Le Thi Thu Huane Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 84(08) 83 87 PHAN HOA SAN P H A M DAY HOC 6 MOT LOP HOC TIEU HOC C6 NHIEU T R I N H DO Le Thj Thu Huong Trudng Dgi hgc Sir phgm DH Thdi Nguyen TOM TAT Tro[.]
Le Thi Thu Huane Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 83 - 87 PHAN HOA SAN P H A M DAY HOC MOT LOP HOC TIEU HOC C NHIEU T R I N H DO Le Thj Thu Huong Trudng Dgi hgc Sir phgm - DH Thdi Nguyen TOM T A T Trong qua trinh day hgc, bai tap ve nha dong vai tro quan trgng viec giup hgc sinh ren luyen kT nang va khac sau kien thiic dugc hgc, ke ca doi voi hgc sinh bac tieu hgc Bai tap ve nha khong chi dan thuan la nhung bai tap toan ma nen dugc dua duoi hinh thiic san pham day hgc Bai bao de cap den vai tro ctia san pham day hgc mgt ldp hgc tieu hgc co nhieu trinh va de xuat mgt so ggi y nham nang cao chat lugng ciia san pham day hgc dap ung trinh nhan thu-c ctia cae doi tugng hgc sinh Tir khoa: Dgy hoc phdn hda; hdi lap ve nhd; trinh do, tiiu hgc, san phdm dgy hgc DAT VAN DE Mpt linh vuc lien quan tai thirc banh va lam sau sac kien tbire la bai tap ve nha Doi voi hpc sinh bac tieu hoc, mac dii bai tap ve nha mang lai it hieu qua ho-n so voi cac lop tren nhung til- lau Cooper (1989) da nhan djnh: "hpc sinh tieu hpc nen dugc giao bai tap ve nha mac du khong nen dgi la dieu se lam tang diem so Nhung thay vao do, bai tap ve nha giiip cac em hinh nhiing thoi quen hpc tot khuyen khich thai dp tich circ doi vai truang hpc, va truyen dat cho hpc sinh y thirc rang viec hgc phai dugc tien hanh ca a truang lan a nha" [1] Chimg toi cho rang, day hpc Toan a tieu hpc, bai tap ve nha khong chi don thuan la nhung bai toan kho hay de ma nen dugc dua duoi dang mgt san pham day hgc PHAN HOA SAN PHAM DAY HOC Khong giong nhu mot boat dpng thong thuang thuang dien ngan va chi tap trung vao mot hoac mgt vai kien thirc ki nang coban, san pham day hgc la ket qua cua mgt qua trinh no luc lau dai Cac san pham danh gia ket qua hgc tap ciia bgc sinh can giiip cac em nhin nhan lai, van dung va mo rong nhung kien thirc da hpc dupe mot khoang thai gian, vi du: mpt bai hpc mot chuyen de mpt chuong mot ki thiim chi la mgt nam bgc San phlim day hgc la quan trpng vi no khong chi the hien nhung kien tbirc hpc sinh da duge hgc ma no bao gom ca nhfl'ng ngi dung ma hpc sinh da chiem linh dugc lam chii dugc [3] Cac san pham day hgc chat lugng cao cung la each rat tot de giao vien thong qua danh gia kien thirc ki nang va thai hgc tap ciia hgc sinh Doi CO nhimg bgc sinh co the the hien nhung gi cac em linh hoi dugc a san pham day hgc tot ho-n nhieu so voi cac em the hien tren mpt bai viet |3] Vi the, lap hgc tieu hpc co nhieu trinh dp giao vien co the thay' the cac biii viet biing mgt bai tap san pham phong phti hoac ket hgp bai viet voi cac lira chgn khac de co the ma rong pham vi danh gia va tao cho hgc sinh co- hoi toi da tu duy, van dung va the hien nhfl-ng gi cac em da dugc bgc Chiing toi cho rang mgt san pham day hgc tot khong phai la thir ma hgc sinh lam de thoa man so thich ciia ban than ket thiic bai hpc "No phai khien hgc sinh tu duy, van dung, tham chi ma rong va phat trien nhung kien thirc ki nang dugc hpc ciia minh" [3], Kbi giao vien da xac dinh ro nhfl-ng kien thuc, ki nang ma san pham day hpc phai the hien dupe, giao vien co the quyet djnb dupe dang san pham e tien hanh Doi dang san pham day hoc dugc dua boi yeu can cua chuong trinh (vi du ve mgt hinh, nhan dang hinh ) nhirng thong thuang giao vien co the sfl- dung cac san pham theo each khuyen khich 83 Le Thj Thu Huong vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE hgc sinh van dung kien thirc va ki nang dugc hgc Giao vien cung co the sir dung san pham day hgc nhu mgt each de giup hge sinh lam quen voi cac binh thirc bieu thj moi (vi du dua vao tom tat de dat de toan roi giai, ) Dang san pham tot nhat la nhung boat dgng phu hgp voi so thich cua hpc sinh tai mgt thai diem nhat djnh [3] Dieu quan trgng tiep theo la giao vien can xac dinh npi dung lien quan den san pham day hpc ma giao vien mong muon nhung hpc sinh eiia minh se dat dugc, each thuc ma cac em thuc hien de hoan san pham cua minh va ban chat ciia san pham Hge sinh co the tham gia cimg giao vien de bo sung, thay doi nhflng yeu eau eo- ban eho phu hgp voi trinh nhan thirc va nhu cau hgc tap cua hpc sinh nhung trach nhiem chinh van thupc ve giao vien Bdi le, "hpc sinh it biet dupe Iam the nao de md rpng tam nhin phat trien nang lue cua minh viec theo duoi nhung thuhang cao hon neu khong cd sir giup da eua ngudi Idn hoac nhung ngudi cd kinh nghiem khac" [2] Vi eac san pham day- hpc yeu cau hpc sinh van dung cae kien thire va ki nang cung nbu tiep tuc phat trien chung nen giao vien can xac djnb each thirc de hpc sinh cd the dat dupe cap dp mdi kha nang cua minh thuc hien cac bai tap san pham Cach eho phep bgc sinh cd the cdng hoan nhung cdng viec phirc tap hon Giao vien cd the cung cap thdi gian de hge sinh dgng nao tim cac y tuong khai dau thao luan ve each tien banh nghien ciru tdng hgp ket qua thiet lap va danh gia cac muc tieu san pham ca nhan Muc dich cua nhflng boat dgng la giao vien se du kien dugc nhung gi can thiet viee giiip eac em phat trien nang lue eiia minh va dudng di den nhflng muc tieu da de Cudi eung giao vien dua cac bai tap san pham (bang van ban bang mieng, bSng bieu tugng thdng qua md binh, ) Cac bai tap can chi rd cho hge sinh nhung kien thirc va ki nang ma cae em can the hien dd cae giai doan quy trinh va ca nhflng thdi quen lam viec ma eac em can den tien hanh; nhung yeu eau ve mat chat lugng cua san 84 84(08): 83 - 87 pham day hpc Trong cau tnic nay, giao vien ed the tdi da hda Igi ieh ciia ca nhan hgc sinh pbuong thirc lam viee, muc tieu ca nhan, Bi quyet de can ddi cau true la can tap trung vao viec hudng dan, trg giup hgc sinh va tao su tu can thiet de ung hg nhfl'ng tu mdi me nhflng y tudng tao bao eua cae em Giao vien va hgc sinh cd the dieu chinh cac van de co- ban cua san pham cho phii hgp vdi trinh nhan thire va nang lue hgc tap ciia hpc sinh Giao vien eung cd the thda thuan de hpc sinh dugc lua chpn san pham bang each eho phep cac em de xuat san pham thay the cho san pham ma giao vien yeu cau, mien la su thay the dd van dam bao the hien viec chiem ITnh kien thirc, ki nang eo- ban theo muc tieu danh gia cua giao vien Viec giao vien hudng dan eho hge sinh phat trien cae nang lire thdng qua eae san pham day hgc rat cd y nghTa Giao vien can khuyen khich hge sinh ndi Ien nhung y tudng ciia minh, nhflng tien bg, nhfl'ng khd khan, each thiic giai quyet van de va nhung dieu tuong tu; the bien rd sir hao himg quan tam ciia minh vdi nhflng y kien eua eac em, ddng thdi chi ro, khuyen khich nhflng y tudng hay; trao ddi ve each thirc lam viec hieu qua Hinh va phat trien nhan each cua mdi ca nhan hge sinh cflng nhu danh gia cao each thue tiep can da dang ciia mdt nhdm hgc sinh va nhung y tudng cua eae vien nhdm la viec lam can thiet va cd vai trd quan trgng qua trinh day hgc Dudi day cluing tdi xin de xuat mgt vai ggi y de tdi da hda hieu qua eiia eae san pham day hge va giup hgc sinh edng: Sii- dung cac san pham day hgc nhu la mpt each de giup hpe sinh nban nhiing kien thire va ki nang hpc dugc d nha trudng dugc van dung thuc te cuoc song nhu the nao Trao ddi vdi hpc sinh ve su can thiet phai phat trien ca tu phe phan va tu sang tao Giup cac em binh va phat trien niem dam me hge tap cua minh Yeu cau hge sinh sir dung va phoi kit hgp nhieu ngudn thdng tin viec phat tri^n san pham da\ hpc cua hg I Le Thi Thu Huans Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Len ke hoach co- ban va sir dung nhflng dfllieu kiem tra dau vao can thiet de dieu chinh cho phii hgp vdi muc ddc lap cua hpc sinh Dam bao rang hoc sinh thuc su sfl- dung toan bd khdi thdi gian quy djnb cho edng viec Hd trg hgc sinh sfl- dung cac phuong thirc dien dat khac nhau, cac vat lieu va ki thuat khac Giao vien can dam bao rang thdng qua hoan san pham day bgc hgc sinh dugc ren luyen cac kT nang dugc bgc chu khdng chi la nhung kien thuc can thiet ma san pham day hpc yeu cau Lien lac vdi phu huynh hpc sinh (neu can thiet) ve thai gian bieu, eac yeu cau, nhung nhan td co ban ciia san pham day hpc va cho biet hp cd the giup da theo each nao va hp khdng nen lam gi qua trinh hpc sinh hoan san pham day hpc Vi mdi hpc sinh deu cd mpt each rieng de the hien nhung kien thirc, ki nang thu dugc cua minh nen giao vien can tao dieu kien tdt nhat de eae em dugc phat trien tu sang tao cua minh va khdng di theo mdt Idi mdn nao 10 Giiip hpc sinh sir dung cac yeu td cau (trong thuc hien) va nhung ket qua (sau hoan thanh) de kiem tra va tu danh gia dua tren cac tieu ehi da thda thuan trii-dc dd ve npi dung va san pham day hpc 11 Bat cir nao cd the, hay sap xep cho nhflng hpc sinh khac quan sat san pham day hpc cua ban minh 12 Trong chia se eac san pham, hay luu y rang viec dua mgt san pham day hgc trudc ca ldp cd the rat tdn thai gian, tham chi khdng gay dugc thu tir phia hgc sinh trir cac em da dirpc ren luyen each thirc thuyet trinh hieu qua Viec sir dung cac nhdm chia se, ea nhan thuyet trinh trudc nhdm se hieu qua ban rat nhieu Ddi vdi hpc sinh gap nhieu khd khan kbi hpc toan va nhiing hpc sinh cd nhjp dp nhan thirc kha - gidi, viec phan hda san pham day hpc cho cac em cung can dugc giao vien can nhac ki Chiing tdi xin dua mdt sd de xuat sau: 84(08): 83 - 87 * Phdn hda sdn phdm dgy hgc cho hgc sinh gap nhieu khd khdn hgc todn Giao vien thudng dat qua it niem tin va mong dpi vao nhflng hpc sinh yeu - kem Cac san pham day bgc tao dieu kien de cai thien each nhin cua giao vien ve nhung hgc sinh va giiip cac em tu tin bon vai trd ngudi hgc [3] Dudi day la mdt sd luu y ddi vdi giao vien de dam bao nhung hgc sinh yeu - kem cd the hoan tdt cac san pham day hgc Giao vien can chac chan cac san pham day hgc danh cho mgi hpc sinh deu ddi bdi cac em phai van dung va md rdng cac kien thu'c, kT nang co' ban cua bai hoc (Tich hgp cac ky nang va nhung muc tieu khac tir ke hoach giao due ca nhiin vao cac dang san pham day hgc phong phu) Sir dung cac dang san pham day hgc cho phep hgc sinh the bien minh theo nhflng each khac ben canh dang viet Dua cac san pham day hge vdi mjn cao hon nham cho phep bgc sinh hoan mpt phan cua san pham trudc gidi thieu ciic phan khac Chuan bj hoac giup HS chuan bj, lap thai gian bieu de hoan cdng viec cho nd dien cd td chirc va theo each ma HS thay thoai mai nhat Sir dung ctic thao luan nhd ve nhflng ki nang lien quan den san pham day hpc Hpc sinh se thu dupe nhung dieu cd ich tir cac cudc thao luan nay, dd cd ca nhflng hpc sinh yeu - kem Cung cap cac mau de budng dan hpc sinh thuc hien tirng budc cdng viec cua minh Dua hoac hudng dan hpc sinh tim kiem cac ngudn hoc lieu phuc vu cho qua trinh hoan san pham Tu dd tro- di thudng xuyen trao ddi vdi HS ve san pham day hpc mdt each toan dien, yeu cau cac em cho biet ly vi dieu dd la quan trpng, eac em hpc dupe gi, tung phan ciia san pham lien ket vdi nhu the nao va cd lien quan gi den nhiTng dieu dang ,xay ldp hpc cflng nhu thuc tc cudc sdng 85 Le Thj Thu Huong vd dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Trudng hgp hgc sinh cam thay nan chi, thd a vdi cdng viec can phai ed bien phap giup dd, ddng vien, khuyen khich kjp thdi thdng qua nhung tu van va hudng dan can thiet Lam viee vdi HS de xac djnh mue tieu eac phan chu de theo nhu cau cua ca nhan HS, tap trung vao muc tieu cd y nghia cua ca ban than GV va eua HS 10 Dua va giup hge sinh phan tich cac md hinh san pham ed hieu qua tir nhflng nam hgc trudc de cac em phat trien nhan tluic ve cac phan quan trgng cua san pham, ky nang, ngdn ngu de tu ve eac yeu td va cd nhung hinh dung cu the ve cdng viee * Phdn hda sdn phdm dgy hgc cho hgc sinh khd-gidi Thdng thudng nhung san pham day hge it khd khan ddi vdi ddi tugng hge sinh thudng khdng dem lai nhung thir thach thuc su cho cac em Dudi day la mdt sd luu y thiet ke bai tap san pham eho hgc sinh bgc sinh nang cao Dam bao cac san pham day hgc dugc cau true cho ngudi hgc ludn dugc thuc day ve tinh ddc lap, tru'u tugng, giai phap da dang, nam chac va hieu sau van de Nang cao cap nghien ciru cang nhieu cang tdt, chang ban nhu sfl- dung tai lieu nang cao, sir dung da dang tai lieu, sir dung tai lieu gde de bgc sinh tien hanh nhflng nghien ciru ban dau Can nhac them viec sir dung nhfl-ng cd van nam rd trinh va kha nang eua cac em de hudng dan nhfl-ng hgc sinh md rdng ndi dung day hgc cflng nhu nang eao hieu qua hgc Xem xet viec cho phep nhfl-ng hgc sinh nang cao bat dau cdng viec cua minh sdm hon nhflng hpc sinh khac neu san pham day hpc cua cac em cd tinh phfl-c tap cao ho-n Viec tiep tuc lam viec tren cac san pham dd cd the trd nhiem vu tiep theo eac em khdng phai thuc hien eac bai tap ve nha nhu nhfl-ng hpc sinh khac Tao CO- hdi cho phep nhfl-ng hpc sinh nang cao cimg giao vien phat trien cac tieu chi cua san pham day hpc, xac djnh van de ma cac em 86 84(08): 83 - 87 cam th4y ean dugc giai quyet qua trinh thirc hien san pham, each thuc ma van de dupe giai quyet va nhfl'ng thii tuc, eac tieu chuan cua san pham quan trpng Sir dung nhflng tieu chuan dd de hgc sinh len ke hoach va danh gia Se rat hflu ieh neu nhflng san pham day hgc cua hgc sinh nang eao dugc danh gia bdi mgt ehuyen gia ITnh vire, chii de dd Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, viee danh gia qua trinh hinh va thuc hien san pham rat ed y nghia, nhd dd ma hgc sinh cd the md rdng va dien dat rd rang y tudng ciia minh trudc hoan san pham Trong mgt sd trudng hgp khac, viee danh gia tdng ket va ket thiic san pham lai cd y nghTa ddi vdi nhung hpc sinh mudn kiem tra lai san pham eiia minh mdt lan nfla theo eac tieu ehuan da de Ddi mdt sd giao vien edn thieu kien thiic va ki nang ciia mdt chuyen gia d ITnh vuc, khia canh nhat djnh eua chii de Viee giiip cac hpc sinh nang cao tiep can va dat dupe nhflng ki nang, kien thue la rat quan trpng nham dam bao cac em cd the phat trien tdi da kha nang cua minh mdt each tu nhien nhat KET LUAN Cae each thirc de thiet ke, hd trg va danh gia cac san pham day hgc la vd tan Giao vien can kru y cung cap nhflng hudng dan bang van ban sudt thdi gian thuc hien de thdng qua dd, hge sinh duoe thu' thach thich hgp va dat dugc muc tieu hgc tap eung nhu su mong dgi cua giao vien [4] Phan hda san pham day hge mdt ldp hpc mang lai nhieu uu diem Neu tat ea eae san pham deu lien quan den cimg mdt kien thfl-c ca ban tbi hgc sinh cd the chia se, trao ddi ca nhan nhdm, toan ldp vdi Dieu co the xay ca hge sinh lam viee theo each phu hop vdi trinh nhan thue cua rieng minh Bang each cung cap cac cau tnic san pham da dang vdi nhflng diem chung nhat djnh, giao vien cd the khuyen khich hgc sinh the hien kha nang cung nhu nhung diem manh cua minh Trong nhung each hpc sinh cd the dupe phat trien thdng qua nhiing thir thach thich hgp Ddng thdi, giao vien van giu tap trung vao cac yeu to ca ban ciia qua trinh day hge Le Thi Thu Huang 84(08): 83 - 87 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Robert J.Marzano, Nguyin Huu Chau (dich) (2010), Nghi thudl vd khoa hgc dgy hoc, NXB Giao due Viet Nam [2] Anna Brandstrom (2005), Differentiated Tasks in Mathematics Textbooks - An analysis of the levels of difficulty Department of Mathematics Lule°a University ofTechnology, Sweden [3] Carol Ann Tomlinson Differentiate Instruct lan Classruums, Hawkwr in (2004) How iVIlxed - Brownlow tu Ability Education, Australia [4] Lloyd Logan and Judyth Sachs (2005), Meeting the Challenges uf Primary Schuullng, the Taylor & Francis e-Library SUMMARY D I F F E R E N T I A T I N G P R O D U C T S IN A MULTI- L E V E L P R I M A R Y CLASS Le Thi Thu Huong College of Education - TNU In teaching and learning process, homework has an important role in helping students practising skills and understanding knowledge, even for primary students Homework is not only mathematics exercises but also learning products This article mentions of its role in a multi- level class and puts forward some ideas to improve products in response to a students's readiness level Keywords: Differentiate Instructlun humewurk readiness level, primary, learning pruducts 87