PHAT TRIEN TRi TUQING TlTONG SANG TAO OHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC TOAN 6 TIEU HOC O O O N G O C M I ^ N '''' 1 Vai frd cuo fri hrong hrqng (TTT) sdng tao con ngudi md phdng duqc nhi?ng cdi chua tung TTT d[.]
PHAT TRIEN TRi TUQING TlTONG SANG TAO OHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC TOAN TIEU HOC O Vai frd cuo fri hrong hrqng (TTT) sdng tao TTT duqc xem nhu khdi ngudn eho mqi sdng tqo cua ngudi Bdi khdng phdi bdt ki hodn cdnh cd vdn de ndo, nhiem vy ndo thyc Hin ddt cung gidi quylt duqc bdng tu Trong nhung trudng hqp nhu vdy, ngudi thudng phdi tfch cue huy ddng cdc fri thuc khde d l gidi quylt vdn de Tudng tugng co the coi Id mgt qud trinh tam If, phdn dnh nhdng vdn de chua tung cd kinh nghiem cua cd nhan bdng cdch xay dung hinh dnh mdi tren co sd bieu tugng da co TTT chf ndy sinh trude hodn cdnh cd vdn d l , trudc nhi?ng ddi hdi mdi md thue Hen chua bdt gdp Gid tn cua tudng tuqng Id Hm duqc ldi thodt nhCrng hodn cdnh khd khdn cd khdng du dieu kien 6e tu Nd cho phep ngudi bd qua mdt vdi giai doqn ndo ddy eua tu md vdn hinh dung duqc kit qud cud'i eCmg TTT cd dnh hudng khdng nhd d i n viec hqe tqp cua hqe sinh (HS), d i n qud frinh filp thu tri thuc mdi Cd t h l thd'y, cdc bude sdng tqo mdi tudng hrqng vd bang hrong hrqng nhu: su thay ddi kfch thudc, sd lugng hay ede thdnh phdn cua su vd^; nhdn mgnh ede chi tiet, thdnh phdn, thuoc tinh cua su vgt Ddy Id cdch tqo duqc cdc hinh dnh mdi bdng viee nhdn mqnh hoy dqc biet hdo cdc hinh dnh dd cd, cdt ghep cdc bq phdn khde cua nhieu su vdt, hien tuqng tqo thdnh hinh anh mdi, Chdng fiqn, gidi cdc bdi todn d Hiu hoe, HS ed t h l cdt ghep ede bdi todn phy tqo bdi todn mdi hoy ghep nhieu cdch gidi eua cdc bdi todn khde nhdm tao cdch gidi Ngodi ra, edn k i d i n cdch sdng tqo lien hop vd dien /)/n/)/)od, tue Id too hinh dnh mdi bdng viec lien hop ede thdnh phdn khde cuo nhieu su vdt Cdch lien hop ndy Id mot su tong hop mang tfnh sdng tqo cao Nhu vqy, y l u td h/dng tuqng cd tde dyng phdt huy, khdi ngudn eho hoqt ddng tu sdng tqo cuo ngudi Tudng hrqng giup Tap chi Giao due so (ki i • 10/2011) OONGOCMI^N' ngudi md phdng duqc nhi?ng cdi chua tung ed hien thuc, eho ta nhung y tudng Id mqt nhdn td quan trqng eua qud trinh tu TTT sdng tqo gidi cdc bdi todn d t i l u hqc Co sd eiJa hoqt ddng sdng tqo ludn Id sy khdng thfch ung, tu dd, ldm ndy sinh nhi?ng nhu cdu, khdt vqng hodc mong ude mdi Hoqt dqng cua TTT phy thude ehu ylu vdo nhirng kinh nghiem, nhu cdu vd thu cua ngudi Tuy vdy, nlu xudt phdt tu nhu cdu vd mong mud'n eua bdn thdn chua hdn dd tqo nen mdt hoqt ddng sdng tqo, md chi Id su thue ddy eho TTT Mudn cd hoqt dqng sdng tqo, cdn cd nhirng dieu kien khde chdng hqn nhu su phyc hdi hinh dnh mdt cdch ty phdt, dien bdt ngd, khdng ed nguyen nhdn rd rdng NhCrng nguyen nhdn dy tren thye titdn tqi nhung bj bao phu hinh thuc dn kin cua tu duy, cua cdc hoqt dqng vd thue (true gidc) Trong qud trinh gidi cdc bdi todn sd hqc d HIU hqc, 6e HS thuc hien duqc ede phep tfnh phuc tqp, ddi hdi cd sy vdn dyng linh hoqt cdc thao tdc hr duy, khd ndng suy ludn logic, kl thudt tfnh todn Vi vdy, nd ed tde dyng ren luyen tfnh bien chung, logic eua hr Vdi cdc bdi todn cd ldi vdn, mdi bdi todn cd t h l Id mdt Hnh hudng cy t h l thue Hen Trong qud trinh nhdn thue, ddi hdi d ngudi hqc khd ndng hinh dung, lien tudng vd h/dng hrqng cao Nhu vdy, bdi todn cdng phuc tqp ddi hdi khd ndng hrong hrqng cdng coo jvlhdn thuc dung dieu ndy Id cdn eu khoa hqe d l khoi thde TTT dqy hqc todn Phdt friln TTT sdng tqo cho HS Heu hqc thdng quo dqy hqe gidi cdc bdi todn ve chuyen dqng deu Khi dqy hqe todn chuyen dqng deu d Heu hqc, khdi niem «vgn toe" duqc xem Id mqt khdi niem truu h/qng ddi vdi HS Idp Tuy nhien, nlu gido * Vien Khoa hoc giao due Viet Nam vien (GV) dua nhi?ng bdi todn cy the, gdn lien vdi cudc sdng, se giup HS de ddng hon viec Irnh hdi fri thuc, phdt huy duqc TTT qud trinh nhqn thue Chdng hqn, xet bdi todn sou: Bdi todn 1: Mqt d to vd mqt xe mdy cung di qudng dudng tu A den B Moi g i d td di duqc 60km, xe mdy di duqc 45km Hdi xe ndo di nhanh hon? HS se de ddng trd Idi duqc xe ndo di nhanh h o n D d n g t h d i , hieu duqc khdi niem van tde mqt cdch true quan Phuang phdp ndy phdt huy rdt tdt TTT cuo HS Vdi cdc bdi todn chuyin ddng deu, n l u t h i l u yeu td tudng tuqng, bdi todn cd t h l trd nen be tdc vd kho suy luqn Bdi todn 2: Tren mqt ddng sdng, bqn Binh boi xudi ddng tu ben A den ben B het phut, sou dd boi nguoc ddng tu ben B v l ben A h i t 10 phut, Hdi mdt cym beo trdi xudi ddng tu b i n A d i n ben B h i t bao nhieu phCit? Biet khodng cdch tCr b i n A d i n ben B Id 40m, Suy nghi ban ddu HS se cd cdm gidc nhu cum beo trdi sdng khdng cd lien quan d i n nhirng di? kien dd eho eua bdi todn Tuy nhien, edn mdt chut lien tudng giCra cym beo trdi tu tren ddng nude vd vdn tdc ddng nudc chdy, ta se thdy cym beo trdi xudi ddng chfnh Id vdn tde ddng nude, Yeu edu cua bdi todn trd thdnh tfnh vdn tdc ddng nude b i l t van tdc xudi ddng vd vdn tde nguqe ddng mdt bdi todn dd quen thude vdi HS Trong nhieu bdi todn, viec duo mdt dieu kien mdi dua tren nhi?ng yeu td hay nhi?ng di? kien dd biet, se giup ta cd duqc cdi nhin bdn chdt cho bdi todn Chdng hqn: Bdi todn 3: Mdt ngudi di xe dqp vdi vdn tdc 12 k m / h vd mqt d td di vdi vdn tde 28 k m / h cung khdi hdnh luc g i d tu dia d i l m A 6e di d i n dja d i l m B Sou dd nua g i d , mdt xe mdy di vdi vdn tde 24 k m / h eung xudt phdt tu A 6e di d i n B Hdi tren dudng AB vdo luc mdy g i d thi xe mdy d d i l m chfnh gii?a khodng cdch giCra xe dqp vd d td? ( D l thi HS gidi Hd N d i , ndm hqc 1989-1990) Ddy Id bdi todn thoqt nhin rdt don g i d n n l u cdu hdi khdng phdi Id vdo luc mdy g i d thi xe mdy d dung d i l m chfnh gii?a khodng cdch gii?a xe d q p vd d td Tuy nhien, n l u G V cd su g q i y , bdi todn se trd nen don gidn hon Thue chdt, yeu cdu cua bdi todn Id: Hoi tren dudng AB vdo luc mdy gid thi xe mdy d dung diem ehinh giOa khodng cdch giua xe dgp va td? nghta Id tfnh thdi gian d l xe mdy dudi kjp mdt xe ^^ khde md xe ndy ludn d gii?a khodng cdch gii?a xe d q p vd d td (tue xe ndy cd vdn td'c bdng trung binh cdng cua vdn td'c xe d q p vd d to cung xudt phdt tu gid) V d y 6e Ka Idi duqc cdu hdi ndy, hdy tudng tuqng cd mdt c h i l e xe khde Id X cung xudt phdt tu A luc g i d , cd van tdc b d n g trung binh cong cua vdn tdc xe dqp vd d t d , xe X se ludn d d i l m chfnh gii?a khodng cdch gii?a xe d q p vd d td Suy ro vdn tde cua xe X: (12 + 28) : = ( k m / g i d ) Sou nua g i d , xe X di trudc duqc mdt q u d n g dudng Id: x 0,5 = 10 (km) N h u vdy, 6e dudi kjp xe X, xe mdy phdi di khodng thdi gian: 10 : ( ) = 2,5 (gid) Luc xe mdy gdp xe X Id luc xe mdy d dilm chfnh giira khodng cdch giCro xe dqp vd d to, thdi d i l m d d Id: + 0,5 + 2,5 = (gid) Bdng TTT ed mdt xe X ludn d chinh gii?a xe dqp vd dtd, to dua ve bdi todn «ruqt dudi" cua xe mdy vdi xe X, b i l t vdn tdc hai xe Idn luqt Id: 24 km/h, 20 k m / h , qudng dudng phdi dudi Id 10 km Khi dd, bdi todn se don gidn hon Cdn luu y, bdt ki Hnh hudng chuyin ddng ndo eung edn su ey the, ehi t i l t Bdi todn khd hay d l phy thudc d mdi lien he gii?a cdc dqi luqng dn hay hien, ede y l u td, di? kien d d eho Id trye tiep hoy gidn t i l p , hay cdch hdi nhu t h l ndo Chdng hqn, bdi todn 4: Bdi todn 4: Mdt d td d u djnh di h> A qua B d i n C g i d , vdi thdi gian di h> A d i n B nhieu gdp bo Idn thdi gian di h> B den C vd quang dudng AB ddi hon qudng dudng BC Id 130km Bilt rdng mudn di h i t dung thdi gian nhu d u dmh thi qudng dudng h> B d i n C, d td phdi tdng van tde them k m / h Hdi qudng dudng h> A d i n C ddi bao nhieu kildmet? Vdi gid t h i l t thdi gian di Kr A d i n B nhieu gdp bo Idn thdi gian di h> B d i n C (qudng dudng h> A d i n B ddi hon qudng dudng h> B d i n C Id 130km) n l u cung mdt vdn tdc thi qudng dudng h> A d i n B se ddi g d p Idn qudng dudng tu B d i n C Mqt khde, qudng dudng AB ddi hon quang dudng BC Id 130km, nen cd t h l quy ve bdi todn Hm hai sd b i l t hieu vd H de Hm qudng dudng AB vd BC Sou d d , cdng hoi qudng dudng tren ta dirac qudng dudng A C Nhung bdi todn ndy, vdi dieu kien H i p theo: Bilt rdng mudn di duqc dung thdi gian quy djnh thi di h> B den C, d td phdi tdng vdn td'c them k m / h N h u vdy, vdi cdc di? kien duo d d budc HS Tap ehi Giao due s6 (ki i • 10/20111 phdi tudng tuqng, suy ludn vd phdn tfch bdi todn C6 nhieu trudng hqp phdi che nhd bdi todn, dung so d d doqn thdng d l gidi md cdc mdi quan he truu tuqng ndy, cudi cung Id tdng hqp cdc y l u td dd phdn tfch d l ddn den viee Hm Idi gidi cho bdi todn Trd Iqi bdi todn, HS cd t h l suy neu di vdi van td'c eu, sou hai g i d , dtd mdi di duqc doqn dudng cdn cdch dfch 10km Su dyng so doqn thdng, cd the phdn tfch bdi todn (hinh 1): Quang dudng BD ddi Id: 35 x = 70 (km) Qudng dudng A C ddi Id: 210 + 70 + 10 = (km) *** Trong dqy hqc todn d tieu hqc, viec khai thdc Iqi the cua cdc hinh ve, md hinh, so dd doqn thdng, suy luqn logic, thdng qua mdi quan he ti le thucin, ti le nghjch giCra cdc dqi luqng c6 bdi todn duqc eoi Id mdt cdch phdt trien hieu qud TTT cho HS Them vdo d d , gidi todn, viec cdt ghep cdc bdi todn phy khde de tqo bdi BD+140lcm lOkn todn mdi bdng cdch cdt ghep cdch gidi cua cdc ~N^ ^ loqi bdi todn khde cung Id mqt cdch hiru gio B' gio hieu, nhdm phdt triln TTT sdng tqo tu Hinh cua HS Khd ndng sdng tqo Id nen tdng giup ngudi Di qudng dudng A C mdt g i d , tue Id d d , hqc hqc cdch tu vd cd t h l hqe tdp duqc sudt dtd di qudng dudng h> B d i n C vdi van tdc dd ddi thdi dqi ngdy • tdng k m / g i d Vi vdy, vdi vdn tde eu, sou hai gid dtd d i n D cdch C 10km Nghia Id, di Tai lieu tham khao doqn BC vdi vdn tde eu phdi mdt thdi gian Idn Bui Vin Hue Tim li hoc tieu hoc NXB Gido due, hon 2gid Theo de b d i , doqn AB ddi hon doqn H.1997 BC 130km, bieu dien fren so d d doqn AB ddi NguySn Canh Toin Phinmg phap vit bien hom doqn BD Id 140km (vi BC = BD + 10km) hay chirng vdi viec hoc, day hoc va nghien cihi toan hoc AB = BD + 140km Thdi gian di h> A d i n B gdp NXB Dgi hgc qudc gia, H 1997 Idn thdi gian di h> B d i n C, tdng hai khodng thdi Due Uy Tam li hoc sang tao NXB Gido due, gian dd Id g i d , nen thdi gian di qudng dudng H 1999 BC Id: : (3 + 1) = (gid); thdi gian di qudng Duy Lip Phat trien tri tuong tutrng va sang tao cua tre NXB Thanh niin, H 2008 dudng AB Id: x = (gid) n Gid thilt eua bdi todn eho b i l t , luc ddu di doqn AB vdi vdn td'c Id g i d , BD vdi vdn td'c Id 2gid, suy di doqn AB frong g i d vdi qudng dudng Id 140km D i n ddy, tfnh duqc vdn tde luc ddu eua dtd vd tfnh duqc qudng dudng AC Vdn tdc luc ddu cuo dtd Id: : = 35 k m / h Qudng dudng AB ddi Id: 35 x = (km) Tliirc ngliiem sir pliam viec (Tiep theo trang 53) dgy hgc cho sinh viin suphgm vdt li dgy hgc hgc phdn thi nghiim vdt li phd thdng (phdn ddng hgc, ddng luc hge, ede dinh ludt bdo todn) Luin an Tie'n sT Trudng Dai hpc supham Hi NOi, 2010 Trin Thi Thuy Nghiin citu xdy dung quy trinh, phuong phdp vd hinh thiic td chiic dgy hge nhdm phdt trien vd ddnh gid kt ndng su dung thi nghiim dgy hge vdt li dgy hge hge phdn "Thi nghiim vdt li phd thdng" Luin vin thac sT Trudng Dai hpc su pham Hi NOi, 2010 Duong Thi Nguyen Di xudt ehi ti^t quy trinh, phuomg phdp vd hinh thiic td chiic dgy hgc nhdm Tap chi Giao due so (ki i -10/2011) SUMMARY In teaching mathematics at primary level, the utilization of advantages of Images, models, line charts, logical reasoning through proportional and inversely proportional among quantities in mathematical problems Is considered a way to effectively develop students' creative Imagination phdt trien vd ddnh gid kl ndng su dung thi nghiim dgy hgc hge phdn "Thi nghiim vdt liphd thdng " vd qud trinh thue tdp Luin vin thac sT Trudng Dai hoc su pham Hi N5i, 2010 SUMMARY The paper deals with results of empirical study on a proposed new content, method, form, process of training and evaluation of developing the teacher student's skill of using experiments in physics teaching and learning at three universities in order to evaluate feasibility and effectiveness of the proposals and also adjustments in proposals, so that these adjusted proposals suit reality and can be applied in education # ... todn dd quen thude vdi HS Trong nhieu bdi todn, viec duo mdt dieu kien mdi dua tren nhi?ng yeu td hay nhi?ng di? kien dd biet, se giup ta cd duqc cdi nhin bdn chdt cho bdi todn Chdng hqn: Bdi... Qudng dudng AB ddi Id: 35 x = (km) Tliirc ngliiem sir pliam viec (Tiep theo trang 53) dgy hgc cho sinh viin suphgm vdt li dgy hgc hgc phdn thi nghiim vdt li phd thdng (phdn ddng hgc, ddng luc... (hinh 1): Quang dudng BD ddi Id: 35 x = 70 (km) Qudng dudng A C ddi Id: 210 + 70 + 10 = (km) *** Trong dqy hqc todn d tieu hqc, viec khai thdc Iqi the cua cdc hinh ve, md hinh, so dd doqn thdng,