KHAM PHA KHOA HOC 6 TRE M A U GIAO O ThS, NGUYEN THI NGA* Khdm phd khoa hqe (KPKH) Id mdt qud trinh tim ra cdi mdi, giup tre hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem khoa hqe (KH) don gidn Khdng chi hqe sinh phd thdn[.]
KHAM PHA KHOA HOC TRE M A U GIAO O K hdm phd khoa hqe (KPKH) Id mdt qud trinh tim cdi mdi, giup tre hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem khoa hqe (KH) don gidn Khdng chi hqe sinh phd thdng mdi ed t h i KPKH md tu tudi mdu gido, thdng qua hoat ddng vui choi tre dd b i l t KPKH Jean Piaget (189d-l 980) nghien cuu ve cdc giai doqn phdt t r i l n cua tre quo hoi qud trinh ddng hda vd dieu ung Khi gdp vd'n de khdng phu hqp vdi kinh nghiem vd hieu b i l t cuo minh tre ty tim h i l u trqng thdi khdng cdn bdng ve tinh thdn De trd lai thdi cdn bdng, tre cdn thue ddy hoqt ddng mdi trudng Trong qud trinh ddng hda cd nhQng khdi niem duqc thay ddi hodc cd nhQng khdi niem mdi duoc hinh thdnh qud h-inh thfeh nghi d i l n Theo quon d i l m cuo Piaget, duo tre nhin t h i gidi vd cdc khdi niem KH khdng gidng nhu ngudi Idn Rochel Gelman - GS Tdm If hqe tqi DH Rutgers dd dp dyng k i l n thue cuo minh vdo sy phdt trien cua chuong trinh gido dye mdm non Cdc dn phd'm gdn ddy ve cd hoi mdn Todn vd Khoa /jqc.trong nghien cuu tre tho dd ddnh rieng cho nhiem vy phdt trien cdc loqi li thuylt v l hoc tqp thfeh ung d tre Cdc nghien cuu deu khdng dinh: cdch tdt nhdt 6e tim h i l u KH Id Idm KH Ddi vdi mdt nhd KH, gdp mqt hien hrqng bdt ki, nhd KH se quon sdt, ddt cdu hdi, duo gid thuylt, Idm thf nghiem vd di d i n k i t ludn Vdi tre mdu gido, qud trinh KPKH cung d i l n ro tuong ty N l u cd mdt cdc nude trdng vd mdt Iq mdu, t r i se rd't td md mudn b i l t n l u minh bd cdi mdu ndy vdo cdc nude thi nd se ro Tre ed t h i d y dodn rdng ede nude se d d hodc b i l n thdnh cdi gi dd K i t qud se duqc chung minh t r i «ldm thf nghiem" bd mdu vdo nude Tu dd t r i h i l u rdng cdc nude trdng se ddi mdu sou bd mdu vdo V a i trd cua KPKH d d i vdi su phdt trien eua tre mau g i d o Khi duqc khdm phd, thu nghiem t r i khdng chi phdt trien mdt kT ndng cy t h i md cdn phdt t r i l n cdc kT ndng cdn t h i l t ve t h i chdt, tinh cdm, xd hdi Tap clii Giao due so (kii 7/2011) ThS, NGUYEN THI N G A * vd nhdn thuc Quo khdm phd, tre b i l t ro q u y l t djnh vd gidi quylt vdn de Vf dy, tre hqe duqc cdch tqo mdu sdc mdi pha trdn mdu xanh vd mdu vdng vdi nhou se tqo ro mdu xanh Id cdy Tham gio Idm vudn tre duqc hoc ve muo vd cdch thuc thye vqt phdt t r i l n tu hqt, cu hay viec cho tre thorn gio nhd ed cung Id dqy tre kT ndng phdn loqi, phdt trien khd ndng vdn ddng tinh Vdi ddc tfnh td md, ham h i l u b i l t , tre mdu gido khdng ngung tim h i l u ve t h i gidi xung quanh thdng quo ede gidc quon: nhin, nghe, ngui, n I m , sd D l cdc gidc quon phdt t r i l n , tre cdn duqc khdm phd, duqc trdi nghiem Mudn phdt t r i l n tu cua tre vd chud'n bi eho giai doqn phdt trien t i l p theo, gido vien (GV) cdn dqy cho tre cdch huy dqng tdt ed cdc gidc quon 6i phdn loqi, d y dodn vd giao t i l p , khdm phd ro cdc d i l m gidng vd khdc nhou cuo mdi sy vdt, hien tuqng Qua KPKH, tre duqc phdt triln khd ndng phdng dodn dya vdo nhQng thdng tin thu nhdn duqc quo quon sdt vd thu nghiem, tre bdt ddu ed nhQng suy ludn ve nhQng dieu xdy ro mdi trudng xung quanh minh NhQng suy ludn logic ddu tien cuo tre dyo vdo khd ndng quan sdt vd nhQng gi tre bdt gdp, nhin thdy mdi trudng GV ed the giup tre suy ludn logic bdng cdch khuyin khfch tre xem xet nhQng khfo cqnh khde nhou cuo mqt sy viec hay tinh hudng ndo dd Khd ndng suy ludn ehfnh xde cuo tre phy thudc vdo nhung trdi nghiem vd vd'n sd'ng kinh nghiem cuo tre Trong KPKH, tre di d i n nhQng gidi thfeh, kit ludn ve nhQng thdng tin chung nhdn duoc NhQng kit ludn cuo tre duoc hinh thdnh tu kit qud cuo nhung thu nghiem thye sy Id CO sd cuo nhQng kinh nghiem cuo t r i Vf dy: t r i cd t h i d u dodn, khdm phd nhQng gi se xdy ro thay ddi'ede ddc vd ddi cuo dudng ddc hodc su dyng dnh sdng khdc nhou Quan sdt nhQng gi xdy ro, khd ndng giao t i l p cuo tre phdt triln tre md td gidng vd khde nhou d mdi «thf nghiem" eua minh Hodc tre phdi duo ro nhQng d y dodn If gidi eho hien tuqng Vf dy: tre ed the quon sdt sy khde biet ve * Vien Klioa Iioc giao due Viet Nam # aoqn ouong not Km ino oong iren aoc vi uy khdc: mdt GV mdm non mang d i n Idp: mdt qud tdo dd, mdt qud mdu xanh; hoi qud earn; noi qud budi vd hoi qud ehudl Tri se duqc khdm phd qud bdng cdch quon sdt kfch thudc, hinh dqng, mdu sdc, kit cdu, vi vd thdnh phdn cuo cdc loqi qud qua quon sdt, phdn loqi, cdm, ndm, sd md, ngui, nIm, Tri mdu gido ed t h i ndm bdt cdc nguyin tdc KH CO bdn rdt d l ddng phu hqp vdi t r i Mdt thf nghigm don gidn su dyng cdc nhyo ndi vdi bdng ddy ed the dqy cho t r i em mdt bdi hqe gid trj ve dm thonh Tdt cd nhQng khdm phd KH vT dqi d I u bdt ddu vdi cdc thu nghi§m, vd tri em khdng boo gid qud \Th de bdt ddu thu nghiSm mdt mdi trudng on todn vd duqc gidm sdt Td* chuc cho h-l mdu gido KPKH nhu t h i ndo de dqt hiSu qud DDeto chuc hogt ddng KPKH cho trd, G V cdn xdy dyng mdi trudng thue ddy h; KH: GV nen cd gdng cho tri theni thdi gian vd cdc nguyen vdt lieu de tri khdm phd mdi trudng mdt each day du nhdt^Khong du thoi gion khom pha, tre se khong the ihu nhqn duqc nhung kien thue KH tu nhien can thiet de suy luon mot each logic _, • , X ,, , I , " i I "i, ^ ** Coc cong cu ho fro khom pho: kmh lup, conq cu ãô I > '^ 4\- ô ã ^ ^ ^ ã 01 T X-' L'' L X J i/'oi/'u L x_» r-\/ 2) Trong to etiue t)oat dong KPKH eho tre, GV L-» ' L' • j ^ A I khong quo chu den su ngon ndp (vi •I, >„ - L« L-" 1"I thuong xuyen tao ro su buo bdn cung lo mot phdn hoe tdp tfch cue vd sdng too cua tri) Quo «thu" vd «sai" se hinh thdnh khd ndng tu hoe d h-l sou ndy Khdng cho phep tre mdc ldi cung ddn tdi tdm If so thdt boi h-l hoot ddng Thdng thudng GV hoy gdp qud nhilu ndl dung mdt hoat ddng gido due md mdi hoot ddng dd mang y l u td, hodc tinh hudng gido due Vf du: Chi vdi mdt cdi thou ddy nude tri ed the bd vdo dd vdi thu dd choi: mling bqt biln, qud bdng, milng gd Tu dd tri cd nhOng trdi nghiem vd cd gido dd ed t h i giup tri hllu t h i ndo Id chim vd ndi, phdt triln khd ndng tu cuo tri rre co ve Knong quan ram aen viec inut men mor hoqt ddng cy the thi hdv de xud't mdt hoqt ddng khdc hodc thu Iqi vdo tndi dilm khde Hdy phdt triln khd ndng ty nhien ciio tre bdng cdch khdng bude t r i phdi Idm dieu tre khdng thfeh md hdy bdng cdch khuyen khfch tre tham gio cdc hoqt ddng hudng tdi myc dfeh dd 4) GV cdn xde dinh cdc khia egnh eua KH md tri thfeh thu tu 60 ndi chuyin vdi t r i v l \q\ fch KH tri vd khuyin khich nhQng nd luc cua tre Vi du: nlu tri bj hdp ddn bdi nhQng khung bng thi to chuc cho t r i «dqc" sdch v l khung long, rfido Judn ve khung long, xdy dyng cdc md hinh khung jopg gh^ thdm cdc viSn bdo tdng de thdy md hinh hda thoch khung long Su hilu bilt cua GV ^ g^^p ^^^ ^d nhdn hod thdnh nhung kinh nghiSm hoc tdp cuo minh / Qy ^.^^ f,,^, ^Q^ ^ d , ^hung khodnh khdc cd t h i day dd frl Khi t r i nhin thdy mdt bdng hoa ^dng dep vdo muo xudn se su dung co hdi 6^ ^^do ludn v l dnh sdng vd hoa.' Cd t h i c h o tre ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^h trdng cu hodc hot gidng hoa ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ hodc lap vd eho tri xem ^^Ong phdt triln nhu thi ndo Cdn tdn dung nhQng ^-, ^ ^ ^ ^ludc vdi t r i biln thdnh nhung ' - » - •*' ^ 1 , f j'" noi CO von de can duoc hm hieu, kham pna de 1-' J * L I_''J-' «• I / U tqo sy hop don cho h-e den vai KH dj Hdy chia se sd thich KH cua minh vdi tre r-\/L - L X_«' -^ -1 GV hoac cha me tre co mot cong viec lien quan j ' i^ij L • J ' L • • L - o" Lden KH hay so thich cua tre hay hm ro nhimg j.^ > / , „ , , H.-1 4»' ^ W I L * ^ " 9°" 9"j """l^^ ^, ^"^"9 ^"^ ^^- ^^^°"3 " ! " 5""9 ^^^P^^^^ ^f y » ^ son co mo hdy de ^® ^"^^ ^ ' ^ ° ' " P^^ '^^^c xdy dyng nhung y tvAwg cua rieng minh , , , ^' ^' c^^^/e" vdi tre ve cdc chu de KH lien " ° " ^en tryyen hinh, tqp chf, sdch hodc ve ^°^ ^^^ "^^9 KH md h i gap phdi: dieu gi tre ^^°^ ^°"^ ^^l ^^e dd hoc duqc gi Vdi tre mdu 9'