HlTdNG DAN QUAN If, suf DUNG II DOI MOI THIET KE BAI GIANG NHAM NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC MON THU CONG, Kl THUAT 6 TIEU HOC ThS Le Thj Nguyen Khoa Gido due Tiiu hgc, DHSP Hd Ndi 2 1 Xdc dinh muc tieu[.]
Trang 1HlTdNG DAN QUAN If, suf DUNG II DOI MOI THIET KE BAI GIANG NHAM NANG CAO HIEU QUA
DAY HOC MON THU CONG, Kl THUAT 6 TIEU HOC
ThS Le Thj Nguyen
Khoa Gido due Tiiu hgc, DHSP Hd Ndi 2
1 Xdc dinh muc tieu bdi
hgc Id hudng vdo HS
Khi thiet ke bai bgc, GV
thudng quan tam den nhung
van de nhu: phai day cho HS
nhung ngi dung gi, trinh tir ra
sao (chii yeu nham phuc vu
cbo boat dgng day ciia GV)
Vdi muc dich la hudng tdi
ngudi day nen cac PPDH dugc
GV sir dung phan Idn tap trung
vao nhung gi can day va day
nhu the nao, it cbii y den HS
va viec hgc tap cua HS Viec
xac dinh muc dich nhu vay c6
anh budng tdi ca ngi dung bai
hgc va each thiic GV td chirc
cac boat dgng day bgc Do d6,
de dat dugc nhQng yeu cau ciia
chuang trinh mdi, GV bugc
phai d6i mdi PPDH ciia minh
Muon vay thi trudc het phai doi
mdi viec xac djnh muc tieu bai
hgc (hudng tdi ngudi hgc)
Muc tieu bai hgc theo quan
diem doi mdi phai dugc xac
djnh la muc tieu bgc tap cho HS,
cu the la nhung yeu cau ve kien
thuc, kT nang va thai do ma HS
can dat dugc sau bai hgc De dat
muc tieu day hgc la hudng tdi
sir phat trien cua HS thi trong
qua trinh day hgc, GV se giQ
vai tro la ngudi to chirc cac boat
dgng va hudng dan khi can thiet
con HS la chii the chii dgng, tich
cue thuc hien cac boat dgng d6
NliQn bai ngay 27/7/2011
Muc tieu phai djnh ro mOrc
do hoan thanh cong viec ciia HS (sau bai hgc, HS co dugc nhQng kien tbirc, kT nang va thai do gi,
d muc do nao ), coi d6 la can cir de danh gia bieu qua bai hgc
Vi vay, muc tieu can dugc dien dat bang cac dgng tu true tiep de c6 the quan sat, danh gia dugc
Cu the, muc tieu ve kien thuc c6 the diing cac dgng tir: neu dugc, dinh nghTa, so sanh, giai thich ;
muc tieu ve kT nang c6 the diing cac dgng tu; xe dugc, gap dugc, cat dugc, lap ghep dugc ; muc tieu ve thai do co the diing eac dgng tir: thich tbii, phan doi, hu'dng irng, chap nhan
2 Xdy dung ngi dung hgc tap kl thuqt d cdc muc do khdc nhau nhdm kich thich nhu cdu khdm phd cua HS
Khi thiet ke bai hgc thii cong,
ky thuat (TC, KT), GV thudng lay trinh do chung cua ldp lam can cir de xay dung muc tieu bai hgc Neu chia HS trong ldp thanh 3 nh6m kha, trung binh
va kem thi ke hoach, muc tieu, ngi dung bai bgc nhu trudc day thudng nham vao HS d mirc kha CLia nh6m trung binh Do d6, chi c6 mgt so HS thuoc nh6m trung binh la c6 the hgc thuc sir Con
sd khac khong the hgc thuc sir
vi yeu cau, ngi dung do la qua
de vdi cac em nh6m kha, song
lai qua kh6 vdi cac em nh6m kem
Viec thay doi quan niem ve muc tieu khi to chirc day hgc moi bai TC, KT se keo theo nhung thay doi nhat dinh ve yeu cau, ngi dung bai hgc va each thiic
to chuc cac boat dgng day bgc ciia GV va HS Tren thuc te, HS
se chi dugc day nhQng ngi dung dugc chuan bi theo quy djnh tru'dc trong SGK, SGV GV cung
"bang long" vdi mirc yeu cau HS lam dung nhQng gi G V da hudng dan (HS lam dugc san pham) va coi d6 nhu la da dat muc tieu bai hgc Tuy nhien, nhung boat dgng vdi ngi dung co san nhu vay kh6 c6 the gay dugc hung thu cung nhu duy tri hirng thii lau dai cho
HS trong suot tiet hgc
Doi mdi day bgc theo quan diem lay HS lam trung tam nhan manh vai tro, sir quan tam va biing thii cua HS Van de dat
ra vdi GV la lam the nao de HS bimg thil vdi nhung ngi dung dugc quy djnh sin trong SGK, SGV mon hgc Mgt trong cac giai phap cho van de nay la GV can nghien cina, tim toi, de ra ngi dung hgc tap thii cong, kT thuat
d mirc cao han (nhu lien he md rgng ve doi tugng kT thuat, nang dan do kho ciia viec luyen tap) nham thu hut sir chu y ciia HS Thong qua giai quyet ngi dung
TAP CHi THI^T Bl GlAo DUC - SO 72 - 8/2011 • 19
Trang 2II HiriiNG DAN QUAN Lt suf DUNG
bai hgc vdi cac mirc do khac
nhau, tu duy cua HS se thudng
xuyen dugc kich thich ren luyen
\'a phat trien Cac em se hii'ng thii
va tich cue tham gia vao bai hgc
3 Ddi nidi viec kiem tra,
ddnh gid ket qud hgc tap TC, KT
Kiem tra danh gia la mgt
khau quan trgng trong qua trinh
day hgc Viec kiem tra, danh
gia khong chi nham thu thap
thong tin ve chat lugng bgc tap
ciia HS ma ket qua kiem tra,
danh gia con la dgng luc thiie
day HS trong qua trinh bgc tap
Ket qua hgc tap trong day hgc
TC KT dugc ddnh gid bdng
nhdn xet vdi cae mirc do: hodn
thdnh (A), hodn thdnh tot (A^)
va cJtua hodn thdnh (B)
Khac vdi cac mon hgc
khac, trong tiet hgc TC, KT,
HS dugc ket hgp can bang
giQa boat dgng tri 6c ben
trong (sir dung cac thao tac tu
duy) vdi hoat dgng vat chat
ben ngoai (sir dung cac thao
tac tay) Ket qua la vdi moi
bdi ligc TC, KT, HS deu co
sdn phdm hgc tap cua rieng
minh d dgng vgt chdt Dieu
nay tac dgng khong nho den
hirng thu ciia HS cho cdc em
cdm nhdn dirge niem vui Idn
lao trong hgc tap bdng ket
qud cit the hien hint Viec
danh gia va cong nhan thanh
qua (san pham ciia HS) se la
nguon dgng vien, khich le,
giup cac em co niem tin vao
kha nang ciia ban than va tu
tin phat hu)' kha nang d6
Tuy nhien viec danh gia ket
qua hoc tap cua HS trong day
hgc TC, KT hien nay con mang tinh hinh thirc Vdi nhieu GV
dieu quan trgng la lam sao dat dugc yeu cau ca ban ciia bai hgc theo quy dinh danli gia, xep loai (phan ldn HS lam dugc san pham tai ldp) GV it quan tam den viec
HS lam ra san pham d6 nhu the nao hay cac em hge dugc gi hoac c6 cam nhan gi trong qua trinh lam ra san pham N6i each kliac, viec kiem tra danh gia \-an tap trung nhieu vao san pham ben ngoai han la nhung bien doi tam
li ben trong cua HS
Theo dinh hudng doi mdi hien nay, HS vdi vai tro chii the hoat dgng phai co kha nang suy nghT, danh gia ket qua thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap va su tien bg ciia ban than Vi vay, ben canh su danh gia ciia GV can tang cudng tu danh gia ciia
HS Tu danh gia dugc nhung tien bg ciia ban than giup HS nhan thirc diing nang lire ciia minh, biet dugc viec gi minh c6 the lam va lam dugc; g6p phan khich le tinh than va ciing
CO niem tin cho cac em
Dac trung day hgc TC, KT la boat dgng thuc hanh chiem uu the Vi vay GV can loi cuon va tao CO hgi cho HS tham gia tich cue vao qua trinh danh gia va
tu danh gia Tu danh gia trong day hoc TC KT khong chi giup
HS nhin nhan viec hgc tap ciia ban than va nhung tien bg da dat dugc ma con tao ca hgi
cho HS du-gc thudng thdc, trdi
nghiem niem vid cua su thdnh cong khi Idm ra sdn phdm Tir
d6, HS them yeu thich va hirng
thu hgc tap mon bgc
Nhu cau, von kinh nghiem \-a nang lire hgc tap ciia HS la khac nhau nen qua trinh hgc tap ciia cac em cung khac nhau Do do
GV khong chi can cir d san pham thuc hanh ma can quan sat dugc nliung bieu bien biet va lam dugc den dau ciia HS de danh gia va xep loai Viec danh gia diing se c6 tac dung dgng vien, khuyen kliieh HS hgc tap nen khi danh
gia GV can tim ra nhirng bieu
hien thdnh cong su tien bg hay
CO gdng ctia HS NhQng nhan xet
ciia GV can mang tinh xay dung, chi ra hudng hgc tap tiep theo de giup cac em phan Ididi va hgc tap tot ban
4 Ddi mdi cdch thuc to
chuc dqy hgc
"> Mo td tien trinh bdi hgc
TC, KTItien hdnh (xem bdng):
* Hudng ddn cu the cdc
hogt dgng dgy hgc chii yeu: Hogt dgng: Quan sdt vd nhdn xet mdu
* Muc tieu ciia boat dgng: HS nam dugc dac diem, hinh dang, kich thudc mau sac, cong dung, vat lieu ciia cac bg phan cau thanh nen vat mau Qua do, HS c6 dugc hinh anh ve san pham phai lam cuoi bai hgc HS biet dugc cac chi liet cung nhu cacti thirc noi ket cac chi tiet ciia vat mau HS budc dau hinli dung cong viec se lam trong bai hgc tren ca sd doi chieu cau tao ciia vat mau vdi vat pham kT thuat da biet Tao cho HS nhu cau muon lam dugc san pham nhu vat mau
* Hoat dgng nay gom nhung cong viec chii yeu sau; GV dua
20 • TAP CHl THIET Bj GIAO DUC - SO 72 • 8/2011
Trang 3HlAlNG DAN QUAN Ll sir DUNG II
Hoat dgng
Tiet /.Kiem tra su chuan bi cua HS, giai thieu bai mai
Hoat dong: Huang dan quan sat va nhan xet mau
Hoat dong: Huang dan thao tac miu
Hoat dong lam thir
Tiet 2.Kiem tra sir chuan bi cua HS
Hoat dong: Thirc hanh
Hoat dong trung bay va danh gia san phim
Cling CO, dan do
Thoi gian 5' 5' 15' 10' 5' 15' 10' 5'
Hoat d^ng chii yeu
X
X
X
X
ra vat mau va neu yeu cau, trgng
tam quan sat (dinh hudng nhan
thuc va hoat dgng ciia HS)
Dua ra cac cau hoi dinh hudng
HS quan sat, nhan xet cau tao
va mieu ta tung bg phan cau tao
cua vat pham (ten ggi cac bg
phan, dac diem mau sac, hinh
dang, kich thudc, nguyen lieu,
cong dung ciia cac bg phan
cau thanh nen vat mau)
Tong ket va lien be md rgng;
HS tong ket qua trinh phan tich
de riit ra ket luan ve cau tao ciia
vat pham kT thuat bang each mo
ta dac diem tung bg phan
Lien he vat pham vdi nhung
vat pham da hgc va chi ra irng
dung cua vat pham trong thuc
tien
Hogt dgng: Hudng ddn thao
tdc mdu
* Muc tieu cua boat dgng:
HS tich cue tham gia tim hieu,
kham pha quy trinh kT thuat
(neu va thuc hien cac thao tac
dan gian; cac thao tac da biet,
da quen thudc) HS biet each
thuc hien cac thao tac trong
quy trinh dl lam san pham
(nhu mau) Ren luyen va phat
trien tu duy cho HS
* Hoat dgng nay gdm nhung
cong viec cbii yeu sau: GV dua
ra tranh quy trinh va gidi thieu true quan tren tranh quy trinh de
HS nam dugc trinh tir cac thao tac Lam mau tung thao tac theo tranh quy trinh:
+ GV nen lam mau hai lan:
(1) Lan thu nhat, GV lam mau toan bg quy trinh vdi toe do binh thudng de HS nam dugc khai quat cac budc lam ra san pham; (2) Tiep theo, GV lam mau vdi toe do cham tung budc theo quy trinh ket hgp vdi sir dung tranh minh hga cho moi budc d6 Neu c6 thao tac kh6, GV can giai thich ro rang each lam va hudng dan
kT de HS (nhat la nhQng HS cham) biet each lam Vdi mgt
so bai c6 nhieu thao tae, GV
CO the Idm mdu tdm tdt Idn 3
toan bg quy trinh vdi toe do binh thudng de HS ghi nhd tien trinh cong viec
+ GV can ket hgp chat che
giQa viec hudng ddn timg thao
tdc ki thudt vdi viec su dying tranh qui trinh de HS nam dugc
trinh tu cung nhu each lam tung thao tac d6 (GV vua thuc bien tung thao tac theo quy trinh vira neu yeu cau HS lien he cac thao
tac d6 vdi hinh anh the bien tren quy trinh) Doi vdi nhung bai c6 cac thao tac ma HS da bgc d bai trudc, GV nen danh cho dai dien
HS thuc hien mau trudc Idp Sau khi hudng dan xong,
GV yeu cau 1 2 HS neu va thuc hien quy trinh trudc Idp
de danh gia muc do nam vung thao tac ciia HS Cuoi tiet 1,
GV to chiic cbo tat ca HS thuc banh cac thao tac vua dugc budng dan de ciing co tri thiic (hoat dgng lam thir)
Hogt dgng thuc hdnh:
* Muc tieu cua boat dgng:
HS van dung nhQng hieu biet
da ITnh hgi qua cac boat dgng tren de lam dugc san pham (ngay tai Idp hgc), ren luyen
va phat trien kT nang thuc hanh Ren luyen tb6i quen lao dgng theo quy trinh va kha nang sang tao ciia HS
* Hoat dgng nay gom nhung cong viec chii yeu sau: Trudc khi to chirc thuc hanh: Yeu cau HS nhac lai cac budc lam ra san pham da hgc d tiet; c6 thi ggi 1 2 HS len bang thuc hien cac thao tac trong quy trinh Tiep theo
(Xem tiep trang 34)
TAP CHi THIET Bj GIAO DVC - SO 72 - 8/2011 • 21
Trang 4II HirdNG DAN QUAN Li suf DUNG
vung e6 mua tren luge do
3 Djnh hudng sit dung he
thong bai tap
Cac dang bai tap tren dugc
su dung trong khau ciing co, be
thong b6a kien tbirc, HS luyen
tap d nha va boi dudng HS gioi
Vi du ve djnh hudng sii'
dung cac bai tap tren
* Bai tap d vi du 1: Bai tap
nay su dung trong khau eiing
CO kien thii'c ve hien tugng
chuyen dgng bieu kien ciia Mat
Trdi trong viing ngi chi tuyen,
dong thdi trong boi dudng HS
gioi chuan bj cho cac ky tbi HS
gi6i cac cap
Hudng dan; + Thdi gian
Mat Trdi di chuyen bieu kien
tu xich dao (0°) len ehi tuyen
bae (23°27') bet 93 ngay, di
chuyen dugc mgt cung 23''27
Vay khi di chuyen tu xich
dao len 17"28' het 68 ngay; +
Ngay Mat Trdi len thien dinh
tai Dong Hdi lan thii' nhat la:
21/3+ 68 (ngay): 29/5
+ Ngay Mat Trdi len thien dinh tai D6ng Hdi lan thu bai la 23/9 - 68 (ngay): 15/7
* Bai tap d vi du 2: Bai tap
nay sir dung trong phan khai quat va nang cao kien thirc ve idii bau cbo HS, c6 the dung de
HS luyen tap d nha va trong boi dudng HS gi6i
Hu'dng dan; + Ve bieu do:
Bieu do cot ket hgp vdi dudng
(Cot the hien cbo lugng mua
va dudng the hien cbo nhiet do); + Xac djnh kieu khi hau;
Dja Trung Hai (ban cau Bac); + Giai thich: nhiet do dao dgng tir 10°C - 20''C; nhiet do cao
d cac thang miia ha, miia dong c6 nhiet do xuong thap ban;
bien do nhiet cac miia c6 sir chenh lech kha ro nhung khong qua Idn Lugng mua tap trung vao cac thang cuoi nam den cac thang dau nam (miia dong
va miia xuan), miia ha mua it, lugng mua trung binh nam vao khoang 500-1000mm
* Bai tap d vi du 3: Bai tap
nay su dung trong khau ciing co
va nang cao kien thuc ve cac kieu khi bau, co the cbo HS tu luyen tap va bdi dudng cho HS gioi Hudng dan:
+ Luge do thang 7, miia dong ciia Nam ban cau Ve miia ddng, luc dja toa nhiet nhanh ban bien va dai duang, lam binh thanh khi ap eao tren luc dja;
+ Cac viing c6 mua; Khu vuc khi hau Dja Trung Hai, khu vuc on ddi hai duang, khu vuc xich dao
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Sdch
gido khoa Dia li 10, NXB Giao due,
Ha Npi, 2006
2 Le Cong Triem, Nguyen Dire
Vu, Phuang phdp nghien ciru khoa
hoc gido due, NXB Dai hoc sur
pham HaNoi, 2004
3 L e Thong, Nguyen Dire Vu,
N g u y e n M i n h Tue, Boi duang HS
gioi Dia ly, N X B Giao due, 2006
l l l l l l l l i l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l i l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l l l M I I I
DOI MOI THIET KE BiU GIANG (Tiip theo trang 21)
GV dung tranh quy trinh kT
thuat de he thong lai cac thao
tac hoac luu y HS mgt so
thao tac kh6 Tranh quy trinh
nay c6 the de treo tren bang
trong suot qua trinh HS thuc
hanh Nhac nhd HS
+ GV chi djnh HS (nh6m
HS) trung bay san pham theo
cac vj tri da du kien trudc, neu
ggi y hoac dua ra nhung tieu
chi danh gia san pham Tao
dieu kien cho HS dugc tham gia nhan xet, danh gia cae san pham, tren ca sd y kien nhan xet cua HS; GV nhan xet, danh gia san pham ciia tiing em, tung nhom (theo tieu chi da dua ra)
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Bg Giao due va Dao Tao
Du an phat trien giao vien tieu
hgc, Thii cong, Ki thudt vd
phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu cong,
Kithudt,'NXB GD, HaNoi, 2007
3 Bg Giao due va Dao tao,
Vu Thj San (cbii nhiem de tai),
Quan diim ngudi hgc Id chii thi tich circ cua qud trinh hgc tap vd nhiing yeu cdu su phgm doi vdi ngudi gido vien (de tai nghien
cilia klioa hgc, 2005
3 Dao Quang Trung,
Phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu cong, KT thudt, NXB DHSP, Ha
Noi, 2009
34 • TAP CHl THIET Bl GIAO DUC - SO 72 - 8/2011