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HlTdNG DAN QUAN If, suf DUNG II DOI MOI THIET KE BAI GIANG NHAM NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC MON THU CONG, Kl THUAT 6 TIEU HOC ThS Le Thj Nguyen Khoa Gido due Tiiu hgc, DHSP Hd Ndi 2 1 Xdc dinh muc tieu[.]
HlTdNG DAN QUAN If, suf DUNG II DOI MOI THIET KE BAI GIANG NHAM NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC MON THU CONG, Kl THUAT TIEU HOC ThS Le Thj Nguyen Khoa Gido due Tiiu hgc, DHSP Hd Ndi Xdc dinh muc tieu bdi hgc Id hudng vdo HS Khi thiet ke bai bgc, GV thudng quan tam den nhung van de nhu: phai day cho HS nhung ngi dung gi, trinh tir (chii yeu nham phuc vu cbo boat dgng day ciia GV) Vdi muc dich la hudng tdi ngudi day nen cac PPDH dugc GV sir dung phan Idn tap trung vao nhung gi can day va day nhu the nao, it cbii y den HS va viec hgc tap cua HS Viec xac dinh muc dich nhu vay c6 anh budng tdi ca ngi dung bai hgc va each thiic GV td chirc cac boat dgng day bgc Do d6, de dat dugc nhQng yeu cau ciia chuang trinh mdi, GV bugc phai d6i mdi PPDH ciia minh Muon vay thi trudc het phai doi mdi viec xac djnh muc tieu bai hgc (hudng tdi ngudi hgc) Muc tieu bai hgc theo quan diem doi mdi phai dugc xac djnh la muc tieu bgc tap cho HS, cu the la nhung yeu cau ve kien thuc, kT nang va thai ma HS can dat dugc sau bai hgc De dat muc tieu day hgc la hudng tdi sir phat trien cua HS thi qua trinh day hgc, GV se giQ vai tro la ngudi to chirc cac boat dgng va hudng dan can thiet HS la chii the chii dgng, tich cue thuc hien cac boat dgng d6 Muc tieu phai djnh ro mOrc hoan cong viec ciia HS (sau bai hgc, HS co dugc nhQng kien tbirc, kT nang va thai gi, d muc nao ), coi d6 la can cir de danh gia bieu qua bai hgc Vi vay, muc tieu can dugc dien dat bang cac dgng tu true tiep de c6 the quan sat, danh gia dugc Cu the, muc tieu ve kien thuc c6 the diing cac dgng tir: neu dugc, dinh nghTa, so sanh, giai thich ; muc tieu ve kT nang c6 the diing cac dgng tu; xe dugc, gap dugc, cat dugc, lap ghep dugc ; muc tieu ve thai co the diing eac dgng tir: thich tbii, phan doi, hu'dng irng, chap nhan Xdy dung ngi dung hgc tap kl thuqt d cdc muc khdc nhdm kich thich nhu cdu khdm phd cua HS Khi thiet ke bai hgc thii cong, ky thuat (TC, KT), GV thudng lay trinh chung cua ldp lam can cir de xay dung muc tieu bai hgc Neu chia HS ldp nh6m kha, trung binh va kem thi ke hoach, muc tieu, ngi dung bai bgc nhu trudc day thudng nham vao HS d mirc kha CLia nh6m trung binh Do d6, chi c6 mgt so HS thuoc nh6m trung binh la c6 the hgc thuc sir Con sd khac khong the hgc thuc sir vi yeu cau, ngi dung la qua de vdi cac em nh6m kha, song lai qua kh6 vdi cac em nh6m kem Viec thay doi quan niem ve muc tieu to chirc day hgc moi bai TC, KT se keo theo nhung thay doi nhat dinh ve yeu cau, ngi dung bai hgc va each thiic to chuc cac boat dgng day bgc ciia GV va HS Tren thuc te, HS se chi dugc day nhQng ngi dung dugc chuan bi theo quy djnh tru'dc SGK, SGV GV cung "bang long" vdi mirc yeu cau HS lam dung nhQng gi G V da hudng dan (HS lam dugc san pham) va coi d6 nhu la da dat muc tieu bai hgc Tuy nhien, nhung boat dgng vdi ngi dung co san nhu vay kh6 c6 the gay dugc thu cung nhu tri hirng thii lau dai cho HS suot tiet hgc Doi mdi day bgc theo quan diem lay HS lam trung tam nhan manh vai tro, sir quan tam va biing thii cua HS Van de dat vdi GV la lam the nao de HS bimg thil vdi nhung ngi dung dugc quy djnh sin SGK, SGV mon hgc Mgt cac giai phap cho van de la GV can nghien cina, tim toi, de ngi dung hgc tap thii cong, kT thuat d mirc cao han (nhu lien he md rgng ve doi tugng kT thuat, nang dan kho ciia viec luyen tap) nham thu hut sir chu y ciia HS Thong qua giai quyet ngi dung NliQn bai 27/7/2011 TAP CHi THI^T Bl GlAo DUC - SO 72 - 8/2011 • 19 II HiriiNG DAN QUAN Lt suf DUNG bai hgc vdi cac mirc khac nhau, tu cua HS se thudng xuyen dugc kich thich ren luyen \'a phat trien Cac em se hii'ng thii va tich cue tham gia vao bai hgc Ddi nidi viec kiem tra, ddnh gid ket qud hgc tap TC, KT Kiem tra danh gia la mgt khau quan trgng qua trinh day hgc Viec kiem tra, danh gia khong chi nham thu thap thong tin ve chat lugng bgc tap ciia HS ma ket qua kiem tra, danh gia la dgng luc thiie day HS qua trinh bgc tap Ket qua hgc tap day hgc TC KT dugc ddnh gid bdng nhdn xet vdi cae mirc do: hodn thdnh (A), hodn thdnh tot (A^) va cJtua hodn thdnh (B) Khac vdi cac mon hgc khac, tiet hgc TC, KT, HS dugc ket hgp can bang giQa boat dgng tri 6c ben (sir dung cac thao tac tu duy) vdi hoat dgng vat chat ben ngoai (sir dung cac thao tac tay) Ket qua la vdi moi bdi ligc TC, KT, HS deu co sdn phdm hgc tap cua rieng minh d dgng vgt chdt Dieu tac dgng khong nho den hirng thu ciia HS cho cdc em cdm nhdn dirge niem vui Idn lao hgc tap bdng ket qud cit the hien hint Viec danh gia va cong nhan qua (san pham ciia HS) se la nguon dgng vien, khich le, giup cac em co niem tin vao kha nang ciia ban than va tu tin phat hu)' kha nang d6 Tuy nhien viec danh gia ket qua hoc tap cua HS day 20 • thu hgc tap mon bgc Nhu cau, von kinh nghiem \-a nang lire hgc tap ciia HS la khac nen qua trinh hgc tap ciia cac em cung khac Do GV khong chi can cir d san pham thuc hanh ma can quan sat dugc nliung bieu bien biet va lam dugc den dau ciia HS de danh gia va xep loai Viec danh gia diing se c6 tac dung dgng vien, khuyen kliieh HS hgc tap nen danh gia GV can tim nhirng bieu hien thdnh cong su tien bg hay CO gdng ctia HS NhQng nhan xet ciia GV can mang tinh xay dung, chi hudng hgc tap tiep theo de giup cac em phan Ididi va hgc tap tot ban Ddi mdi cdch thuc to chuc dqy hgc "> Mo td tien trinh bdi hgc TC, KTItien hdnh (xem bdng): * Hudng ddn cu the cdc hogt dgng dgy hgc chii yeu: Hogt dgng: Quan sdt vd nhdn xet mdu * Muc tieu ciia boat dgng: HS nam dugc dac diem, hinh dang, kich thudc mau sac, cong dung, Dac trung day hgc TC, KT la vat lieu ciia cac bg phan cau boat dgng thuc hanh chiem uu nen vat mau Qua do, HS the Vi vay GV can loi cuon va c6 dugc hinh anh ve san pham tao CO hgi cho HS tham gia tich phai lam cuoi bai hgc HS biet cue vao qua trinh danh gia va dugc cac chi liet cung nhu cacti tu danh gia Tu danh gia thirc noi ket cac chi tiet ciia vat day hoc TC KT khong chi giup mau HS budc dau hinli dung HS nhin nhan viec hgc tap ciia cong viec se lam bai hgc ban than va nhung tien bg da tren ca sd doi chieu cau tao ciia dat dugc ma tao ca hgi vat mau vdi vat pham kT thuat da cho HS du-gc thudng thdc, trdi biet Tao cho HS nhu cau muon nghiem niem vid cua su thdnh lam dugc san pham nhu vat mau cong Idm sdn phdm Tir * Hoat dgng gom nhung d6, HS them yeu thich va hirng cong viec chii yeu sau; GV dua hgc TC, KT hien mang tinh hinh thirc Vdi nhieu GV dieu quan trgng la lam dat dugc yeu cau ca ban ciia bai hgc theo quy dinh danli gia, xep loai (phan ldn HS lam dugc san pham tai ldp) GV it quan tam den viec HS lam san pham d6 nhu the nao hay cac em hge dugc gi hoac c6 cam nhan gi qua trinh lam san pham N6i each kliac, viec kiem tra danh gia \-an tap trung nhieu vao san pham ben ngoai han la nhung bien doi tam li ben cua HS Theo dinh hudng doi mdi hien nay, HS vdi vai tro chii the hoat dgng phai co kha nang suy nghT, danh gia ket qua thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap va su tien bg ciia ban than Vi vay, ben canh su danh gia ciia GV can tang cudng tu danh gia ciia HS Tu danh gia dugc nhung tien bg ciia ban than giup HS nhan thirc diing nang lire ciia minh, biet dugc viec gi minh c6 the lam va lam dugc; g6p phan khich le tinh than va ciing CO niem tin cho cac em TAP CHl THIET Bj GIAO DUC - SO 72 • 8/2011 HlAlNG DAN QUAN Ll sir DUNG Hoat dgng Thoi gian Tiet /.Kiem tra su chuan bi cua HS, giai thieu bai mai Hoat d^ng chii yeu 5' Hoat dong: Huang dan quan sat va nhan xet mau 5' X Hoat dong: Huang dan thao tac miu 15' X Hoat dong lam thir 10' Tiet 2.Kiem tra sir chuan bi cua HS 5' Hoat dong: Thirc hanh 15' X Hoat dong trung bay va danh gia san phim 10' X Cling CO, dan 5' vat mau va neu yeu cau, trgng tam quan sat (dinh hudng nhan thuc va hoat dgng ciia HS) Dua cac cau hoi dinh hudng HS quan sat, nhan xet cau tao va mieu ta tung bg phan cau tao cua vat pham (ten ggi cac bg phan, dac diem mau sac, hinh dang, kich thudc, nguyen lieu, cong dung ciia cac bg phan cau nen vat mau) Tong ket va lien be md rgng; HS tong ket qua trinh phan tich de riit ket luan ve cau tao ciia vat pham kT thuat bang each mo ta dac diem tung bg phan Lien he vat pham vdi nhung vat pham da hgc va chi irng dung cua vat pham thuc tien Hogt dgng: Hudng ddn thao tdc mdu * Muc tieu cua boat dgng: HS tich cue tham gia tim hieu, kham pha quy trinh kT thuat (neu va thuc hien cac thao tac dan gian; cac thao tac da biet, da quen thudc) HS biet each thuc hien cac thao tac quy trinh dl lam san pham (nhu mau) Ren luyen va phat trien tu cho HS * Hoat dgng gdm nhung II cong viec cbii yeu sau: GV dua tranh quy trinh va gidi thieu true quan tren tranh quy trinh de HS nam dugc trinh tir cac thao tac Lam mau tung thao tac theo tranh quy trinh: + GV nen lam mau hai lan: (1) Lan thu nhat, GV lam mau toan bg quy trinh vdi toe binh thudng de HS nam dugc khai quat cac budc lam san pham; (2) Tiep theo, GV lam mau vdi toe cham tung budc theo quy trinh ket hgp vdi sir dung tranh minh hga cho moi budc d6 Neu c6 thao tac kh6, GV can giai thich ro rang each lam va hudng dan kT de HS (nhat la nhQng HS cham) biet each lam Vdi mgt so bai c6 nhieu thao tae, GV CO the Idm mdu tdm tdt Idn toan bg quy trinh vdi toe binh thudng de HS ghi nhd tien trinh cong viec + GV can ket hgp chat che giQa viec hudng ddn timg thao tdc ki thudt vdi viec su dying tranh qui trinh de HS nam dugc trinh tu cung nhu each lam tung thao tac d6 (GV vua thuc bien tung thao tac theo quy trinh vira neu yeu cau HS lien he cac thao tac d6 vdi hinh anh the bien tren quy trinh) Doi vdi nhung bai c6 cac thao tac ma HS da bgc d bai trudc, GV nen danh cho dai dien HS thuc hien mau trudc Idp Sau hudng dan xong, GV yeu cau HS neu va thuc hien quy trinh trudc Idp de danh gia muc nam vung thao tac ciia HS Cuoi tiet 1, GV to chiic cbo tat ca HS thuc banh cac thao tac vua dugc budng dan de ciing co tri thiic (hoat dgng lam thir) Hogt dgng thuc hdnh: * Muc tieu cua boat dgng: HS van dung nhQng hieu biet da ITnh hgi qua cac boat dgng tren de lam dugc san pham (ngay tai Idp hgc), ren luyen va phat trien kT nang thuc hanh Ren luyen tb6i quen lao dgng theo quy trinh va kha nang sang tao ciia HS * Hoat dgng gom nhung cong viec chii yeu sau: Trudc to chirc thuc hanh: Yeu cau HS nhac lai cac budc lam san pham da hgc d tiet; c6 thi ggi HS len bang thuc hien cac thao tac quy trinh Tiep theo (Xem tiep trang 34) TAP CHi THIET Bj GIAO DVC - SO 72 - 8/2011 • 21 II HirdNG DAN QUAN Li suf DUNG vung e6 mua tren luge Djnh hudng sit dung he thong bai tap Cac dang bai tap tren dugc su dung khau ciing co, be thong b6a kien tbirc, HS luyen tap d nha va boi dudng HS gioi Vi du ve djnh hudng sii' dung cac bai tap tren * Bai tap d vi du 1: Bai tap su dung khau eiing CO kien thii'c ve hien tugng chuyen dgng bieu kien ciia Mat Trdi viing ngi chi tuyen, dong thdi boi dudng HS gioi chuan bj cho cac ky tbi HS gi6i cac cap Hudng dan; + Thdi gian Mat Trdi di chuyen bieu kien tu xich dao (0°) len ehi tuyen bae (23°27') bet 93 ngay, di chuyen dugc mgt cung 23''27 Vay di chuyen tu xich dao len 17"28' het 68 ngay; + Ngay Mat Trdi len thien dinh tai Dong Hdi lan thii' nhat la: 21/3+ 68 (ngay): 29/5 * Bai tap d vi du 3: Bai tap + Ngay Mat Trdi len thien su dung khau ciing co dinh tai D6ng Hdi lan thu bai la va nang cao kien thuc ve cac kieu 23/9 - 68 (ngay): 15/7 * Bai tap d vi du 2: Bai tap bau, co the cbo HS tu luyen sir dung phan khai tap va bdi dudng cho HS gioi Hudng dan: quat va nang cao kien thirc ve + Luge thang 7, miia idii bau cbo HS, c6 the dung de HS luyen tap d nha va boi dong ciia Nam ban cau Ve miia ddng, luc dja toa nhiet dudng HS gi6i nhanh ban bien va dai duang, Hu'dng dan; + Ve bieu do: Bieu cot ket hgp vdi dudng lam binh ap eao tren (Cot the hien cbo lugng mua luc dja; + Cac viing c6 mua; Khu va dudng the hien cbo nhiet do); + Xac djnh kieu hau; vuc hau Dja Trung Hai, khu Dja Trung Hai (ban cau Bac); + vuc on ddi hai duang, khu vuc Giai thich: nhiet dao dgng xich dao tir 10°C - 20''C; nhiet cao d cac thang miia ha, miia dong Tai lieu tham khao Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Sdch c6 nhiet xuong thap ban; bien nhiet cac miia c6 sir gido khoa Dia li 10, NXB Giao due, chenh lech kha ro nhung khong Ha Npi, 2006 Le Cong Triem, Nguyen Dire qua Idn Lugng mua tap trung Vu, Phuang phdp nghien ciru khoa vao cac thang cuoi nam den hoc gido due, NXB Dai hoc sur cac thang dau nam (miia dong pham HaNoi, 2004 va miia xuan), miia mua it, L e Thong, Nguyen Dire Vu, lugng mua trung binh nam vao Nguyen Minh Tue, Boi duang HS gioi Dia ly, N X B Giao due, 2006 khoang 500-1000mm llllllllillllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllililllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllMIII DOI MOI THIET KE BiU GIANG (Tiip theo trang 21) GV dung tranh quy trinh kT thuat de he thong lai cac thao tac hoac luu y HS mgt so thao tac kh6 Tranh quy trinh c6 the de treo tren bang suot qua trinh HS thuc hanh Nhac nhd HS + GV chi djnh HS (nh6m HS) trung bay san pham theo cac vj tri da du kien trudc, neu ggi y hoac dua nhung tieu chi danh gia san pham Tao 34 • dieu kien cho HS dugc tham gia nhan xet, danh gia cae san pham, tren ca sd y kien nhan xet cua HS; GV nhan xet, danh gia san pham ciia tiing em, tung nhom (theo tieu chi da dua ra) Kithudt,'NXB GD, HaNoi, 2007 Bg Giao due va Dao tao, Vu Thj San (cbii nhiem de tai), Quan diim ngudi hgc Id chii thi tich circ cua qud trinh hgc tap vd nhiing yeu cdu su phgm doi vdi ngudi gido vien (de tai nghien cilia klioa hgc, 2005 Tai lieu tham khao Bg Giao due va Dao Tao Dao Quang Trung, Du an phat trien giao vien tieu Phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu hgc, Thii cong, Ki thudt vd cong, KT thudt, NXB DHSP, Ha phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu cong, Noi, 2009 TAP CHl THIET Bl GIAO DUC - SO 72 - 8/2011 ... va nang cao kien thuc ve cac kieu 23/9 - 68 (ngay): 15/7 * Bai tap d vi du 2: Bai tap bau, co the cbo HS tu luyen sir dung phan khai tap va bdi dudng cho HS gioi Hudng dan: quat va nang cao kien... Bac); + vuc on ddi hai duang, khu vuc Giai thich: nhiet dao dgng xich dao tir 10°C - 20''''C; nhiet cao d cac thang miia ha, miia dong Tai lieu tham khao Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Sdch c6 nhiet xuong