hd Dgc didm ciu tao Tgn gpi Chung; CH2 Xiclopropan C3H6 Ankan Lign ke't ddn, mgch vdng monoxicloankan Cdng thQc chung; CnH2nt2 (n >1) Cflng thQc chung; C„H2n (n > 3) NhQng HC chl cd lign ke't ddn phan tQ Id nhQng HC no Vgy thd ndo Id xicloankan? Vig't CTCT cdc ddng phdn monoxicloankan cd cung CTPT C5H10 va rut cdch vig't ddng phdn monoxicloankan cho khflng thQa, khdng thig'u? O"' (3) (2) ' (5) (4) ^ C H C2H5 •CH, Cdch vidt CTCT cgc ddng phan cua monoxicloankan; CH, • ; CH, CH, j-;;,- - Vig't CTCT mgch vdng cd sd cgnh Idn nhit - Gidm dan sd NtQ C vdng va tgo nhdnh ddn tgo vdng dfln gidn nhd't; xiclopropan - GiQ nguygn mgch C chfnh Id vdng vd vig't CTCT cdc ddng phan d nhdnh (ndu nhdnh cd tQ NtQ C trd lgn) Quan sat CTCT va tgn ciJa monoxicloankgn sgu vd rut rg cdch gpi tgn monoxiclognkgn? 1,2-dimetylxiclopropgn CH3 CH3 1,2+ dimetyl + xicio + prop + an Sd chl vj trf nhanh- tgn nhanh + xicIo + tgn mgch chfnh + an Gpi tgn cdc monoxicloankan cd CTPT CsH,,, da vig't CTCT cac ddng phan trgn? Trgn Cd sd cac kidn thQc cu md HS da dupe hpc bai ankan, GV xdy dyng vd sQ dpng hg thd'ng BTHH de HS phan tfch, so sanh vd rut hg thfl'ng cdc KN vg xicloankan Nhu vgy, giai hg thfl'ng BTHH cd sy chinh ly, bd xung cua GV, HS da tham gia mflt cdch tich cQc chu dflng hdn vdo qud trinh HTKN, ndm vQng KN, tgo didu kign thugn Ipi cho HS hogt dflng vgn dyng kien thQc Khi sQ dyng BTHH dd td chQc cho HS hogt ddng HTKN cdn dQa trgn kidn thQc HS da cd dd din ddt, djnh hQdng cho HS tim hidu net cd bdn nhat cua ngi dung KN mdi Trong hg thdng BT ndy can cd thdng tin bd sung de HS kg't ndi tu vd tQ ngu nhgn xet djnh nghTa KN mdi HI KET LUAN BTHH dupc sQ dyng Id phQdng tign nghign cQu tdi ligu mdi, trang bj kig'n thQc cho HS nham dam bao cho HS finh hpi dupc kien thQc mflt cdch sau sdc va vQng chdc Mdi van dg xuat hign nghign cQu tdi ligu mdi cung la mpt bai tgp dfl'i vdi HS Trong qud trinh dgy-hpc hoa hpc d trudng phd thdng, khdng thd thig'u bai tap BTHH la mflt bign phdp hdt sQc quan trpng dd ndng cao chat lupng day - hpc, nd giQ mOt vai trd Idn lao vigc thyc hign myc tigu ddo tgo; BTHH Id mpt €D) phQPng tign cd t i m quan trpng dgc bigt vigc phdt tridn tQ hod hpc cua HS, bdi duQng cho HS phUdng phdp nghign cQu khoa hpc Bdi vl gidi BTHH Id mflt hinh thQc lam vigc ty lyc can bdn cija HS Vigc xdy dyng cdc vin dd dgy hpc bdng BT khdng nhQng se kfch thfch dQpc hQng thu cao cua HS dd'i vdi kidn thQc mdi sdp dQpc hpc, md cdn tgo khd ndng cung cd kig'n thQc da cd vd xay dyng dQpc mdi lign quan giOa cdc kig'n thQc cu vd mdi; BT vQa Id myc dfch, vQa Id nfli Hoa hpc & Ung d u n g Si 18 (io2)/20og dung, lgi vQa Id PPDH higu nghigm Nd cung ed'p cho HS kig'n thQc, dudng gidnh liy kidn thQc va cd hQng thu say mg nhdn thQc ^ Vdi djnh hQdng ndy, chung tdi da xay dyng BTHH dd td ChQc, digu khidn hogt dflng hpc tdp cua HS vigc hinh cac KNHH chuong trinh hda hpc hQu CP vd vdn dyng giang dgy cua minh Khi sQ dyng cdc BTHH gidng dgy, chung tfli da xac djnh dupc tfnh higu qua cua nd Vi vdy, chung tfli Idn lupt gidi thigu cung cdc bgn ddng nghigp va mong nhdn dupc nhQng y kidn ddng gdp cua cdc bgn TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ning cao NXB Gido dye 2008 Bfl Gido due va oao tgo (2006) Tii liiu bdi dudng giio viin thuc hiin chUdng trinh sich giio khoa Nguygn Xuan Trudng - Phgm Van Hoan - TQ Vpng ldp 10 THPT mon Hoi hgc Nxb Giao due Nghi - D6 Dinh Rang - Nguygn Phu Tua'n SGK Hoi hpc Lg Xuan Trpng - Nguygn HOu DTnh - Lg Chf Kign 12 NXB Giao dye 2008 - Lg Mgu Quygn SGK Hoi hpc 11 ning cao NXB Giao dye 2008 PGS, TS Nguygn Xuan TrUdng, PGS, TS Nguyen Thj SQu, PGS, TS Nguydn Thj Oanh, TS Trdn Trung Nguygn Xuan TrUdng - Lg Mgu Quygn - Phgm van Hoan - Le Chf Kign SGK Hoi hgc 11 NXB Giao Ninh Tii liiu Boi dUdng thudng xuyin cho giio viin dye 2008 THPT chu ki III (2004 - 2007) Bfl GD-DT, 2005 • Le Xuan Trpng - Nguyen HQu DTnh - TQ Vpng Nghi NgiMpttan bifn: PGS, TS NGUYEN XUAN TRl/^NG - D6 Dinh Rang - Cao Thj Thgng SGK Hoi hgc 12 DONG HOC Sir TAO T H A N H PHUfC CHAT (Tiep ttieo trang 44) TAI LIEU THAM KHAO dene hydrazones) -4, methyl phenol Indian J.Chem A., Nguyen Thj Thanh Thuy, Ngfl Kim Djnh "Nghien ciiu su tfio thinh vi ho^t tinh xiic tic phUc cua Cu^* 39, No 4, p.421-424 (2000) vdi axit Glutamic (Giu) cho phin Ung oxi hoi Indigo5 Rulliere C Femtosecond laser pulses, principles camin (Ind) hi H^O - Cu^* - Giu - Ind - H2O2 (1)" and experiments Springer (1998) Tgp chf hda hpc, T 47 (2A), tr 522 - 525, 2009 Partha Sarathi Sengupta, Ramanath Sinha; Ki2 Nguygn Van Xuyen Ci'u t^o phin tit vi Hin ki't netic and mechanistic studies on the interaction of Lhda hpc Nxb Khoa hpc va Ky thudt Hd Nfli (2007) glutamic with cis-dieaqua (ethylenediamine) platinum DR/2400 Spectrophotometer Procedure manual, (II) perchlorate in aqueous medium Indian J.Chem A., 59400-22, Hach Company, 2002 vol 40, No 5, p.509-513 (2001) • Synthesis, charaterization and peroxydase activity NgUcri plidn bifn: PGS, TS NGUYEN DANG QUANG of binuclear complexes of 2,6-bis (2 - hydroxybenzyli- Hoa hpc & Ung d u n g Si 18 (102)/20og C(0