due nude ngoai Khoa hoc Giao due • juc nv* ; e; ; '''' SV '''' iii''''h GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC CO SCr d MOT SO NUOC TREN THE GIOI onoi Trong bai vi l t nay, chung tdi se trinh bay tdng quan v l tinh hinh giao due[.]
-Khoa hoc Giao due due nude ngoai •:juc nv*:;:e;:; '-SV GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC CO SCr '-iii'h d MOT SO NUOC TREN THE GIOI onoi T rong bai vilt nay, chung tdi se trinh bay tdng quan v l tinh hinh giao due (GD) trung hpe CO sd (THCS) cua mdt sd nude tren t h i gidi thdng qua viec tim hilu v l he thing, muc tieu, to chirc, chuang trinh GD THCS eua 16 nude thupc chau: Chau A (Nhat Ban, Han Quoe; Singaporee); Chau Ue (Uc, New Zealand); Chau Au, Ddng Au va vung Scandinavia (Vuang Quic Anh, Phap, Hungary, Dire, Ha Lan, Italia, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Diln, Thuy Sy); va Bac My (My, Canada) Dae diem GD THCS GD THCS ed mdt vj tri quan trpng he thing GD quic dan va sy phat triln kinh t l xa hdi ciia d l t nude Bac THCS phln Idn danh eho hpc sinh tir 11-14 tuoi nhu Anh, Phap, Italia va sd khu vyc ciia cac nude khac Tuy nhien, theo diiu kien kinh t l xa hdi eiia moi nude, tham chi mdi bang /vung mdt nude bac THCS cd t h i bat d i u sdm han hoac mudn han 11 tuoi nhu s l khu vyc cua Diyc, Thuy sT, Hungary, hpc sinh bit d i u hpc THCS tir 10 tuoi; Nhat Ban, Tay Ban Nha, Han Quoe, Ha Lan, Singapore, My bit d i u tu' 12 tuoi; Uc, Canada, New Zealand b i t d i u tir 13 tuoi GDTHCS duge coi la bac hpc cap eiia nhiiu nude tren t h i gidi 14 nude tong so 16 nude duge nghien ciru, cap GD THCS la cap GD cudng birc tru' nude Singapore va Han Quoc 6" Singapore, dp tuoi cap GD tu 6-16 tuoi nhung khdng phai la bat budc, Han Qude phd cap GD tO' 6-12 tuoi nhung khdng cd nghTa la phai hoan bac THCS Trong 14 nude, GD phd cap thudng bit d i u tu' tudi (rieng Anh, Ha Lan, Thuy Diln, mpt so bang cua Canada, My, Thuy ST bit d i u tu" tudi) d i n khoang 16 tudi & Nhat Ban va Italia, phd cap GD bit budc d i n 15 tudi KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 ThS TRINH TH! ANH HOA Trung tam Nghien citu Quan li Giao due Uc, Canada, Dire, Thuy ST phd cap GD bit budc d i n 15-16 tuoi ddi vdi hpc sinh hpc chinh quy/toan phln (full-time) Ha Lan, Dire d i n 1718 tuoi d l i vdi hpc sinh hpc khdng chinh quy/ ban phln (part-time) Mue tieu cua GD THCS Muc tieu bac hpe THCS duge tim hilu theo hai khia canh: muc tieu phat triln (chung va ca nhan) va muc tieu v l gia trj van hda, xa hdi 2.1 Myc tieu phat trien Muc tieu chung cua GD THCS phan anh muc tieu ciia quic gia v l GD Muc tieu GD THCS eua Phap la dam bao it nhlt 80% hpc sinh cd bing to tai Mdt nhO'ng mue tieu ciia GD THCS la dam bao rang phln Idn hpe sinh tdt nghjep THCS d i u cd t h i vao THPT GD THCS eiia Phap dam bao eung elp kiln thirc, kT nang ca ban d l hpc sinh cd kha nang tham dy vao cac ca hdi GD sau hoan xong bac hpc cap Mdt mue tieu GD THCS cua Tay Ban Nha la chuin bj ngudn nhan lye Trong dd muc tieu GD THCS cua Hungary lai tap trung vao chuan bj cho hpc sinh thi tdt nghiep THCS Muc tieu GD quic gia eiia mdt so nude (Han Qude, Nhat Ban, Singapore) la GD ddng vai trd quan trpng viec chuin bj cho hpc sinh dap irng vdi nhO'ng yeu c l u va thach thirc ciia t h i ki 21 Mdt sd nude khac tap trung vao muc tieu phat triln ea nhan, vi du, muc tieu GD THCS eua Ha Lan la phat triln toan dien hpc sinh thdng qua viee trang bj kiln thirc, kT nang Mdt muc tieu cua GD THCS eua Italia la GD vi sy trudng thanh; Thuy Diln cd mue dich GD THCS la cung c l p cho hpc sinh kiln thire, kT nang d l trd cdng dan cd trach nhiem xa hdi Mue tieu GD THCS d Tay Ban Nha la dao tao t h i he tre cd trach nhiem va cd hilu biit va biit 57 Khoa hoe Giao due van dung quyin eon ngudi Muc tieu GD THCS ciia Nhat Ban, Han Qude la dao tao nhung edng dan sang tao phat triln toan dien, ed dao dire, cd kiln thire va kT nang v l van hda, khoa hpc, xa hdi, ding thdi khde v l t h i chit; khde va tinh thin cd tinh thin ty lye va trd ngudi ehu dlt nude t h i ki 21 Muc tieu GD THCS eua My la GD eho hpe sinh nhung gi c i n thilt d l eac em phat triln tilm nang theo nguyen vpng, biit hanh xir nhu mdt edng dan dong thdi chuin bj cho lue lugng lao ddng tuang lai 2.2 Myc tieu vi gia tn van hda xa hgi GD gia tri van hda, xa hdi, dan tde, qude gia dugc coi la mdt phln eai each GD cua 16 nude Oilu phan anh t i m quan trpng cua viec chuin bj ca v l mat ca nhan, mat xa hdi d l dap irng vdi nhung thach thirc va nhung thay ddi ciia thien nien ki mdi Gia trj van hda xa hdi dugc dua vao chuang trinh eae mdn hpc d eae nude Vuang Qude Anh, GD gia tri cdn trd mdn dugc Luat phap quy djnh tir nam 2002 Cac gia trj van hda va xa hdi eOng duge phan anh muc tieu GD cua mdt sd nude Singapore va Thuy Diln la nude ma nhung muc tieu dan tdc dugc phan anh mue tieu eua GD THCS Q Singapore, mdt nhung v i n d l dlt nude, dan tdc dupe phan anh mue tieu GD THCS la phai day eho hpe sinh biit v l dlt nude (phat triln tu bac tiiu hpc day cho hpc sinh bllt yeu d l t nude, d i n THPT phai day eho hpe sinh biit lanh dao (lead) d l t nude) 6" Thuy Diln, gia tri v l dan ehu dugc coi la mdt nhung mue tieu GD eiia THCS Nhung gia tri duge dua vao trudng hpe, bdi vl trudng hpe cang phai ddi mat vdi nan bao luc va phan biet chung tdc ea nha trudng va ngoai xa hdi He thing GD Thuy Diln d l muc tieu GD vl xa hdi hien dai, va sdng mdi trudng da van hda Trong chuang trinh hpe cua Canada cd GD viec ngan can bao lye trudng hpc GD Ha Lan nhin manh ngan can bao luc GD gia trj Tuang ty nhu vay mdt sd ndi dung chuang trinh GD Nhat Ban bj giam bdt nhien GD dao du'c la mdn nhlt khdng bj giam tai ma edn tang them phln GD v l bao luc lu'a tuoi vj 58 -Giao due nude n nien va nhung v i n d l lien quan khac Mdt nhung muc tieu GD THCS ciia Nhat Ban la GD cho hpc sinh biit tdn trpng nhan quyin, yeu lao ddng va ed y thu'c trach nhiem vdi gia dinh, xa hdi, d l t nude, yeu chudng sy that, hda binh va cd tinh thin ty lye dong thai chuin bj cho hpe sinh ea v l ca hdi, phim chit va kinh nghiem cua cude song Nhiem vu cua GD THCS THCS la elp hpe chuyin tilp tu' t i i u hpc len THPT THCS la c l p hpe d i u tien cua bac trung hpe vdi nhiem vu ehii y i u la:" giup hpc sinh cung e l va phat triln nhung k i t qua cua GD tiiu hpe, cd trinh dp hpc v i n thdng ea sd va nhu'ng hilu biit ban d i u v l kT thuat va hudng nghiep d l tilp tuc hpc THPT, THCN, hpc nghi hoac di vao cude sing lao ddng" Hien nay, nhiiu quoe gia tren t h i gidi coi THCS la mdt bd phan cua GD ca sd (basic education) va la trinh dp toi thilu d l mdt ca nhan cd t h i tham gia vao cude sdng xa hdi h ;*\: '\i-'^ y Ve ehu'cng trinh va mon hoe 4.1 Quan li ehwang trinh Mdi chuang trinh cua mdt c l p hpc d i u mang tinh mIm deo phu hgp vdi dja phuang va ea nhan hpc sinh 6' mdt s l nude, chuang trinh mdn hpe bao gdm cac muc tieu ca nhan va mue tieu cua nha trudng (Vi du: Phap, Italia, Singapore) Mdt sd nude ed chuang trinh qude gia (New Zealand, Nhat Ban, Han Qude, Tay Ban Nha) Cj mdt s l nude, moi bang cd mdt chuang trinh rieng nhu My, Ue, Du'c, Cannada, Thuy ST Xu hudng nhO'ng nam xay dung chuang trinh d i n dugc chuyin giao eho dja phuang hoac trudng nhu Thuy Diln, Hungary Khi giao quyin xay dyng chuang trinh eho dja phuang se tang tinh ty chu eho dja phuang va nha trudng, dap irng dugc nhu c l u hpc sinh Tuy nhien, ed t h i se d i n d i n cd qua nhiiu chuang trinh mdt nude va khdng dam bao tinh edng bing Ha Lan da khic phuc v i n d l qua viee xay dyng chuin kiln thirc d l dam bao sy cdng bing cho t i t ca hpe sinh ca nude 4.2 vi ngi dung ehwang trinh mon hgc Mac du cd rlt nhllu dilm gidng v i ndi KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 due nude ngoai dung, chuang trinh song sd lugng mdn hpc rat^khac d cae nude, tu mdn nhu Thuy Diln (Tiing Thuy Diln, Tiing Anh, Toan) d i n 15 mdn phai hoc d THCS nhu Phap (Tiing Phap; Toan; Ngoai ngu; Ljch su-; Dja li; GD edng dan; Khoa hpe; Cupc sdng; Trai dlt; Vat li; Hda hpc; Sinh hpc; Kinh t l ; GD nghe thuat va T h i thao) Da s l chuang trinh hpc d THCS bao gdm cac mdn sau: Tiing me de; Ngoai ngO'; Toan hpc, Khoa hpc, Mdi trudng, GD cdng nghe Tin hpe, Lich SU'; Oja li; Nghe thuat; Am Nhac/nhay, Sire khde, GD cdng dan, GD xa hdi/kT nang sdng/ sire khde sinh san; KT thuat thyc hanh/ kinh t l gia dinh Ngoai ra, mdt sd nude cdn hpc sinh cdn hpc tiing ban ngO' nhu Hungary, Ha Lan, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Diln, Thuy ST; Uc; Canda, Han Quic, New Zealand, Singapore; mdt sd nude edn hpe ngoai ngu 2, nhu Anh, Phap, Hungary, Ha Lan, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Diln, Thuy ST; Uc; Canada, Han Qude, New Zealand, Singapore, My; mdt sd nude, hpc sinh edn dugc GD nghi nghiep nhu Anh, Phap, Dire, Thuy Diln, Singapore, My > Ben canh eae mdn hpc bit budc, hpc sinh dupe hpc cac mdn hpe ty chpn Cac mdn hpe tu chpn d mdi bang/dja phuang, moi nude cung rlt khac Rieng Italia khdng ed mdn hpc tu ehpn mac dO hpe sinh duge ehpn hpc GD tdn giao 15 nude edn lai mdn hpe tu chpn theo tirng khdi Idp, thudng la mdn ngoai ngu, nghe thuat (hdi hpa, d l gom, am nhac, thilt k l thdi trang); thire an va dinh dudng, thuang mai, tdn giao va mdn cdng nghe hoac kT thuat Mdt s l nude gidi han sd lugng hpc sinh hpc eae mdn tu chpn d c l p THCS nhu Du'c, Hungary; mdt so nude hpc ty chpn vao nam thir hoac nam thir cua bac THCS nhu Ue, Phap, Nhat Ban va Tay Ban Nha Hpc sinh thudng hpc cae mdn tu chpn trung binh khoang 8-10 tilt/ tuin, moi tilt khoang 40 phut Quan li va to chiFC day hoc 5.1 vi thai gian hge Thdi gian hpc cua cac trudng THCS thudng keo dai han so vdi bac tiiu hpe Phln ldn cae trudng THCS eua 15 nude trung binh hpe tu 28-35 tuln/nam va khoang 30 gid / I tuin (5 nqay) Anh, Phap la hai nude cd sd gid hpe ciia hoe sinh THCS dudi 30 gid; Han Qude, Nhat J^^^Q5SI64, thang 1-2011 -Khoa hoe Giao due Ban hpe sinh hpe 45 gid ( hpc 5.5 ngay) Phln Idn hpe sinh THCS cae nude hpc tu' sang d i n ehilu, trir Singapore va Du'c Hai nude hpc sinh hpc ca Thdi gian hpe ca thudng bat d i u tu- 7.30 d i n 13 gid; ca b i t d i u tu 13 gid d i n 18.30 gid Tuy theo tirng trudng va tirng nude, hpe sinh danh thdi gian eho lam bai tap v l nha nhiiu hay it Hpc sinh THCS cua Thuy ST danh thdi gian cho lam bai tap v l nha it nhlt gid/tuln, rieng d Han Qude, hpc sinh THCS phai danh tiing mdi tdi cho viec lam bai tap Mdt nam hpe thudng chia ki; rieng Hungary, Canda, Han Qude; Nhat Ban chia lam ki; Ue, New Zealand va Singapore chia ki Da s l cac nude khai giang nam hpc mdi vao culi thang hoac d i u thang mdt s l nude khai giang vao thang nhu Uc, New Zealand; Han Quoe, Nhat Ban vao thang Hlu hit hpe sinh d i n trudng d i u phai mac ddng phuc, cac em dupe day ludn cd y thire giO' gin trudng Idp sach se Ldp hpc thudng danh mdt gde d l eae em ty trang tri va trung bay eac san phim cua minh Cae em dugc phan cdng ve sinh Idp hpe tu' trudc gid hpe, sau gid an trua va sau tan hpe (Nhat Ban) 5.2 Ve phwang phap giang day Trong gid hpe, giao vien sir dung phuang phap giang day tuang tae, thudng dat rlt nhiiu cau hdi d l hpe sinh cd t h i thao luan, trao doi va chia se kiln thire, kT nang vdi Mae du ed xu hudng ap dung phuang phap giang day mdi day hpe nhung eac phuang phap truyin thing v i n dugc cac giao vien sir dung thudng xuyen Ben canh dd, giao vien thudng xuyen sir dung eae phuang tien hien dai ho trg cho cac bai giang cua minh 5.3 Ve hoat dgng ngoai khda Sau hpc chinh khda tu- 3.30-5h ehilu, cac em duge khuyin khich tham gia sinh hoat cac cau lac bd bdng chuyin, bdng rd, bdng ban, am nhac, t h i due Phln Idn hpc sinh THCS d i u thich tham dy cae cau lac bd d trudng vi cd ca hdi gap gd ban be Sau do, nhiiu hpc sinh (Nhat Ban, Han Qude) tham gia eac idp hpc them budi tudi (thudng hpc them Toan, Ngoai ngu) 59 Khoa hoc Giao due -Giao due nUdc nc 5.4 Ve quan li hge sinh Hpe sinh THCS eua cac nude thudng hpc ca tai trudng Moi phdng hpc danh eho Idp, trir nhung tilt hpc tren phdng thi nghiem Mdi tilt hpc, hpc sinh dugc nghi giua gid 10 phut, gid cho bu'a trua Btra an trua ed t h i an tai cang tin hoac ed t h i mang tu' nha d' Nhat Ban, hpc sinh THCS hpe ban tru tai trudng, cac em an trua tai Idp Phln Idn hpe sinh an trua nha trudng nlu Thu-c an trua thudng cd thjt, siip, sO'a va banh mi hoac cam, mdt sd hpe sinh ed t h i an banh sandwiches Sau an trua, hpe sinh phai lam ve sinh Idp hpc nhu: Lau ban va g h i va quet sach san nha GiQ' ve sinh trudng Idp la thdi quen ciia t i t ca hpe sinh Nhat Ban Hpc sinh Nhat Ban ludn giu' gin trudng Idp sach se o l n trudng eac em d i u thay gily va di bing dep di trudng Khi khdi trudng cac em phai thay bing gily hoac dep khac Mac du da cd hudng d i n chuang trinh mdn hpc nhung giao vien d i u dugc ty lya ehpn phuang phap day hpc cho phO hgp vdi ndi dung ciia tung bai Nhiiu giao vien da su' diing cac phuang tien hien dai (may ehilu, vd tuyen, dai va phdng thi nghiem ) d l hd trg giang bai (Anh, Due, Han Quoc, Nhat Ban ), ddng thdi khuyin khich sy tham gia eua hpc sinh thdng qua viee thao luan nhdm (Singapore, Thuy Diln, Thuy ST) va tang cudng hpc qua hoat ddng (Ha Lan) Chiln luge day va hpc tap trung vao ngudi hpc (Ha Lan) hoac chuyin hudng tu' "giao vien la trung tam" sang phuang phap "chuyen trd va trao doi"('chalk and talk') hudng sy tham gia eiia hpc sinh vao bai giang Mdt nhu'ng chiln luge hien eua cac nude la thiic d l y mdi trudng hpc tap ed hieu qua, dd hpe sinh chinh la ngudi tich cyc tham gia vao cac hoat ddng ^ ,.-, Hlu hit cae trudng d i u cd phdng may tinh Cae dieu kien ve cc sc vat chat, doi ngu phuc vu cho hpc sinh va cho edng tac quan li giao vien To ehu'c Idp hpc thudng theo nhdm nhd Hang 6.1 Ve easa vat ehat hpe sinh ty quan Idp hpc cua minh Tit Phln Idn cac trudng hpc d i u ed he thong ca giao vien eac trudng edng lap d i u dugc tra phuang tien cham sdc sire khde cho hpe sinh luang Luang eua giao vien bao gdm tiln cham hpc Cac diiu kien v l GD t h i chit d i u tot: hlu sdc SU'C khde, tiln thai san, tiln nghi dm, tiln hit cac trudng THCS d i u cd san t h i thao, ed giang day '* nha t h i chit va ed b l bai d l phuc vu cho hpc sinh hpc va hoat ddng ca tai trudng III Ket luan ' Oa s l cac trudng THCS cua cac nude cung Nhu vay, thudc vao trinh dp kinh t l - xa hdi d i u cd cac phdng chire nang: phdng hpe am va truyin thing van hda GD ma mdi nude cd nhac duge trang bj d l y dii eac dung cu am nhO'ng dilm khac v l muc tieu, phan chia nhac, phdng mT thuat dugc trang bi d l y dii cac thdi gian cac bac hpe, chuang trinh va ndi dung dd diing, thilt bj day hpe mT thuat, cae phdng chirc nang d i u duge trang tri cac san pham cae mdn hpe Cy 16 nude, s l nam hpc THCS thudng la va hinh anh eiia hpc sinh trudng Cac hoac nam Da sd hpe sinh THCS d cac nude trudng THCS d i u ed thu vien dugc trang bj d i u hpc ea d trudng trir Singapore va sach, truyen va eac tu lieu tham khao Thu vien dugc md d l phuc vu hpc sinh, dac biet sau gid Dire Sd t u i n hpe/nam tir 28 d i n 45 tuin Viet hpc eac em cd t h i d i n d l tim tai lieu va dpe Nam la mdt sd it nude hpc tu 35 tuin trd xudng Thdi gian hpc phln Idn la truyen tu' d i n gid, nghTa la tir 250 d i n 300 phut 6.2 Ve dgi ngu giao vien Giao vien cd t h i dugc dao tao d l day 1-2 Chuang trinh THCS cua cae nude thudng ed mdn d bac THCS Hp duge dao tao ea v l kiln tu' d i n 10 mdn Mdt sd nude phan chia thu'c va kT nang su pham Do dd, hp cd t h i day mdn cIt Idi (Tiing me de, Ngoai Ngu, Toan) va dugc tu' - din mdn Phln Idn giao vien tdt mdn nin tang (cac mdn edn lai) GV duge dao nghiep dai hpe Giao vien trung binh lam viec tao d l cd t h i day tO-1-2 mdn Giao vien biit sir i dung cac phuang phap day hpc mdi, phuang tuin tru- l l tit 60 KHGD so 64, thang 1-2011 -Khoa hoe Giao due due nude ngoai *'f" "^'^n dai d l trg giup cho viec giang day Da sd cac nude d i u cd mdn hpc ty chpn trO' Italia Mdn hoc ty chpn la cac mdn nhu Ngoai ngO-, Nghe thuat, KT thuat Phln Idn giao vien da sir dung cac phuang phap giang day mdi vdi viec hd trg cua cac phuang tien giang day nhu (may ehilu, vd tuyin, dai va phdng thi nghiem) d l khuyin khich sy tieh cyc tham gia cua hpc sinh vao bai giang Nhin chung, GD THCS cac nude da va dang theo hudng hien dai hda, hdi nhap vdi xu t h i phat triln chung eiia t h i gidi nham tao diiu kien thuan Igi hgp tac phat triln GD va kinh t l - xa hdi giO'a cae nude GD THCS eiia Viet Nam c i n duge tilp tuc doi mdi va hoan thien d l cang dap u'ng vdi nhu c l u hdi nhap quic t l Ban chat cua (Tiip theo trang 56) sinh Charter Schools ed thuan Igi la cd quyin tir chu tuang d l i eao so vdi cae trudng phd thdng cdng lap truyin thing Thyc t l , Charter Schools duge trao nhiiu quyin ty ehii cho giao vien va hpe sinh viee quylt djnh, thay vl phai tuan thii cae qui djnh Charter Schools chju trach nhiem vdi k i t qua hpe tap va duge phe chuin cac Charter/hgp ddng Quyin tir chu trao eho Charter Schools tao cac t h i manh cho nha trudng, nhu: cd t h i theo duoi cac hinh thirc day, thir nghiem mdi va tim cac each tdt nhlt d l tilp can vdi hpc sinh; va tranh duge vd sd cac quy dinh cua chinh phu va sy can thiep eua cac quan chirc dja phuang Tuy nhien, ben canh dd Charter Schools ed nhung han c h i nhu coi GD nhu la mdt san phim, chi phi di lai va thdng tin han c h i ed t h i can trd hpe sinh thiet thdi/khuylt tat nhap hpc vao Charter schools Charter School la each tilp can cho thiy ed nhiiu hira hen, nhung d l cd duge nhO'ng kit qua chinh xac v l nhCrng t h i manh va han e h i ciia md hinh c i n phai cd them thdi gian va dac biet eIn cd cac danh gia sau s i c va toan dien ban Va cung can luu y rang GD khdng KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 LIEU T H A M K H A O CHINH VO Ngpe Hai, He thong GD hien dai nhCrng nam diu thi kfXXI, NXB GD, 2003 Worid data on education, 5* ED,2003 http://www Inca org.uk http://www.moe.go.kr/en/down/edu-ko-bc2.pdf www.[school name].moe.edu.sg TAI SUMMARY This article overviews lower secondary education in some countries through the study of system, objectives, organization, program from 16 countries in continents: Asia (Japan, Korea, Singapore), Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (UK, France, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, Italia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) and North America (US and Canada) phai la eai ma thj trudng ty cd t h i xir li tot va cung khdng dya vao thj trudng d l eung elp djch vu GD Vi vay, c i n phai biit phat huy nhung t h i manh va khic phuc eac han c h i cua cac md hinh thi mdi cd t h i nang cao chit lugng va hieu qua GD f TAILIEUTHAMKHAO Advanced Science and Technology Education Center, Inc http://www.astec-ine.org Charter School Law (http://www charterschoolaw.com) Chen, Grace (2007), What is a Charter School? Public School Review The Centre for Education Reform (2008), Annual Survey OfAmeriaca's Charter Schools The Center for Education Reform (http:// www.edreform.eom/index.cfm) US Charter Schools (http://www uscharterschools org) SUMMARY From the history and development of Charter Schools the author analyses the nature of theses schools: concepts, management and operation modus, characteristics (students, time, quality, education environment and community character) as well as pros and eons of the Charter schools in the current education system 61 ... tang cudng hpc qua hoat ddng (Ha Lan) Chiln luge day va hpc tap trung vao ngudi hpc (Ha Lan) hoac chuyin hudng tu'' "giao vien la trung tam" sang phuang phap "chuyen trd va trao doi"(''chalk and... nam thir cua bac THCS nhu Ue, Phap, Nhat Ban va Tay Ban Nha Hpc sinh thudng hpc cae mdn tu chpn trung binh khoang 8-10 tilt/ tuin, moi tilt khoang 40 phut Quan li va to chiFC day hoc 5.1 vi thai... cua cac trudng THCS thudng keo dai han so vdi bac tiiu hpe Phln ldn cae trudng THCS eua 15 nude trung binh hpe tu 28-35 tuln/nam va khoang 30 gid / I tuin (5 nqay) Anh, Phap la hai nude cd sd