NGHIEN CUU TRAO 001 DAO TAO NGHE CHO NONG D A N TRONG THdl KY HOI NHAP QUOC TE NGUYEN VIET TRUNG Trong Chidn lupc phat tridn kinh td xa hdi eua nude ta den nam 2020 da dupe Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lin[.]
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO 001 DAO TAO NGHE CHO NONG D A N TRONG THdl KY HOI NHAP QUOC TE NGUYEN VIET TRUNG T rong Chidn lupc phat tridn kinh td xa hdi eua nude ta den nam 2020 da dupe Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lin thfl XI thdng qua, mdt nhflng giai phap cd tinh ddt phi viee thye hien muc tieu dua nude ta trd mdt nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai vao nam 2020 la phat trien, nang cao chit lupng ngudn nhin lye, dd cd nhin lye qua dao tao nghd (DTN) va chinh sach bao dam viee lam eho ndng din Hien nay, Viet Nam la mdt nude dang phat trien va tham gia vao qua trinh hdi nhip manh me vdi the gidi Nhung nam qua, nhit la tfl sau gia nhip Td ehfle Thuong mai Thd gidi (WTO), cic san phim ndng nghidp eua Viet Nam da vuon thj trudng the gidi; nhidu sin phim dflng d vj tri cao thj phin eua the gidi, nhu luong thyc, ea phd, eao su, thuy hai san Tuy nhidn, gia nhip WTO, ndn kinh td Viet Nam ndi chung va eac san phim hang hoi ndi ridng cung phai chju sfle ep canh tranh rit Idn, Ipi thd canh tranh la gii nhin cdng re da giam di dang ke Mat khac, xuat phat diem eua Viet Nam tham gia hdi nhap lai khdng eao Gin 80% din sd sdng d ndng thdn va trdn 70% lao ddng ndng nghidp, ndng thdn, dd da phin chua qua DTN San xuit ndng nghidp vin mang nang tinh truydn thd'ng, ndng nghiep ehid'm 25% eo ciu GDR d cac nude phat trien, ty trpng ndng nghiep GDP chi edn 3% Didu TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA N U C - s6 193 (2-2012) cho thi'y, dd bit kjp trinh dd eiia the gidi, Viet Nam phai nd lye rit nhidu dd tao sy but phi manh me ma quan trpng nhit la diu tu nang eao chit lupng ngudn nhan lye ndng thdn I Dao tau nghe cho ndng dan nhiing ket qua budc dau Theo thd'ng kd, tdng sd lao ddng dang lam viec cic ITnh vyc eiia ndn kinh td qudc dan la trdn 47 tridu ngudi, dd lao ddng dang lam vide d khu vyc ndng thdn ehid'm gin 70%, lam vide ITnh vyc ndng nghidp ehid'm 51% Dd dap flng nhu ciu nhan lye ciia mdt nude cdng nghidp theo hudng hidn dai, ein chuyen djeh manh me eo ciu lao ddng ndng thdn (muc tidu ddn nam 2020 chi cdn 30% lao ddng ndng nghidp) De lam dupe didu nay, cdng tic DTN ed vai trd vd cung quan trpng Nghj quyet sd 26-NQ/rW 05/8/2008 eiia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong khoa X vd ndng nghidp, ndng din va ndng thdn ed ndu rd: giai quyet vide lam eho ndng din la nhidm vu uu tidn xuydn sud't mpi chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi eiia ea nude; bao dam hai hoa giua eac vung, thu hep khoang cich phit tridn gifla cic vung, giua ndng thdn va thj Cd kd hoach eu thd vd DTN va chinh sach bao dam viee lam eho ndng dan, nha't la d cic vung chuyen ddi muc dich sir dung dit Diy manh xuit khiu lao ' Bp Lao dpng, ThUOng binh vd Xa hpi 31 NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO 001 ddng tfl ndng thdn Hinh Chuotig trinh mue tidu qudc gia vd D'TN, phat trien ngudn nhan lye, bao dam hing nam dao tao khoang tridu lao ddng ndng thdn (LDNT); phin diu ddn nam 2020, lao ddng ndng nghidp edn khoang 30% lao ddng xa hdi; ty Id LDNT qua dao tao dat trdn 50% Thuc hidn Nghi quydt eiia Trung uong Dang,'ngay 28/10/2008, Chinh phii da Nghj quydt sd 24/2008/NQ - CP ban hanh Chuong trinh hanh ddng cua Chinh phu, dd cd mue tidu: 'Tap trung dao tao ngudn nhan lye d ndng thdn, ehuydn mdt bd phan lao ddng ndng nghidp sang cdng nghidp va djeh vu, giai quydt vide lam, nang eao thu nhap eiia dan cu ndng thdn tang Idn 2,5 lin so vdi hidn nay" Mdt nhung nhidm vu chit ydu Chuong trinh hanh ddng cua Chinh phii la: "Xiy dyng Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd dao tao ngudn nhan lye ndng thdn Tap trung xay dyng kd hoach va giai phap dao tao eho bd phan eon em ndng dan dii trinh dp, nang lye vao lam viee d eac eo sd cdng nghiep, thu cdng nghiep, djeh vu va ehuydn nghd; bd phan ndng dan edn tid'p tue san xuit ndng nghidp dupe dao tao vd kidn thfle va ky nang dd thye hanh sin xuit ndng nghidp hidn dai; ddng thdi, tip trung dao tao nang cao kidn thfle eho can bd quan ly, can bd co sd" Di eu thd hoa Chuong trinh hanh ddng, 2'7/l 1/2009, Thii tudng Chinh phu ban hanh Quydt djnh sd 1956/QD-TTg phd duyet Di in "Dao tao nghd cho lao ddng ndng thdn ddn nam 2020" (viet tit la Dd an 1956) Di an da the hidn rd quan diem eua Dang va Nha nude ta la: "DTN eho LDNT la sy nghidp eiia Dang, Nha nude, eua eac cip, eac nganh va xa hdi nhim nang eao chit lupng LDNT, dap flng ydu ciu cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoa ndng nghidp, ndng thdn Nha nude tang eudng diu tu dd phat trien DTN eho LDNT, ed chinh sach bao dam thye hidn cdng bing 32 xa hdi vd co hdi hpc nghd dd'i vdi moi LDNT, khuyd'n khieh, huy ddng va tao didu kidn de toan xa hdi tham gia dao tao nghd eho LDNT' Di an 1956 da de mye tidu tdng quit: "Binh quin hing nam dao tao nghd cho khoang tridu LDNT, dd dao tao, bdi dudng 100.000 lugt can bd, cdng ehfle xa Ning eao ehi't lupng va hidu qua DTN nhim tao viec lam, tang thu nhip eua LDNT; gdp phin ehuydn djeh CO ciu lao ddng va co ciu kinh td, phue vu sy nghiep cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoa ndng nghidp, ndng thdn " Dd'i tupng cua Dd an la LDNT dp tudi lao ddng, cd trinh dp hpc van va sfle khoe phii hpp vdi nghd ein hpc Trong dd, uu tidn DTN eho eac dd'i tupng la ngudi thudc didn dupe hudng chinh sach uu dai, ngudi ed cdng vdi each mang, hd ngheo, hd ed thu nhip tdi da bang 150% thu nhip eiia hd ngheo, ngudi dan tdc thidu so, ngudi tan tat, nguM thudc didn cd dit thu hdi Ddng thdi vdi Dd an 1956, 04/6/2010, Thii tudng Chinh phu da ky Quydt djnh sd 800/QD-TTg phd duydt "Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd xSy dyng ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010 2020" Theo dd, se ed 11 nhdm ndi dung phai trien khai thyc hidn tfl ddn nam 2020, dd ed ndi dung "diy manh DTN eho LDNT, thue diy dua cong nghidp vao ndng thdn, giai quydt vide lam va chuyen djeh nhanh co ciu LDNT' Rd rang, chua bao gid vin dd DTN noi chung va DTN cho ndng din lai dupe Dang, Nha nude quan tam va cd nhflng cO chd, chinh sach cung nhu cae giai phap ddng bd de thyc hidn nhu hidn Den nay, gin 80% sd tinh da dua ndi dung DTN cho LDNT vao nghi quydt eiia dai hdi dang bd tinh giai doan 2011 2015 DTN eho LDNT la vide lam ed tinh xa hdi va nhin van siu sic, dd da nhSn dupe sy ddng thuin ri't eao eiia ngudi din, eua cae ci'p, eac nganh, eac td ehfle chinh trj xa hdi nghd nghidp, cic doanh TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA N U C - S 193 (2-2012) NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO 001 nghidp, cae phuong tidn thdng tin dai chung Tu tudng bao trum eac ehu truong eua Dang va dd an ciia Nha nude ve DTN eho LDNT la gdp phin tao lye lupng san xuit hidn dai ndng nghidp; tao nhflng lao ddng ed kie'n thuc, ky nang san xuit hidn dai, cd kha nang thich flng vdi sy canh tranh qudc td san xuit ndng nghidp Thdi gian qua, nhit la tfl sau De an 1956 ddi, eac dja phuong trdn ca nude da ddng loat td ehfle didu tra, khao sat va dy bao nhu ciu hoc nghd ciia LDNT; nhu ciu su dung lao ddng qua DTN eua eac doanh nghiep va eac co sd san xuat, kinh doanh, djeh vu; nang lye dao tao eiia cac CO sd day nghd trdn dja ban Cdng tie dieu tra dupe thyc hidn tfl cac thdn, ban, xdm, ip, tdi tflng hd gia dinh, trdn co sd nhu ciu nghd nghidp thyc tidn ciia ngudi din ndng thdn Tinh ddn nay, 63/63 tinh, phd da hoan vide didu tra, khao sat nhu ciu va 33 tinh, phd da tdng hpp dupe sd lieu didu tra Theo thd'ng kd so bd, hidn ed khoang 12% 15% sd LDNT ed nliu ciu dupe DTN vdi trdn 600 nghd khac nhau, dd nhdm nghd ndng nghidp ehid'm trdn 42% Day la can efl rat quan trpng dd cae eo sd day nghd ea nude td ehfle xay dyng chuong trinh va md cac khoa day nghd phu hpp Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hdi cung da hudng din eac dja phuong td ehfle trie'n khai thyc hidn Dd an 1956 theo 19 nhdm cdng vide cu thd Tuy mdi trien khai thye hidn nhung eac nganh, cae dja phuong da cd nhflng hoat ddng thidt thye, sang tao, dua nhidu md hinh day nghd va hinh thfle day nghd thich hcrp Mdt sd md hinh da budc diu trien khai ed hidu qua nhu md hinh DTN eho lao ddng d eac vung ehuydn canh, vung nguydn lieu eiy cdng nghiep (ed sy phdi hpp giua dja phuong va eac doanh nghidp); md hinh day nghd eho lao ddng eac lang nghd (ed sy phdi hpp giua dja phuong, cic eo sd TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6C - Sd 193 (2-2012) day nghd va cic lang nghd); md hinh day nghd ngin han cho ndng din d cdng ddng (ed sy phdi hpp giua dja phuong, td ehfle xa hdi nghd nghidp va cic trung tam khuye'n ndng, khuyd'n lam, khuye'n ngu) Hoat ddng day nghe eho ndng dan va LDNT khdng chi huy ddng eac co sd ehuydn day nghd ma cdn thu hut dupe sy tham gia eua eac vien nghien eun, cae trudng dai hpc; sy tham gia giang day cua nhung lao ddng ky thuat tfl eac doanh nghiep; nhflng nghe nhan, ngudi ed tay nghd eao cic lang nghd Ban thin ngudi ndng din la nhung ddi tupng dupe thu hudng chinh sach cung tich eye ung hd chii truong eiia Chinh phii, tfl viee xac djnh nhu ciu hoc nghd cho phu hpp vdi nhu ciu phat trien kinh td - xa hdi eua dja phuong ddn vice tham gia diy dii eac khoa dao tao Qua thi diem cae md hinh DTN cho lao ddng vung ehuydn canh d mdt sd dja phuong (nhu Lang Son, Cao Bang, Tay Ninh Gia Lai ) cho thi'y, ky nang nghe ciia ngudi ndng dan da dupe nang len, dd, nang suit lao ddng, chat lupng cay va thu nhap da tang Idn rd ret Dac bidt, qua trinh dao tao, ngudi ndng dan cdn duac cung cap nhung ky nang ve hdi nhap kinh te, vd cic tidu ehuan an toan, ve sinh thye phim eiia thd gidi va Viet Nam; ve each flng xir vdi mdi trudng (cdng nghe sach) va budc diu dupe trang bj nhung kie'n thfle ve khdi sy doanh nghidp Nhflng kdt qua da tao ddng lye de thu hut nhung LDNT khic thdn, ban, lang, xa tham gia cac khoi DTN dupe td ehfle tai dja ban C^ic doanh nghidp, co sd day nghd tham gia day nghd cho ndng din khdng chi thuin day nghd ma cdn tu vin, hudng din ngudi ndng din each thfle td ehfle san xuat kinh doanh, bao dam "diu ra" eho sin phim Tai nhflng dja ban ngheo, eac doanh nghidp ngoai viee hd trp kinh phi DTN edn hd trp diu tu eac cdng trinh xa hdi, nhu trudng hpc, xiy dyng dudng lien thdn, lien ban , gdp phin xoa 33 NGHIEN CLAJ - TRAO DOI ddi, giam ngheo, bao dam an sinh xa hdi, xay dyng ndng thdn mdi Rieng dd'i vdi 11 xa thi diem xay dyng ndng thdn mdi, mdi xa tdi thieu da td ehfle dupe hai Idp day nghe cho ndng dan theo eac md hinh dac thu CLia xa Trong cac cip Hdi Ndng dan, cdng tie day nghd va giai cjuyet \ iec lam cho ndng dan cung ed nhieu chuyen bien rd net Mang ludi eo sd day nghe cua Hdi dupe hinh thanh, phat trien va mdrdng; quy md, chat lupng day nghe, hd trp viee lam eho ndng dan dupe tang eudng Chi tinh rieng tfl nam 2008 - 2011, Bp Lao ddng, Thuong binh va xa hdi da phan bd eho Hdi Ndng dan Viet Nam 16 ti ddng de diu tu trang ihict bj day nghd He thd'ng trung tim eua Hdi da true tiep dav nghd va phdi hpp td ehfle day' nghd eho 500.000 LDNT Tfl nam 2007 2010, Hdi da gidi thidu vide lam d nude eho gin 140.000 ngudi; phdi hpp vdi cac doanh nghiep tuyen chpn, dao tao va dua di lam viee ed thdi han d nude ngoai 250.000 LDNT Tuy nhien, bdn canh nhung qua budc dau, cdng tie DTN eho LDNT cung cdn khdng it khd khan Thic nhd't cae chuong trinh DTN hien chua ha'p din ngudi hoc Vide trien khai DTN tai co sd gap nhieu vudng mie vi tren thyc td, phan Idn nhung ngudi d lai ndng thdn, trye tid'p lam ndng nghidp cd dp tudi tuong dd'i eao edn nidn thudng rdi qud di lam an xa Do dd, dd'i tupng hoc nghd khd tid'p thu kidn thfle Ndng dan hien vin ehu ydu sin xuit ndng nghiep theo kinh nghiem, thdi quen Vdi hp, ne'u cd thd, chi hang hai tham gia khoa hoc 12 budi, edn hoc thing cho timg nghe se rit khd khan, it ngudi tham gia Hai la, co che, chinh sach ciia Dang, Nha nude, mac du tuong ddi cdi md, hd trp dang kd cho ndng dan, nhung thyc te vin chua dap ung yeu ciu thyc tidn Vi du, vdi mdt hd gia dinh ndng dan, hp cd the vfla trot, vfla chin nudi, nhung eo che quy djnh mdi ndng dan chi dupe hpc m6t nghd (hoc chan nudi se khdng dupe hoc trot, thuy san ) thi ro rang chua dap ung dupe md hinh lam nghe da dang ndng thdn.' Ben canh dd, ke hoach phat tridn kinh tf vat nudi, cay trong, nghd phu eua khdng it dja phuong cdn chii quan, thidu chidn lupc, khdng sit thye tidn Chua cd giai phap hull hidu dd thay ddi thdi quen, hanh vi lam dung phan bdn hoa hoc, thudc trit sau san xuat ciia ndng dan, lam anh hudng tdi chat lupng sin phim Thidu giao vien day nghd ndng nghifip vfla tam huyd't, vfla cd phuong phap giang day phu hpp eho ndng dan, dae bidt la ngudi cd the vfla day ly thuyd't vfla hudng din thye hanh; eo sd vat chat ky thuat phue vu, giao trinh, tai lieu DTN cdn cham dh tu, ddi mdi DTN chua cd chie'n lupc theo timg hudng phat trien de tao cdng an viSc lam dn djnh cho LDNT tuong lai Ngoai ra, ydu ciu vdi chuong trinh day nghd la "phai ed ndi dung vd kidn thiic kinh doanh, khdi sy doanh nghidp de ngudi lao ddng sau hpc nghd bidt huy dong vd'n, td ehfle san xuit, tidu thu san phim hang hoa" cung khdng kha thi hiu het eac khoa dao tao chi la ngin han, keo dai khoang vai ba thing Cdng tie DTN chua song hanh vdi cdng tie nang cao kidn thfle eua ngudi quan ly trye tid'p tai co sd va ndng dan vd thj trudng, tieu chuin sin phim Vi khdng hidu thi trudng, diu tu sin xuit se khdng hidu qua Thieu kien thfle vd nghd, cong tic quan ly se khd sat thyc tidn Mot sd giai phap nang cao chat lupng cdng tac DTN cho ndng dan De cae hoat ddng DTN eho ndng dSn thyc sy hidu qua, tao dupe sy ddng thuan eao eiia ngudi din, cin tid'p tue thuc hidn mdt sd van dd sau: TAP CHI Q U A N LY NHA NUdC - SO 193 (2-2012) NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO 001 Thic nhd't, phai cd sy "vao cude" manh me eiia ea he thd'ng chinh trj d cic dja phuong Nhan thfle dung vd DTN cho ndng dan la co hdi de nang eao chit lupng ngudn nhin lye cho dja phuong, nang eao chat lupng, nang suit lao ddng; gdp phin nang eao sfle canh tranh eiia san pham ndng nghiep Viet Nam tren thj trudng qudc td Thye te thdi gian vfla qua eho tha'y, d dja phuong nao ed sy quan tam eiia cip uy dang, sy chi dao quydt liet eua chinh quydn va sy tham gia tich eye eiia cae td ehfle chinh trj xa hdi thi d dd cdng tie day nghd eho ndng dan dat dupe kdt qua mong mud'n Thd hai, DTN eho ndng dan phai xuit phat tfl nhu ciu sir dung lao ddng thyc sy ciia cic CO sd sin xuit, kinh doanh djeh vu trdn dja ban; tfl nhu ciu phat trien kinh td - xa hdi ciia tflng dja phuong; ddng thdi, dya trdn nhu ciu thye td vd nghd nghidp ciia ngudi din ehfl khdng phai la eac hoat ddng ed tinh phong trao, nhi't thdi Vi vay, cdng tie didu tra, khao sat nhu ciu phai thyc hidn thudng xuydn; nim chic cic nhu ciu thyc td (theo tflng nghd, nhdm nghe, vi tri cdng vide ) eiia ngudi din d tflng dja phuong (xa, huyen) va eiia doanh nghidp De lam td't vide nay, ngoai vide huy ddng cac CO quan ehuydn mdn (lao ddng, ndng nghidp va phit trien ndng thdn, thd'ng kd ), ein kdt hpp vdi cdng tie tuydn truydn, tu vin nghd nghidp, thdng tin ddn tflng ngudi dan vd nhu ciu sir dung lao ddng eiia cic doanh nghidp Thic ba, tinh da dang vung midn va tinh dae thu eiia ngudi ndng dan (trinh dp hpc vin khdng ddng ddu, lao ddng theo mua vu, thdi quen canh tie ), ndn vide td ehfle cac khoa dao tao phai rat linh hoat vd chuong trinh dao tao, hinh thfle dao tao, phuong thfle dao tao, phuong phip truydn dat Chuong trinh dao tao phai gin vdi hoc lidu sinh ddng, da dang va thidt thye, phu hpp vdi trinh dd eiia ngudi hpc TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - s6 193 (2-2012) Thic tu DTN cho ndng dan phai gin vdi giai quydt vide lam, ehuydn djeh eo ciu lao ddng; gin vdi xoi ddi, giam ngheo va gdp phan bao dam an sinh xa hdi d ndng thdn; gin vdi xay dyng ndng thdn mdi Vi vay, qua trinh thye hidn, ein ed sy phdi hpp chat che gifla chinh quyen dja phuong, cac CO sd dao tao va doanh nghidp, nhi't la vai trd eua chinh quyen cip xa, cip huyen Thye te cho thay, noi nao ed sy phdi hpp td't giua eac dd'i tic thi d dd cdng tie DTN dat dupe ke't qua rit tich eye (ngudi din ed viee lam, nang suit lao ddng va thu nhap eiia ngudi dan dupe nang len, giam ngheo ben vflng ) Dae bidt, day nghd cho ndng dan phai gin kdt chat che vdi Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd xay dyng ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010 - 2020 eua Chinh phii (theo Quydt dinh sd 800/QD-Trg 04/6/2010) Thic ndm, di nhflng ngudi ndng dan trd nhung lao ddng ndng nghidp hidn dai, song song vdi viee truyen dat kie'n thfle, ky nang nghe nghidp, cin trang bj eho hp nhflng kidn thfle vd tidu chuin an toan san phim, vd thj trudng, kidn thfle kinh doanh didu kidn hdi nhapQ 35 ... thieu da td ehfle dupe hai Idp day nghe cho ndng dan theo eac md hinh dac thu CLia xa Trong cac cip Hdi Ndng dan, cdng tie day nghd va giai cjuyet \ iec lam cho ndng dan cung ed nhieu chuyen bien... xac djnh nhu ciu hoc nghd cho phu hpp vdi nhu ciu phat trien kinh td - xa hdi eua dja phuong ddn vice tham gia diy dii eac khoa dao tao Qua thi diem cae md hinh DTN cho lao ddng vung ehuydn canh... va DTN cho ndng din lai dupe Dang, Nha nude quan tam va cd nhflng cO chd, chinh sach cung nhu cae giai phap ddng bd de thyc hidn nhu hidn Den nay, gin 80% sd tinh da dua ndi dung DTN cho LDNT