32 s ^ 308 2011 DauvaHpc Mpt so bien phap sir dung tai lieu cua Ho Chf Minh di tao bieu tucftig trong day hpc Ijch sir & Tru''''crng THPT ThS VO VAN MINH Tradng THPT Nam tHai Lang Hai Lang Quang Tri Hd C[.]
32 s ^ 308-2011 DauvaHpc Mpt so bien phap sir dung tai lieu cua Ho Chf Minh di tao bieu tucftig day hpc Ijch sir & Tru'crng THPT ThS VO VAN MINH Tradng THPT Nam tHai Lang - Hai Lang - Quang Tri H d Chf Minh Id anh gidi phdnp ddn tdc cua nhan dan Vi^t Nam, nhd vdn hda Idn, m$t chiln sT qu6c ti l§i lac Hoat ddng cdch mang cua H Chf Minh d nudc vd nudc ngodi the ki XX gdn vdi tiln trinh phdt triln cua LS dan tpc, vdi phong trdo gidi phdng dan t^c, phong trdo c^ng san vd cdng nhan qudc tl Cudc ddi vd svr nghi$p cdch mang cua Ngudi d3 dl 1^ cho ddn tOc ta nhilu di sdn qu;^ bdu tren nhieu Ghh vuc, dd cd di sdn su hgc Trong day hpc lieh sii (DHLS), tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh la mdt nhieu ngudn tai lieu tham khao ed the va can thiet phai si/ dung de trinh bay kien thilc mdi, eiing ed, on tap kie'n thife eu, kiem tra danh gia ket qua hpc tap eiia hpe sinh (HS), thUe hien hoat ddng ngoai khda v.v , dd, viee eung cap thdng tin trinh bay kie'n thifc mdi giuf mpt vi trf quan trpng Bdi vl, tac pham ciia Hd Chf Minh gdp phan tao bieu tUpng, khoi phuc bifc tranh lich sit (LS) Do vay, viec sil dung ngudn tai lieu quy gia n&y de tao bieu tiidng DHLS b triidng thdng se gdp phan vao viec nang cao hieu qua DHLS tren ta't ea eae mat giao dudng, giao due va phat trien Bai vie't trinh bay mdt sd nguyen tac va bien phap sU pham si/ dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chf Minh de tao bieu tUpng DHLS b trUdng trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) SU kien LS dUPe phan anh chi/dng trinh, SGK LS cap THPT rat phong phu da dang tren nhieu ITnh vUc khac Viee sil dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh de tao bieu tUdng DHLS can tap trung vao nhuTng sU kien ed ban eiia kie'n thife bai hpe ma tai lieu cd de cap de'n, nham tai tao hinh anh ve cac sU kien eg the, sinh ddng tren eae ITnh viie eiia ddi sdng xa hdi Viet Nam dUd\ che dp thUe dan phong kien, ve ddi sdng vat chat, ddi sd'ng xa hdi - chfnh trj, eae nhan vat ljch sil, ddi sd'ng tinh than van hoi, dien bie'n cac sU kien (quan sU, chfnh trj, tU tudng, kinh te, ) v.v lam ed sd eho viee hinh khai niem, neu quy luat va riit bai hdc LS eho hien tai De dat cac mue tieu neu tren, can van dung linh hdat sang tao cac bien phap suf pham chu yeu sau: Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Ctif IVIinh de xay di/ng bai mieu ta Ijch suf Hinh thifc bie'n van dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chf Minh la xay dUng cac bai mieu ta ed phan tich, tife la mieu ta khdng nham khoi phuc lai toan bp bifc tranh qua khif, ma tap trung vao mdt dac diem chii yeu, di sau vao phan tichcd cau ben eiia sU vat, eiia sd kien LS dang hpe, nham Idt ta dUdo nhiJng net ban ehat eiia eae bien cd, hien tUdng Ijch sif, qua dd tien hanh viee giao due tu tudng tlnh cam va phat trien nang lUe tU HS Vi the, bai mieu ta ed van dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chi Minh can phai hUdng vao lam ndi bat kie'n thife cd ban ciia bai hpc, gay b HS an tUdng sau sic ve cac sU kien LS Chiing ta can hpe tap each mieu ta tai tinh eiia Hd Chf Minh ve cae sU kien LS xa hdi NgUdi khuyen chiing ta nen "mieu ta cho hay, chan that va hon" Chfnh nhd mieu ta "hay, chan that va hon" ma chiing ta ed the tao dUng dUde nhufng bieu tUdng LS hap d i n eho HS Vf nhu, day hpe bai 12, muc 1.3 "Nhdng chuyen bien mdi ve kinh te va giai cap xa hpi d Viet Nam"b Idp 12 , giao vien (GV) cd the sif dung doan trfch "Phong trao cadi m'ang d Ddng DUdng"de xay dUng mdt bai mieU ta ve dc(i sd'ng ciia ngUdi ndng dan Viet Nam dUdi che dp thUe dan Phap sau Chien tranh the gidi thU nhat: "Ddi sdng ndng dan cung chang hdn gl Dat thi xau, phUPng phap canh tac thi lac hau, dd nang suat kem NgUdi ban xU rudng dat bang "mau", chU khong bang hecta Mot mlu dat td't san xuat khoang 50 thiing thde trj gia 24d75 Trong sdtien nay, Chfnh phii da trich thu 2d10, khoang 10% NhUng cay cay moi mau rudng, ngUdi ndng dan da phai chi phf het 28d50 ve tat nUde, phan bdn, gidng ma, thue trau bo, nhan cdng, v.v NhU vay la Id von mat 3d75 .Sudt nam, phan idn nhdng ngddi ndng dan phai in rau, an khoai Rat It hp an cdm, chi nhdng gip Tet chang h^n thi hp mdi dam ddng tdi hat eom quy gia ay Ngoai thue ma nStng ne, tang len 550% khpang 10 nam, ngddi dan bin xd cdn bi kho sd vdi hang tram nghin thdhach sach"{^) Bai mieu ta khdng ehi neu kha day dii hinh anh v§ eupc sd'ng khdn cung eiia ngUdi nong dan Viet Nam bj bdc lot nang ne dudi che dp eai trj eiia thUe dan Phap va phong kien tay sai, ma cdn giup HS hieu rd hdn bUc tranh nen ndng nghiep lac hau va nhufng bien doi ddi sd'ng xa hdi Viet Nam sau Chien tranh th^ gidi thU nhat Vdi bieu tUdng eu thi nhu vay (do tai lieu doan trfch va cac thao tac sU pham cua DaijvaHpc RS,«SO8.2011: JSGAY yAY 33 GV tao ndn), HS sinh sU thUdng cam vdi nhiJfng ngUdi ndng d&n eUc kho, si^ cam thu ddi vdi bpn thuc ddn phong kiln tan bao Qua dd, cac em khdng chi hilu bai sSu sac hdn, hSng say hUng thu hpc tap hdn ma cdn dUdc bdi dUdng v% tlnh cam tu Sur dung tai lieu cua Hd Chi IVIinh de neu d^c diem cua, sur kien Trong cac tac pham ciia Ho Chi Minh de cap de'n LS dan tdc va ljch sif the gidi, ed nhieu bieu tUdng LS dUde NgUdi tao dung bang phddng phap hinh tddng hoa Day la nhufng doan tu lieu ngin gpn, giau hinh tUdng, mang tfnh khai quat eao, vay, viecsU dung nd se gay an tUdng manh me dd'i vdi HS, eae em de ghi nhd sU kien, gdp phan phat trien tu bien chifng, tU logic eho HS Viec sif dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf Minh de neu dac diem eiia sU kien dUde tien hanh nhOng trUdng hdp sau: ThUnhat, dung de khai quat tlnh chat, dac trUng hien tugng LS dudi dang mdt hinh anh tUdng trUng, nham giup HS d§ tiep thu ndi dung, ban chat ciia hien tupng ljch sil Vi du, day hpe bai 12, muc 1.2 "Chinh sach chinh trj, van hoa, giao due eiia thdc dan Phap" b Idp 12, GV ed the sif dung hinh tupng ma Hd Chi Minh neu "Ban an che dp thUc dan Phap" viet ve viee thUe thi cdng ly eiia ehinh quyen thUe dan Phap d Ddng DUdng: "Cdng ly dUde tUdng trung bing mdt ngudi dan ba dju hien, mdt tay cam qua can, mpt tay cam kiem Vl dudng td Phap den Ddng Dddng xa qua, xa den noi sang dUge tdi dd thi can can da mat thing bang, dTa can da chay Idng va bien nhdng tau thudc phien hoac nhdng chai rdgu ty, nen ngddi dan ba tdi nghiep chi edn lai ddc cai kiem de chem giet Ba ehem giet den ea ngddi vd tdi, va nhat la ngddi vd tdi"(2) Cach neu hinh tupng ve "Cdng ly"cua thUe dan b eae thudc dja dUdi dang hai hUdc, de lot ta dUde ban chat eiia nd, ed tae dpng de'n tu tudng, tinh cam HS ThU hai, dung de danh gia tae ddng, y nghTa eua sd kien ddi vdi sU phat trien LS d nhufng giai doan tie'p sau Vf du, day hpc ve td ehUe yeu nUde - each mang Hpi Viet Nam Cach mang nien d bai 13 "Phong trao dan tge dan diii d Viet Nam td nam 1925 den nam 1930" b Idp 12, GV co the sif dung hinh tUPng dUde Nguyen Ai Qude neu sau day de giup HS danh gia diing ve vai trd LS ciia td ehUe dd'i vdi qua trinh van ddng lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam: "Hgi An Nam Thanh nien Cach mang (tdc Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang nien - tic gii chu) dp chung tdi tc chdc tdnam 1925 Cd the ndi ring, nd la qui trdng, ma td dd, nd eon chim non cdng sin (Ding Cdng sin)" (3) Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Chi IVIinh de tao bieu tu'gfng b^ng sis thdng ke sd lieu sif dung sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke ciia Hd Chf Minh de tao bieu tUdng eho HS khdng lam cho bai hpe LS trd khd khan nang ne, ma trai lai lam eho nd sinh ddng va de hieu hdn Bdi vi, nhOng sd lieu va tai lieu thd'ng ke ma Hd Chf Minh sif dung la nhOng tai lieu thUe te giup eho HS thay rdng "Nhdng ccn sd chan that va mia mai (ay) lam eho chung ta cSm thu va da nddc mat" (4) Trong bai "SU pha sin eua die dp thdc dan Phap"b mue "Mdt vii sd" Hd Chf Minh da sif dung 52 sd lieu d l vach trSn b^n chS't ciia e h i dp thUc dSn Phip Trong "Bin in che dd thuc din Phip", Ngudi sif dung g&n 250 sd lidu d l ndi ve sU cUSng doat, bdc lot, dan ap, ham hiep ciia bpn thUe dlin va ve phong trao each mang Trong bai "Ddi sdng kinh te"c6 gan 100 sd lieu d l kit luan rang "sd ip bdc ve kinh te cung ning trTu e che tren Idng ngddi ban xdnhUsdap bdc ve mit xa hdi" (5), Nhijfng sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke cac tae phim va bai viet ciia Hd Chf Minh dUdc d i n tren ehungta ed t h i van dung nd vdo bki gling LS nhim mang lai hieu q u i giao due eao Sil dung sd lieu va tai lieu thdng ke eiia Hd Chf Minh d l tao bieu tUdng DHLS phai dam bao tfnh ehinh xac va chpn Ipc eho phii hdp vdi tC/ng dd'i tUPng, ed tinh tieu bieu va gdi cam Viec sif dung sd lieu phai kem theo sU giai thfeh can thiet ve thdi diem, va can dUde phan tfeh thau dao de lam ndi bat IUdng thong tin can ndi de'n Sur dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de tao bieu ti/Gfng b^ng si/ so sanh Trong cac tac pham ciia Ho Chi Minh ehUng ta nhan thay NgUdi sif dung phd bien phUdng phap so sanh LS "theo dddng ngang", "so sanh ddi ngiu", tUc la de cap den eiing mpt chii de, mpt thdi ky LS nhUng lUdng thdng tin neu lai trai ngUde nhau, xung ddt PhUdng phap so sanh ma Hd Chf Minh sif dung thudng di kem vdi nhufng sd lieu xac thUe, ngin gpn nhUng ldi fch ciia nhOng thdng tin mang lai qua la Idn VI vay, cd the van dung phUdng phap so sanh LS eiia Hd Chi Minh de giiip HS hieu ro hdn dac trUng tfnh chat sU kien hay danh gia tac ddng, y nghTa cae sU kien dien hinh dd'i vdi sU phat trien lich sif Vi du, de cap den viee thUe thi chfnh sach ngu dan eua thUe dan Phap d Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh so sanh: "Luc ay, cd mdt nghin lang thi cd den mdt nghin nam tram dai ly ban le rUgu va thudc phien Nhung cung sd mdt nghin lang dd lai ehied ven ven mUdi trUdng hge" (6) Siif dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de xay di/ng cac cau chuyen ke ve ljch suf Ke chuyen LS la trinh bay nhOng cau chuyen cd that, "ed dau cd dudi", cd tlnh tiet cu the ve mdt sU kien, mpt nhan vat qua khU Viec van dung chuyen ke ve LS tac pham eiia Hd Chf Minh phai hUdng vao nhijfng kien thUe trpng tam, ed ban eiia bai hpe, phai lam ndi bat kie'n thUe ed ban eiia bai hpc, khic phuc tinh trang kho khan, ddn dieu day hpe nhUng eung khong nen lam cho bai giang them nang ne, khong vUa sUe Do vay, can phai xay dUng nhufng eau ehuyen k l sinh dpng, ngin gpn, chfnh xac dUa tren tai lieu ciia Hd Chf Minh de sil dung phu hdp vdi mue tieu, yeu ciu, ndi dung eiia bai hpe va sat vdi trinh dd nhan thUe ciia HS Chang han nhu, day hpe bai 12, muc 11.2 "Hoat ddng cua tUsan, tieu tUsan va cdng nhan Viet A/am" d Idp 12, GV dUa vao doan trfch "Phong trao each mang Ddng DUdng" d l ke chuyen ve cac cupe truy dieu, d l tang Phan Chau Trinh nam 1926: "Nha chf sT Phan Chau Trinh, mdt ngUdi thupc phai qude gia khac vUa qua ddi Ba mUdi nghin ngUdi An Nam b khip xU Nam Ky da lam le an tang theo qude le va khip nUde da td chUe le truy dieu nha chi sT Chi vai ba ngay, mdt cudc lac quyen da thu lUdm 10O.OOOd Tat ea HS sinh vien deu d l tang eu TrUde phong trao yeu nUde eiia toan dan, bgn thdc din Phip Sd hai, bilt dau phan cdng iai Chung dm HS de tang va 34 SO 8-2011 DamHpc Tra Idi dUdc c i u hdi niy, tiifc la HS nhan thUc ro Nguyen to chdc lac quyen Chung cam to chdc eic le truy dieu, v,v- De phan ddi lai, HS da bai khoa d Ha Noi, Hai Phdng, Nam Dinh, Ai Qude khdng dii cham lo cdng viec cdu nddc cho dan tdc HuS, Sii Gdn, Phu Lam, v.v dau diu HS cung deu bai khoa minh ma cdn xuat hien tren vu dai chinh trj vao nhOfng nam Nd sinh cung tham gia phong trao Mgt sU viec day j? nghTa dau the ki trUde nhU mgt chien sTquoc te, dau tranh eho dpc lap tu cua cac dan tdc thupc dja sau diy da chdng to tinh thin yeu nudc ciia HS: Tai trudng ThU hai, sif dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chi Minh d l tao bieu Saxdiu Ldba d Sai Gdn cd ngUdi da viet len bang may chd: tUdng phan anh tdc dung, ket q u i hoat ddng cich mang eiia "A.B LF." (A bsa les Francai - di dio thdc din Phip) Cic Hd Chi Minh ddi vdi tien trinh phat triln LS dan tdc Day la giip sU Phip bat HS len bang Chang mdt em nap chiu xpi cae bilu tUdng quan trpng giup HS nhan thay bUde chuyin ve ea"[7) ehat nhan thUc, tU tUdng eiia Hd Chf Minh va dd cung la Suf dung tai lieu cua Hd Chf IVIinh de tao nhOng budc ngoat can ban tien trinh phat triln eiia each bieu tifcfng ve hoat dong each mang cua chfnh mang Viet Nam Nguygn Ai Qudc Hd Chf IVIinh Vf du, trinh bay ve y nghTa eiia viee Nguyin Ai Qudc Ljch sif Viet Nam tU dau the ky XX de'n nay, dac biet tU dpe "Sd thio lan thd nhat nhdng luan eddng ve van de dan tge nam 1911, gin lien vdi hoat ddng each mang eiia Hd Chi va van de thugc dia"cua V Lenin, GV cd the trich dan mpt Minh Tao bilu tUdng dung din, chfnh xac ve hoat dpng each doan "Con dddng din tdi den ehii nghTa Lenin" eiia Mb mang eiia NgUdi se giiip HS hieu sau LS dan tdc Tren cd sd Chf Minh de xay dUng mdt cau chuyen ve sU kien nay: nhufng kiln thUc LS ay, giao due eae em Idng kfnh yeu lanh tu ' mpt ddng chi da dUa cho tdi dpc Luan cUdng eiia Lenin Hd Chf Minh, vCfng tin vao eon dUdng each mang ma Dang ve eae van de dan toe va thudc dja dang trSn bao Nhan dao Cdng san Viet Nam va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da lUa chpn va Trong luan cUdng ay, ed nhOng chuf chinh trj khd hieu NhUng kien tri dau tranh tif nhOng nam dau ciia the ky XX eU dpe di dpc lai nhieu lan, cud'i cung tdi cung hieu dUdc phan Viec si/ dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chi Minh d l tao bilu tUdng chfnh Luan cUdng eiia Lenin lam eho tdi rat cam ddng, phan ve hoat ddng each mang ciia NgUdi phai tuan thii nguyen tic khdi, sang td, tin tUdng biet bao! Tdi vui mUng den phat khdc chung ciia viee tao bilu tUdng vd hoat dpng each mang eiia len Ngdi mdt minh budng ma tdi ndi to len nhU dang Hd Chf Minh DHLS Viet Nam d trUdng THPT, dd la: ndi trUdc quan chung dong dao: "Hdi dong bao bi doa day "Qui trinh DHLS d trddng phe thdng khdng giang day tieu sd dau kho! Day la cai can thiet cho chiing ta, day la dUdng khoa hpe HP Chi Minh, mi thdng qua cac sd kien ed ban trpng giai phdng chung ta!" SGK de lam sing td edng lap to idn cua HP Chi Minh dd'i vdi Tddd tdi hoan toan tin theo Lenin, tin thep Qudc tethdba" each mang Viet Nam DP dd, tao bieu tddng ve hpat ddng (11) each mang eiia Ngddi phai iam rd moi quan he gida hoat ddng Chuyen k l LS dUa vao doan tU lieu tren se tao eho cac cich mang eiia Ho Chi Minh vdi tien trinh phit then LS din tdc HS bilu tUdng ve sU "vui mdng", "cim ddng", "phan khdi", (vaLS the gidi)"(Q) "sang td", 'fin tddng" ciia Nguyin Ai Qud'c sau dpe Luan Sif dung tai lieu ciia Hd Chf Minh d l tao bilu tUdng ve eUdng ciia Lenin, tren ed sd dd giiip HS hilu rd Luan eUdng hoat ddng each mang ciia Nguyin Ai Qude - Ho Chf Minh cua Lenin da nang cao nhOng hilu biet thUe te eiia Nguyen Ai dUde tien hanh nhOng trUdng hdp sau: Qude ve edng cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc, lam sang to ThUnhat, si/ dung tai lieu eiia Hd Chf Minh nham cu t h i eon dudng eUu nUdc dung d i n hoa cac sU kien phan anh tUng hoat ddng cu t h i eiia Hd Chf Si/ dung tai lieu eiia Ho Chi Minh d l tao bieu tUdng ve Minh d l hilu cudc ddi va sU nghiep each mang eiia NgUdi, cic nhan vat LS khac cd lien quan den ndi dung bai hpc qua dd giiip HS hieu sau hdn jihOng sU kien LS dan tdc cd Trong cae tie pham, bai viet eua Hd Chi Minh, NgUdi eo lien quan de cap de'n cae nhan vat ehinh dien eung nhu phan dien gan Vi nhu, day hpc v l sU kien Nguyen Ai Qud'c cung vdi vdi LS dan tdc va LS the gidi, nhU "cic quan cai tri Phap"b mdt sd ngUdi yeu nUde eiia Angieri, Mard'c, Tuynidi v.v lap Ddng DUdng, Vua Khii Dinh, Vua Bao Dai, Pham Hdng Hdi Lien hiep thudc dia b Pari nam 1921, GV cd t h i thdng Thai, mdt sd ddng chf can bd eiia Dang v.v; eae nhan vat LS bao ngin gpn doan trfch Tuyen ngdn va Dieu le ciia Hdi the gidi nhu cic nha triet hpc anh sing Phip (Vdn-te, l^iitdo Nguyen Ai Qud'c soan thao d l giiip HS hilu rd hdn mue xd ), Lenin, Hftle, Miitxdlini, NhC/ng nhan vat LS dUPc dfch lap td ehUe qudc te nay, qua dd danh gia diing ve de cap de'n b mpt hoac vii sU kien SGK (trUc tiep hoac vai trd eiia Nguyen Ai Qude: 'Trong Dieu le ciia Hpi (do Nguyin gian tiep) Do dd, dd'i vdi nhOng nhan vat ma cudc ddi va sU Ai Qud'c soan thao) da neu rd: "Mgc dich ciia Hdi ia tap hgp va nghiep ehi g i n vdi mdt hoac vai sU kien thi si/ dung eae bien hddng dan cho mgi ngddi din cic xd thudc dia hien sdng tren phip sU pham nhU viee mieu ta, tUdng thuat, ke ehuyen, n§u dat Phip nham muc dich doan ket hg; thao luan va nghien die dilm ve hoat ddng va tinh cich eiia nhan vat de giiip HS edu tat ca nhdng van de ehinh tri va kinh teeiia thugc dia"[Q) ed bilu tUdng rd rang, eu the ve cie nhan vat Ijch sif Dd la cd Tu tudng chi dao chung ciia Nguyen Ai Qude dUdc Hdi tan s6 cho viec tim tdi suy nghT, rut ket luan, hinh thinh khai thanh, Tuyen ngdn ciia Hdi da xac djnh: ' edng cudc giii niem d l hilu dUde b i n ehat eiia sU kien, ddng thdi giio due phdng anh em ehi cd the thdc hien bang sU no ldc eiia bin tlnh cam, dao dUc cho HS than anh em" va "Ddng trddc ehii nghTa td ban va ehii nghTa Vi du, ndi ve "Cic quan thdng ddc", "Cie quan eai trj", dequpc, quyen igi cua chung ta la thong nhat •"(^0) Tren ed "Nhdng nha khai hoa" ciia thUe dan Phip, Nguyin Ai Qudc sd dd, GV cd the neu"c&u hdi: "Td tddng va hanh ddng cua da neu dac dilm noi bat eiia tUng loai "quan" bd may Nguyen Ai Qudc thdng qua viee thinh lap Hdi Lien hiep thudc thd'ng trj b thudc dja NhiJfng nhan vat ma Nguyin Ai Quoc dja d Pari nam 1921 ehdng tc dieu gi?' neu "Bin in che thde dan Phap" la nhOng nhan vat D ^ f l H p C 308-2011 JNGAY SAY cd thuc, nhiing nhin vat m i LS Viet Nam deu cd nhae tdi nhu toan quyen Merlin (Mec-lanh), thdng ddc Utdriy, edng sU Darles (Oic-ld) v.v Tong hdp c i c net i y la bd mat chung cua chu nghTa thUc d i n t h i hi&n viec bdc Idt, d i n ap, thuc hien chinh sdch ngu d i n , sM tham lam d i n tpt cCing, sU xa hoa, lang phf, h^Jm hTnh Nguyin Ai Qudc di den khang djnh: "Cic quan cai trj deu li nhdng dng vua con" (12) D l tao dUdc sU rung ddng HS q u i trinh tao bilu tUdng ve hoat ddng ciia c i c nhan vat lich sif, cd t h i si/ dyng vai thil phap sU pham sau: - Si/ dung ngdn ngO sing, gdi ta cd hinh anh kit hdp vdi viee phan tich ehinh xac ed tic dung kich thich sU phit triln nang lUc tU ciia HS tao bilu tUdng - Si/ dung thii phip "neu hinh anh tUdng phan"Xiic la neu hai hinh anh trai ngUde d l gay an tUdng manh me d HS tao bilu tUdng cic nhan vat lich si/ Thii phap da dUdc Hd Chi Minh si/ dung d l mieu ta ban chat eiia cic nhan vat bai "Nhdng trd id hay li Varen vi Phan Bdi Chau"{y3) Trong tie pham nay, Hd Chf Minh k l v l chuyin V/ehg thim" Phan Bdi Chau ciia Toan quyen Ddng DUdng Varen Cu dang bi thUe dan Phip bit giam Ha Ndi v i o nam 1925 Trong cupe gap gd niy, Hd Chf Minh mieu ta vien toan quyen Varen nhU mdt chfnh khich vd liem si, trd trio, giao quyet, dai dien cho bpn phan bdi, cd hpi chii nghTa thdi bay gid vdi mdt ben la hinh anh cu Phan Bdi Chau bi cam tii deo gdng len vai nhUng rat diem tTnh, vdi chf khf eao thUdng eiia mdt vj anh hiing dan too da xa than vl ddc lap, khdng dim xia gl den nhCfng Idi du mua chudc ciia ten cio gia thUe dan Cich neu hinh anh nhU the giiip cho HS thay rd sU khic biet de'n trii ngUde giufa cic nhin vat, dai dien eho nhieu tang Idp, giai cap khic song cd md'i quan he vdi nhau, dd la eupc gap gd giufa "ke phan bdi nhgc nha vi bae anh hung" Su so sanh da lot t i mdt cich sau sic, toan dien cic nhan vat khac nhau, tao eho HS nhQng tinh cam, thii dp rd rang, di/t khoit - Si/ dung thii phip "neu hinh anh tddng d6ng"6e tao bilu tUdng ve hoat dpng ciia cac nhin vat lich sif, tUe la neu lai hinh inh vio nhOng thdi dilm khic nhau, nhUng ed quan he chat che, lam ndi bat ban chat ciia coij ngUdi, sU viec Chinh Nguyen Ai Qude thUdng diing thii pfiip de mieu ta chan dung, ban chat ciia c i c quan thUc dan cai trj d thudc dja Vf nhu, ndi ve edng sU Die-Id, Nguyen Ai Qud'c nhic tdi "mdt nha eai tri ed tai" da hpe dupe khoa cai trj "d khu phd latinh dng (ay) edn li mdt anh hing chao" (14), tUe l i nhiing viec ludng gat, an eUdp nhOng "kien thdc" ay gid day dupe 'thi thd" b Ddng DUdng trd thinh mpt vien quan cai trj thUe din Ngoai nhiing bien phip sU pham neu tren, GV cd t h i kit hdp viec si/ dung tii lieu cua Hd Chi Minh vdi eic phUdng phip day hpe khic (dd dung trUc quan, tai lieu van kien Dang, tai lieu van hoc, ) d l tao bilu tUdng Ijch si/ Tdm lai, ed nhieu hinh thUe v i bien phip sU pham van dung tai li§u ciJa Hd Chi Minh de tao bilu tUdng DHLS trudng THPT Tuy nhidn, can cd quan niem diing si/ dung tii li§u cua Hd Chi Minh v i o day hpe ljch si/ Nd phai tuan thil nhi/ng nguyen tic ciia li luan day - hpe ndi chung, eiia phUdng phip si/ dgng tii lieu tham khao ndi rieng Can trinh nhOng khuylt dilm thudng gap nhu: diing tai li^u tham khao chi d l minh hpa cho bii giang mdt cich dm ddm, may mdc, cd i p dat nhufng nhin dinh budc HS phai chap nhan 35 m i khdng cd ddc lip tU NhQng thilu sdt nhU vay la bai giang trd n§n khd khan, cUng nhic, thilu sinh ddng, nang ne, khdng gSy dUdc hUng thU cho HS DTnhidn, vide van dung tai lieu ciia Ho Chf Minh d l tao bilu tUdng LS khdng phii hoin toin tich khdi cic khau q u i trinh day hpc, ma ed the dan xen v i o nhau, l i m cho vide hpc tip ciia HS dUdc sinh ddng v i sau sic hdn DU van dung tii li|u ciia Hd Chf Minh nhQng trUdng hdp nio thi viee phit huy tfnh tich cUc va gay hUng thu hpc tap LS cho HS ludn phai dUde GV ehu y d l quin xuyin cac bien phip sUpham nham nang cao hdn nQa ehat IUdng DHLS De phit huy tfnh tfeh cUc eiia HS, GV yeu eau cic em phai lam viee vdi t i i lieu, suy nghT sau sic chU khdng phai tilp nhin mpt cich giao dieu, cang khong ehi dung minh hoa mot each hdi hPt Tii lieu ciia Ho Chf Minh phai la cd sd eiia sU kien cd ban, nen tang cho suy nghT nhin thUe sau sic ndi dung LS TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dang Van Ho Tao biiu tugng vS hoat dgng ciia H6 Chi Minh qua day hoc lich sd Viet Nam idp 12 trddng THPT (1919 -1969 Luan an Tien sTKhoa hpc Su pham - Tam ly, Trddng Dai hgc SU p/7am, H.1996 Phan Ngpc Lien Chii tjch Ho Chf Minh v6ii cong tac sCf hoc NXB G/aocfycH 1985 Phan Ngpc Lien NhCfng van de ljch si^f tac pham Ho Chi Minh NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia Hi Ngi H 1999 Phan Ngpc Lien (chili bien) - Trinh D inh Tung - Nguyen Thj 061 PhUOng phap day hoc ljch sii, T?ip I, II NXB Dai hgc SUpham, H 2007 Phan Ngpc Ll&n Ho Chf Minh vdl tien trinh ljch sif dan tpc NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia H 2008 Hd Chf Minh Toan tip, tap 1,2, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, H 1995 Vo Van Minh.'Tai lieu ci!ia HbChi lyiinh - nguibn tri thifc quan trpng de tao bieu tupng day hoc Ijch su' truong thong" Tap chi G/ao dye, so 229 (1/2010) CHU THICH (1), (2), (6), (10), (12), (13), (14) Hd Chf Minh Toan t?p, tap NXB Chinh tn Qude gia H 1995, tr 229; 91; 36; 128; 40-71; 172-174; 49 (3) Hd Chf Minh l o a n t?p, tap NXB Chinh tri Qude gia H 1995, tr 13 (4), (5) Phan Ngpc Lien, Chii tjch Ho Chf Minh v6i cong tac sif hoc NXB Giio due, H 1985, tr 83 (7), (9) Hd Chf Minh Toan t^p, tap NXB Chinh tri Qude gia H 1995, tr 231;.447 (8) Dang Van Hd, Tao bieu tUdng ve hoat ddng eua Ho Chi Minh qua day hgc ijch sd Viet Nam idp 12 trddng THPT (1919 - 1969) Luan i n phd Tiln sT Khoa hpe SU pham - Tim ly, Trddng Dai hgc Sd pham H 1996, tr 128 (11) Hd Chf Minh l o a n t | p , tap 10 NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia H 1995, tr 127 ... va da nddc mat" (4) Trong bai "SU pha sin eua die dp thdc dan Phap"b mue "Mdt vii sd" Hd Chf Minh da sif dung 52 sd lieu d l vach trSn b^n chS''t ciia e h i dp thUc dSn Phip Trong "Bin in che dd... Lenin Hd Chf Minh, vCfng tin vao eon dUdng each mang ma Dang ve eae van de dan toe va thudc dja dang trSn bao Nhan dao Cdng san Viet Nam va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da lUa chpn va Trong luan cUdng... viee tao bilu tUdng vd hoat dpng each mang eiia len Ngdi mdt minh budng ma tdi ndi to len nhU dang Hd Chf Minh DHLS Viet Nam d trUdng THPT, dd la: ndi trUdc quan chung dong dao: "Hdi dong bao bi