DIEN OAN GIAO DUC MOT SO KINH NGHIEIVI VA PHlTaNG PHAP TU HOC Bi I r i c)NG I rong so bao trUOC chiing toi da dang phan mol cua bai \ i c l M,>i \d kinli Hi;hiem vu plurnnti pinip It/luu So bao na) sc[.]
DIEN OAN GIAO DUC MOT SO KINH NGHIEIVI VA PHlTaNG PHAP TU HOC Bi I ri c)NG Irong so bao trUOC chiing toi da dang phan mol cua bai \ i c l M,>i \d kinli Hi;hiem vu plurnnti pinip It/luu So bao na) sc trinh ba\ lic|i nhCnig kinh nghiem tu hix- cua tac gia Dung sach 1 Su han ehe eua ngon ngU viet Trudc het xin neu vi du: a Ban cd the tim lai de dang each ehung minh mot dinh ly da biet trude day, neu theo bd nao cua ngudi khae, truyen true tiep mpi y nghT va tinh cam cua ban sang mpt ngudi nao dd ban thich Tiec rang (hoac may sao) cai may ay chua cd Vi vay loai ngudi phai truyen y nghT cho bang ngon ngiJ, mpt ban chju khd cam biit va giay nhap, Vi ngai phuong tien khdng de dang sQ dung Den mirc cam but ban dpc each chUng minh tQ mpt mpt bac thay cua ngdn ngu la Gdt (Goethe) quyen sach, nhung vi tac gia viet theo dong tu da phai thd't len: Odai co a; hieu duge dS dang tudng cua minh, edn dau de ban lai dang lue ke khae! mdi met nen ban doc mai cung khdng hieu Dac biet ngdn ngu viet, nhupc Cudi cung, buc minh, ban cam biit hi hoay vai diem cang rd net Mac du la thQ ngdn ngQ net, ket qua da dupe gpt giua, nen thudng gpn gang, chinh b Ban mat hai gid de dpc ky mpt bai xac, nhung mat khac lai cd djnh, gian don, bao dai Ban phai tap trung suy nghT kha nhieu cQng nhac, cimg mpt kieu eho mpi ddi tupng, mdi hieu duoc tae gia mudn ndi gi Sau cd mpi tnnh dp ngudi doc Nd khdng du kien ngudi nhd ban ndi lai ndi dung bai bao Nghe dupe mpi tinh hudng dpc, nen khong xong, bao: Cha eo gi mai Suy nghT mpt ed dupc nhung su bd sung va dieu chinh kip luc, ban thay qua that khdng cd gi mdi thdi Tat ea dieu dd thudng gay eho ngudi dpc Ban ed the tim nhieu vi du hang nhti'ng si/ lang phi Idn Va cung de ban hieu de chung td rang vdi mdt tai lieu ed lupng rang vi ngudi ta cd the dpc thien kinh van thong tin khdng dang ke ddi vdi ta, nhung de quyen ma cung chi la eon mgt sach ma thdi hieu duoc nP (nghia la hieu xem tae gia mudn 1.2 Tim va chgn Cd lan mpt anh ban ndi gi) nhieu cung phai dau tu kha nhieu den chai nha tdi va hdi: Cau eo hay den thu thi gid va cdng sue Su bat tien se khdng vien khong? Tdi ehi len gia sach day ap va xay neu gia sir ed mpt cat may cpng huang bao: U cha! Chung sach dge da het dau nao lam cho bo nao nguoi cpng huang can tim dau xa Anh ban tdi lien budng mpt I'lOfi Ihco ISiin lin Chi,: ,1,1, I ,f ( „ ,,) / , „ (./„;., ^„ 31 s DIEN DAN GIAO DUC cau: CT ga que an quan coi xay Tdi tim mat ngudi Oang sau mpt cau ndi, mot cau viet, Nhung ve sau cang nghT lai, tdi cang biet an edn nhieu y nghTa, tinh cam, su viec, khdng Trong luc tdi xoay tran dpc nhung the dien dat dupe het Vi vay, ngudi dpc phai cudn sach vd bd, thi thinh thoang den tiep tuc suy nghT, phan tich, ddi chieu vdi thuc quang cho tdi mpt quyen con va bao: Cau tien ban than thi mdi rut dupc nhQ'ng dieu dge thd bai Qua that, nhG'ng bai anh gidi bd ich Ndi each khac, khdng phai ehi dpc nhung thieu da giup toi nhieu han hang chuc cudn dong chQ, ma cdn phai dpc gida nhirng ddng sach tdl ed chQ, doe ben ngoai nhung trang sach Ngudi Mdt nha khoa hpc, mpt nha van Idn ke rang cd mpt vai cuon sach nao da tao xua thudng ndi: ?tai ngon ngoai (y d ngoai Idi), cung cd nghTa nhu vay cho ddi hp nhung bude ngoat thifc su Va nhieu Mpt vi du: mpt muc trudc, ban dpc hang tram cudn sach binh thudng khdng ve thu va ve sinh tri oc cP doan khuyen bang dpc mpt cudn sach tdt Vi vay ban nen ban nen ngu du va ngu sau Nhung neu ban dau tu thich dang vao viec tim va chgn nhung la ngudi van khd ngii xua nay, thi rat ed the sach bd ieh nhat ddi vdi ban, chir dung theo xay tinh hinh nhu sau: Mdi lan nam vao thdi quen, gap dau dpc day Viee tim va chpn giudng nhd lai Idi khuyen sach, ban cd la ca mpt khoa hpc ma ban nen tim hieu nham mat ngij, nhung cang cd thi cang khdng them sau nay, dua vao su giup dd cija thay ngu dupe, cang birc bpi Ma cang hue bpi thi giao, cae nha van, nha khoa hpe, ngudi phu lai cang mat ngu, cang them bi quan, dieu ma trach thdng tin thu vien Trudc mat, nen ket trudc dpc cuon sach ban khdng he hop vdi mpt sd ban be de giiip dd Neu gap Nhu vay la cudn sach da gay tae hai Idn d gan ban ed nhung thu vien, hieu sach, tij cho ban Nhung ndi the, tdi ehua ed y dmh sach gia dinh ciia ngudi than thi nen thudng khuyen ban virt cudn sach Tdi ehi xuyen theo ddi nhung ndi ay Nen danh mdt mudn ndi rang bat cQ mpt cudn sach nao, du sd thdi gian de doc qua mue luc, nhung Idi dd, du hay thi ddi vdi mdi ngudi chimg ta, nd gidi thieu d dau sach, rdi neu can lat nhanh cung CO the rat hay hoac rat dd mdt sd muc de sa bp cd su phan biet vdi tung Day la vuan ehim nha hat mudi phuang quyen sach tam tay cua ban Hoa mat nggt chen giao ciing trai dge 1.3 Dgc giCta nhung dong ehU Nhu ta da thay ngdn ngi; cua ngudi, ddi (Xuan Dieu) Van de la phai biet tranh nhung trai dge vdi nhung nha van vi dai nhat, cung chi didn can thiet Tranh bang each nao? Chang han dat duoc phan nao tu tudng, tinh cam cua eon cau ehuyen ve giac ngij tren day ban DIEN DAN GIAO DUC ehl can nghT: Den gia toi di ngu la cong ndi ve dpc sach, vai trd cua tiem thUc va viee eua toi eon giac ngu co den hay khong ca cugc di san ly thii ma ta sap sua ban va den lue nao, la cong viec cua no Truac tdi dudi day, thi cung cd mat lien quan den day nhu vay, toi van song dugc Nghe noi co thu Neu cd gang trinh bay dirt diem cau chuyen ngudi may chuc nam lien khong he ehgp mat ve hOng thu mdt muc nhat, thi chac ma van khoe manh! Tir ve sau, chap hanh ehan se rat lung cung, ndi dung han la dieu nhUng dieu ve sinh tn 6c ma tac gia nhac, bo khdng lam dupc rugu bo thuoc la sire khoe cua toi se dan Cho nen ban gap mpt y nao dan cai thien va roi co le giae ngu cung se tot lan dau tien (khdng eu tai lieu nay) thi hau han nhu bao gid cung vay, nd cung chf dupc didn Oieu quan la dung vi nhung trai dat mdt phan, cd mpt phan nho Sau no dgc ma ta tranh xa vuan hoa ma chac gi trai se dupe dan dan sang td, giai thieh, minh hpa dge la vd ieh? Sau ban se thay: ddi ban qua nhiimg y khae, qua nhtimg vi du rai rac se gap nhieu trai dgc, neu biet each dung se cudn sach, qua nhumg van de cd lien quan Vi trd vd gia vay gap mpt y mdi, ban can danh dau no 1.4 Mgt cugc di san ly thu va van minh khdng phai chi de ghi nhd nhu mpt ehan ly Ngay xua cd lan tdi hdi thay giao ciJa tuyet ddi, ma de theo doi qua tnnh phai then tdi: Thua thay thay co the khuyen em mgt eau va hoan chinh cua no xem nd ddng vai trd gi va ch! mgt eau thoi de giiip em tien bg ve mon ngdi nha ma tae gia dinh cung vdi ban tap lam van? Vdn biet tdi la mpt dQa tre ngdc xay difng va dieu quan trgng nhat, ban than ngheeh va thudng ndi nang ldn xdn, thay dn ngdi nha dd cd dQng vung dQpc hay khdng, tdn tra Idi: Neu cau co hai y thi noi xong y hay chi la mpt lau dai tren cat, neu no ed kha hay noi den y chir dimg noi hai y ciing mgt nang dung vung thi vdi dieu kien nao nd co luc Dd la mpt Idi khuyen ma eho den bay gid the chiu dirng nhung can bao tap dang hoanh toi v§n thay bd ich mdi can viet lach ddi chut hanh khap bdn phuong? Tuy nhien, phai cdng nhan rang, Idi khuyen Oe xay dijng ngdi nha ndi tren ban se eiJa thay tbi chi cd the ap dung dupc d muc tim thay tai lieu mpt sd nguyen vat dp tuong ddi Trong thue te, khdng phai bao lieu Cdng viec cua ban la phai hoan chinh, bd gid mdt y cung cd the dien dat mpt lan la xong; sung cac nguyen vat lieu can thiet va tien hanh het, dudi mpi khia canh Vi du: Trong tai lieu nay, thi cdng Oe lam viec nay, xin ban hay bat dau CO mpt mijc nhan de la: Hung thii Nhung bang mgt cugc di san San gi? San lung DIEN OAN GIAO DUC nhung y nghi mdi ma tai lieu da va se ca eae sach cdn lai, thi cd le tdi khdng phan dua Nhung y nghT nhu vay thudng ehua ddi Van de la biet each dpc va trudc het, biet dupc dien dat mpt luc Khi dpc ban hay each xac dinh cac sach goi dau giuang dP lien tue tim kiem, tai lieu va dae biet 1.6 Tham khao nhieu tai lieu dau ban nhQ'ng y nghT nao cd the lam sang to Oe hieu rd mpt van de, mpt bai hpe hoac bac bd cac y ndi tren va nhat la nhung y thudng ta phai tham khao nhieu tai lieu Nhunc nao cd the lam mdi han, lam xi mang de ket ndi dung cac tai lieu dP, cung nhu phuang pha, hop cac y vdi de tao nen ngoi nha mdi trinh bay, thudng rat khae Vi vay, t.5 Dgc rgng va dge tap trung gap khd khan mpt cudn sach va tham khao Cd ngudi ndi: Khong nen coi thuang sach khac, thi lam viec tham.khao nhung ke chi dge mat cuon saeh Cau ndi chang nhung khon^ giup ich dupe gi cho bar cd y nghTa cua nd Mpt cudn sach tPt se gpi ma trai lai edn dat ban trude nhung khd kha- cho ban nhieu y nghTa sau sac, nhieu tinh cam mdi Khi dd ban ed nguy cd bi sa lay tdt dep Tap trung vao mpt quyen sach ma mdt md kien thuc rdi ren va co the nan chi' ban thfch, ban cd dieu kien dpc ky giUa nhUng Oe khac phuc tinh hinh nay, ban nen dong chd Khai thac nhung phan an dang sau tham khao each sau day Trudc het, chpn mpt eae trang sach, nhu ngudi ta khai thac cac them tai lieu ehinh (doi vdi cac ban hpc sinh, sinh vien luc dia va cae tai nguyen an sau Idng dat dd cd the la bai ghi d ldp hoac mdt cudn sach OP la nhQ'ng kho tang vd tan thich hpp) Sau dd, d mdi chuang hoac mdi phan Tuy nhien, mpi eai d ddi deu cd gidi nen gi(!n han cho pham vi tai lieu chinh, eho den han Dpc qua it va qua tap trung, dac biet chi ban nam phan ay d mQc dp tdi da va phan tap trung vao mpt ITnh vuc hep, ban dd co xu biet rd rang diem nao da hieu, diem nao ehua hudng coi thudng nhQng ITnh vuc khac va tao hieu (neu rd nhung diem chua hieu cau cho minh nhQ'ng cai nhin thien can, mpt dau hdi) dd mdi bat dau tham khao tai lieu phij dc bung bit, hep hdi Oieu dd se gay trd ngai Ndi each khac, viec tham khao tai lieu phij phai Idn cho ban cdng tac, khoa hpc va nham nhung mue dich ro rang, giai quyet nhQng quan he vdi ngudi xung quanh thac mac cu the, vi vay nPi chung ban ehua nen Du sao, neu ban chia thdi gian dpc sach hai phan, mdt danh cho mdt sd sach ban tam ve cac van de mdi, sinh qua trinh tham khao goi dau giuang ma ban dac biet ua thich, cdn Nhung y mdi ma ban ed duoc nhd tham phan (cd the la phan nhieu) danh eho tat khao tai lieu phij, neu khdng cd gi trd ngai, nen 11 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC ghi van tat vao ta' 'ieu chi'nh de tien ve sau, hay suy nghi theo each ma ban cho la tu nhien chang han viec dn tap d trudng nhat Cach nao? DT nhien, ddi vdi tai lieu phu, khong Mot each rat tu nhien: Trude het ban nhat thiet phai doc toan DO ma chi dpc hay tim hieu bai loan, lam quen vdi nb ehung muc can thiet Neu ehi doc tai lieu chinh ehung mue nhat dmh Chang han ve tam giac eung de nam van de thi cd the khong can dpc ABC, ban de y rang hinh ve khdng mau thuin tai lieu phu va danh thdi gian vao cae khau vdl ding thuc can chimg mmh- Neu tren hinh khac (vi du lam bai tap AB < AC, thi DB < DC Neu AB = AC thi DB = i Tuy nhien, doi vdi cac npi dung hoan toan mdi, thi budc dau nen BC tham khao them tai lieu de nhanh chdng co Bay gid, di vao chung minh dang thifc dupe nhung quan mem day dii va chinh xac tren day, dieu dau tien ban nen nghi den cung ve nhung van de co ban nhu dUng truge bat ky bai toan nao la dieu Hoc tap chu dpng sau day thd tim each dua no ve nhung kien Muc duoc thuyet minh ehij yeu qua mdn Toan, ed the neu mpt vi du: thUe ea ban da hge hay mgt bai toan quen thuge ma ban da biet each giai Gia sir lan dau tien ban gap bai loan Chang han, d day ta gap ti so giua sau day (su that cd le khong phai nhu vay, nhung doan thang Ta ttf hdi: Cd dinh ly nao nhung ban hay cir dung vao dia vi ngudi chua de cap den nhung ti sd nhu vay? Ta nhd den biet) Cho mdt tam giac ABC va dudng phan dmh ly phd bien nha't: Dinh ly Talet Oe dimg giac AD phat xuat tu A Chung minh dmh ly nay, ta phai vach nhung dudng song DB AB rang: - - DC AC song Chang han, tu B ta keo dudng BE song song vdi AD (hinh 1) Khi lam mpt dieu gi, ta Phuong phap chu ddng khuyen ban tim each khai thac viee da lam de co trude het dung gid sach hoac hdi mpt them thong tin mai Vdi dudng song song nay, ngudi ban ve each ehUng minh Trai lai, ban ta co: DIEN DAN GIAO DUC A.-B A, = E A.-A, Nen B, = E, tam giac ABE can AB = AE Ap dung dinh ly Talet, ta eo dieu phai chQng minh DB ^ A ^ ^ AB DC ~ AC " AC Hinhl Trinh bay chua'n va trinh bay gdi md: nhQng sai lam cd the mac phai de tranh dupe Trudc het ban hay so sanh each trinh sau bay tren day (ma tdi gpi la trinh bay md) vdi Trong vi dij tren, cai y hudng dan dd each trinh bay chuan sau day ve Idi giai eiia la: tl sd -eua nhung doan thing gpi y cho HR bai toan Tu B ta di;ng duong song song vdi ta nghT den dinh ly Talet, ta thir dung nhung dudng song song de dimg dinh ly ay Trong AD, eat AC d E (hinh 2) Ta CO A, = B,, A, = E Vi A, - A^, nen B, E va tam giac ABE la can: AB = AE qua trinh tien hanh, thir lam mpt dieu gi, ta lap tuc tim each khai thae dieu da lam de ed dupc thdng tin mdi Theo dinh ly Talet ta cd: DB DC AE , ,, DB AB hay la -= — AC DC AC Can de y rang, Id'i trinh bay ehuan, ndi chung ta khdng dupe phep neu rd y Ieh Ipi eua nhung y hudng din: Trong saeh giao khoa va cac tai lieu Nha loan hpe Idi lac Lien Xo Kdn- toan, ndi ehung ngudi ta dung loi trinh bay md-gd-rdp da viet: Da so eae phat minh toan ehuan Trong ky thi, dac biet thi viet, ngudi ta hge dua tren mgt y gian dan: mgt phep dung dung vao vi tri cua ngudi hpc, ciia ngudi chua hinh hien nhien mgt bat dang thUe sa cap tim dupe Idi giai, de (ap eho hg tuminh tim Nhieu eh! can ap dung y ay mgt each lay nhdng y huang diin soi duang den lai giai thich hgp la eo the giai nhUng bai toan thoat Nhung y ed the d§n den ket qua (nhu nhin tuang ehirng khong giai dugc' trudng hop tren day), nhung eung cd the khdng Tuy nhien trudng hpp nay, G P6-li-a eung da viet: Anh phai phong doan mgt dinh ly truac ehUng minh anh chiing cung eo the bd ieh vi chung cho ta nhijmg phan vi dij, nhd dd ta cd the phan tich \S Kv'lnH)j;oi(i\ ,V,v'// Lie gia trich dSn theo G liif.iM.-i qu\cii Tikin cho gitio v(/i/(, Paris, \^tl\ \ o \ n;i\ G P6-li-a cung da phiil bieu MIIU-U lan limig cac lai lieu da dich tieng Viet, dual dang iia\ IKI\ dang khiic