m NGHIEN CUU DANH GIA VA VAN DE NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG GIAO DUC 1 Mi ic dieh cua danh gia giao due oanh gia k i t qua giao diic la mdt trong nhdng budc eua qua tr inh giao due gdm t h i l t lap muc tidu[.]
m NGHIEN CUU DANH GIA VA VAN DE NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG GIAO DUC PGS TS NGUYEN DUTC MINH Tning tarn Nghien ciiiu Banh gia kei qua giao due Miic dieh cua d a n h gia g i a o due o a n h gia k i t qua giao diic la mdt nhdng budc eua qua trinh giao due g d m t h i l t lap muc tidu, xay dting chuong trinh, thUc hidn giao due va danh gia k i t qua giao diic Tuy la budc cudi eung cua ca qua trinh giao due nhung danh gia giao due ddng vai trd r i t quan trong vide thtic hidn nhidm vu giao due va dao tao eon ngudi dap Ung nhu e i u cung cap ngudn nhan lue dam bao su phat t r i l n eua xa hdi Mdt nhdng ngudi dat n i n m d n g cho danh gia giao due hien dai, Ralph Tyler (1950) cdn eho r i n g danh gia la trung tam eua qua trinh giao diic chU khdng phai la mdt bp phan phtJ thude eua qua trinh nay, danh gia khdng phaUhuc hidn d l lam hai Idng cac co qusn quan li hoac d i u t u tU bdn ngoai giao due o a n h gia giao due la "Thu thap, phan tich va li giai eae t h d n g tin t h u thap dupc mdt each ed he t h d n g de lam b i n g ehUng cho vide m d ta thiic trang va so sanh vdi muc tidu daac dat trudc eua mdt hay n h i l u linh vuc eua giao due hoac toan bd n i n giao due n h i m dUa eae khuyen nghj lam co sd cho eae nha quan li, nhCfng lien d d i khac giao due, dae bidt la giao vidn, hpe sinh diia vao de cd nhdng q u y l t saeh hoac d i l u chinh eae hanh d d n g t i l p theo n h i m cai thidn, nang cao c h i t lupng giao diic" Nghia la danh gia giao due n h i m giup xay dung nhCfng dae d i l m tdt ma giao due can dat dupe vdi i h u a n d mUc cao dupe ghi nhan t h d n g qua eae p h i n cP ban giao due nhU: ngudi hpe, ngudi day, mdi trudng giao due, cac chUOng trinh giao due, dao tao, eae djch vu giao diic Xet theo cac c i u p h i n chinh cua giao due vUa neu tren theo quan d i l m hudng vao ngudi hpe tbi mile dich chung eua danh gia giao due la n h i m giup cho bpc sinh nhan thUe rd v l cac mat giao due cua ban than de cd b u d n g phan dau nang cao k i t qua bpc tap, ren luyen Diia vao k i t qua giao due eua bpc sinb/nhdm hpc sinh, giao v i l n cd thdng tin d l dieu chinh p h u o n g phap, each thdc day hpe n h i m nang cao c h i t lUpng giao due Can bd q u i n li giao due eae cap nhan b i l t dupe thiic trang chat lupng giao due de t i m cae bidn phap va cae chinh sach hop li cbo phat trien cua giao due 18 • K H O A HOC GlAO DUC trudng, tUng linh viie hoac caK thdng giao due K i t qua cua danh gia giaoducgi^ phu huynh hoc sinh t h i y duoc thuc trang cac rai giao due cua em minh de k i t hpp eung vdio CO sd giao diie t i m cac bien phap hpp li giiip In sinh phat trien va xa hdi eung cd nhdng thdng li e i n thiet d l cd the g d p y, ung bp cho giao dijcni chung Du muc tidu cua danh gia giao due dupcia djnh rdng hon d l bao t r u m vide cai thidn dii luong cua toan bd cac cau p h i n eua giao ducK mtJC tieu, chuang trinh giao due, qua trinh giac due, day hpe va cae y l u td, djeh vu anh hudngtii» t i l p tdi ehat lUpng giao diic thi ve co ban, novi hudng v l vide cai thien, nang eao c h i t lupng gii due ctJa ngudi hpc ^ Noi d u n g d a n h gia g i a o due Trdn the gidi, du n h i l u nude ed chung mK i tidu la danh gia giao due nham giup bpc sinh phi t r i l n tdi da nang lUe va danh gia hudng vao ngi* hoc, cac nhan xet v l k i t qua giao dtjc cua hpe sink theo d i l u kidn va quan d i l m eua tUng qu& gia, van r i t da dang bao g d m tCf cham diem thank tieh hpe tap cua hpe sinh bang sd, ma hda bJnj chU hoac nhan xet "thda man" hoac " t i l n bp" Cac chuong trinh danh gia k i t qua giao due hpc sink phd t h d n g hidn trdn t b i gidi t h u d n g dupc nhk d i n g d m : 1) Chuong trinh danh gia hpe sinh quoc if (Programme for International Student Assessnwil -PISA) danh gia hpc sinh d d p t u d i sau hpc xong THCS; 2) Xu b u d n g qudc te nghien cdu vlToan« Khoa hpe (TheTrends in International Mathematic and Science Study - IIMSS), daac td chdc bdi Hi*( bpi qudc t l ve danh gia k i t qua giao due fTh International Association for the Evaluation o Educational Achievement - lEA) danh gia cac tn6i Toan, Khoa bpc t h e o chuong trinh gido due Idp' va ldp 8; 3) o a n h gia qudc gia v l su phat trien cu giao due (The National Assessment of Edueationl Progress - NAEP) tai Hoa Ki tap trung danh gia d m d n Toan, Ope h i l u , Khoa hpc, Viet luan, Ngh thuat, Giao due edng dan, Kinh te, Oia li, va Lichi Hoa Ki d cac ldp 4, va 12; 4) Chuong trinh dan gia hoc sinh Canada (Pan-Canadian Assessmei Program - PCAP) danh gia dinh ki ve tit NGHIEN CIJU Q |ian, Ooc, Vilt va khoa hpc cua hpe sinh Ida tudi nhan td khac anh hudng triic t i l p tdi giao due (su tai cac tinh va vung lanh thd cua Canada 5) Tai khac bidt v l van hda, kinh t l vung miln, cac djeh jstralia cd chuong trinh danh gia qudc gia vIDpc, vu hay dau tu giao due) Ngoai danh gia kit qua diia tren danh gia cac I t va Tinh toan (National Assessment Program teracy and Numeracy- NAPLAN) eho hpe sinh cae mat giao due cua hoc sinh, nhdng nam vUa p 3, 5, va 9; 6) Han Qudc sif dung cac bai Test qua Viet Nam cung da t i l n hanh danh gia cae cau luan hda (SAT) eua Hoa Ki va cai tien, dilu ehinh phin khac cua giao due nhU: danh gia ddi ngu nha ? ndi dia hda cho cac ki danh gia thudng xuyen giao va can bd quan li giao due, danh gia chuang ;i qudc gia Mot sd nude khac eung cd cae chuong trinh giao due va tUng mUc dd va quy md ;;nh danh gia kit qua giao diic ridng eua minh khac v l ehinh sach giao due, ehuong trinh ic chuang trinh danh gia cd nhdng ehuan, mdn hpe, co sd vat chit, thiet bj, dd dung day hpe .'u ehi ridng nhung d i u tap trung tang eudng O l hdi nhap qudc t l , mpt sd danh gia kit qua hpe inh gia v l nang life eua hpc sinh va cbu ylu la tap eua hpc sinh giai doan hidn cung da lc nang lue Ooc, Vilt, Toan va Khoa hpc thdng qua sd dung, thieh Ung eae xu hudng eua mdt sd nude ^c thu thap cac bing chdng, thudng la kit qua hay td chUe v l danh gia kit qua giao diie nhu NAEP, ;e bai kilm tra, bai thi chU chua phai la ludng PISA, PASEC va READ loa hpe tUtdng hpp tat ea cac ylu td, cau phin cd Rd rang, danh gia kit qua hpe tap eua hpe )h hudng tdi kit qua giao due de tU ed the dUa sinh la mpt phin cua danh gia kit qua giao due mdt sd nhan djnh v l kit qua thue hien eae mue Tuy nhidn, danh gia giao due la van de cd tinh bao iu giao due Do dd, du da ed nhCfng tien bd nhanh trum va cin xem xet d nhilu td khac cua giao ldng nhd hdi nhap giao due qudc t l nhung cho due nhu qua trinh day hpc, chuong trinh, quan li in danh gia kit qua giao diic cua hpe sinh giao diie va td khae nhU d i u tU hay cac djch in the gidi vin la van d l nghiln edu trpng tam vii giao due Oanh gia giao due gin ddy eua •a t i t ca cac nude Viet Nam dupe thiic hidn da ehu y d i n ei danh gia , Ndi dung danh gia giao due la vin d l cin chuang trinh, danh gia v l vide day eua giao vidn, fpe xem xdt mdt each toan dien giai doan v l quan ligiao due, ve eae ehinh saeh va cac ylu td Jn Viet Nam Cbo d i n nay, da sd cac nha khac anh hudng tdi chat lupng giao due O l danh So due vSn thudng sddiing nhdng thdng tin eua gia giao due mpt each khach quan va bao dam dd nh gia kit qua hpe tap cua hpc sinh la chu ylu tin eay cung nhu gia trj thi cin phai tap trung vao i ndi v l kit qua va chat lUpng giao due Hon t h i 04 ndi dung chinh sau: Oanh gia chuong trinh giao fa, kit q u i hpe tap cua hpc sinh cung thudng due; Oanh gia kit qua day va hpe; Oanh gia quan li rpe xem xdt, phin Idn cbi dtia vao kit qua cua giao due va danh gia cac yeu td khae anh hudng tdi c bai kilm tra hoac thi vdi cac he sd khae chit luang giao due (van hda, diu tu va cac djch vu tim dilm sd trung binh eua nam hpc cho mdi giao due) ic sinh Vi du: hpc sinh cua mdt trudng thi Vai tro cua danh gia giao due nang t nghidp dat dilm cao hay cd nhilu hpc sinh dd cao chat lUdng giao due o dai hpe, cao ding thi trudng dd tbudng dupe Chit lupng giao diic la nhifng dae dilm tdt ma nh gia la giao due cd chat lUong va la trudng giao diic dat dupe vdi ehuan d mde cao dupe ghi io diie tdt khdng cin xem xet tdi ylu td d i u vao nhan thdng qua pham chat tdt va gia trj eiia cac JC sinh, giao vidn, ca sd vat chat, d i u tu, kinh phin co ban giao due nhu ngudi hpc, i) hoac eae ylu td anh hudng khac giao ngudi day, mdi trudng giao due, cac chuang trinh c nhu: ehinh sach eua dja phuong, vj tri dja li, giao due, dao tao, cac djch vu giao due 'u kidn kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, eo sd ting, Oanh gia kit qua giao due thudng dUa vao n tri oanh gia giao dtJc, tbudng dUpc hieu mue dich giao diic va cd nhdng su thay ddi nhat ng nghia vdi danh gia bpc sinh thdng qua xem djnh theo eae thdi ki Nam 1998, Luat Giao due nang ltic dat dupe cua hpc sinh d mdt sd npi dupe Qudc hdi thdng qua va mue tidu giao due la: ng giao diic nhit djnb nbU hanh kiem va hpc oao tao ngudi Viet Nam phat triln toan dien, ehu kbdng phai la cae mat giao due gdm: dUc, cd dao dUc, tri thUe, sUc khoe, tham my va nghi t h i , my va hudng nghidp ddng thdi eung ehua nghiep, trung vdi li tUdng ddc lap dan tde n xet tdi chuang trinh, quan li giao due va eae va ehu nghia xa hdi; hinb va bdi dudng nhan sti 77-THANG 2/2012* 19 Q NGHIEN CUU each, pham c h i t va nang lire cua edng dan, dap Ung ydu c i u xay d u n g va bao vd Td qudc Luat Giao due da dupe bd sung, sda ddi vao nam 2005 va 2009 nhung muc tieu giao diJc v i n dupc gid nguyen So vdi trudc cd Luat Giao due thi cac mat giao due v l dUc, tri, the, mi dupc g i d nguyen Ridng giao due lao ddng duoc chuyen giao due djnh hudng nghe nghiep o a n h gia k i t qua giao due la mdt cau p h i n khdng the thidu cua giao diic va d d n g vai trd quan trong cai thidn chat luang giao due Oieu dupc t h i hien cu t h i cac mdi quan he cua danh gia giao due vdi cae c i u p h i n khac cua giao due a) M6: quan he gida ddnh gid vdi muc tiiu gido due Muc tieu giao due thuOng dupc quy djnh cac van ban phap quy n h u luat hoac cac van ban dudi luat cae mue tieu cd muc tidu chung va mue tieu eu the cho tUng eap/ldp hpc va cho cac ddi tuong ngudi hpc khac Muc tidu dupc xay difng tai thdi d i t rn nhat djnh ehinh la nhung mong dpi cua xa hdi ddi vdi san pham cua giao due tUng giai doan phat t r i l n cu t h i cua xa hpi Trong dd, xa hdi vdn ludn ludn thay ddi va ed nhCTng b i l n ehuyen r i t khd ludng trudc, k l c i vdi nhdng nha tien tri Idi lac n h i t Do dd, muc tieu giao due n l u khdng kip thay ddi theo tiii se khdng the dap Ung dupc nhu e i u thuc t i l n eiia xa bdi Oanh gia muc tidu giao due kip thdi d l dUa nhdng k i t luan cd tinb chien lupe se giup eai thien va djnh hudng dung cho cac boat ddng giao due n h i m dua dupc nhdng sin pharr phii hpp vdi ydu e i u cua sU phat t r i l n xa hdl Ngoai danh gia muc tidu giao diie difa tren nhdng co sd khach quan cung cd t h i sd dua dupe nhCfng d u bao, djnh hudng eho giao due cac giai doan tiep theo b) l\A6i quan he va': chaang trinh gido due Chuong trinh giao due dupc xay dting n h i m thtic hidn cac mue tieu giao due Tuy nhidn, cd nhifng y l u td anh hudng khac ndn n h i l u chuang trinh tdi Uu dupc chpn lUa m d t t h d i d i l m se khdng edn phu hpp cho vide dap Ung miic tieu giao due cd nhufng thay ddi cua xa hdi (ke ca d nude va nude ngoai) Vi vay, viee danh gia chuong trinh giao due kip thdi de dUa nhu'ng k i t luan va k h u y i n nghi ehinh xae, d u n g lue se g d p phan c i i thidn c h i t lupng giao due, dap Ung muc tieu giao due c) Moi quan hi vdi qud trinh gido due 20 • KHOA HQC SUO OyC Giao due la mdt qua trinh va danh gia giao dtJc cung can theo sat sudt qua trinh dd Oieu St ed nghia la danh gia giao due c i n dupc tien hanh d moi thdi d i l m can thiet Oanh gia dau vaod^ xac dinh eae y l u td, d u lieu khdi d i u va dua cac chuan doan, k h u y i n nghi djnh hudng d l dat muc tieu, danh gia dau d l k i t luan v l k i t qua dat dupc so vdi mue tidu va danh gia qua trinh nhim kjp thdi phat hidn n h d n g y l u td tich etie hoac tieu cue cd t h i anh hudng tdi vide dat miie tidu de dua cac k h u y i n eao kip t h d i cho sU d i l u ehinh, thay ddi c i n thiet, kjp thdi giao diJC (ke ca muc tieu va chuong trinh) c) Mdi quan he vdi phaang phdp dgy hgc Phuang phap day hpc ludn ed quan he chat chd vdi mpi t h a n h t d eua giao diie n h u muc tieu, chUPng trinh, npi d u n g chuang trinh, tai lieu, cic dich vu giao due va dac bidt la vdi danh gia ket q u i giao due TU trudc den nay, phuong phap day hpc t h u d n g ludn b i l n ddi d l phu hop vdi danh gia giao due, nbat la t r o n g danh gia k i t qua hpe tap Rd rang la k i l m tra hoac t h i t h e nao thi sd day va hpe se theo each t u a n g Ung n h u t h i Sd khdng co giao vidn nao day hpc sinh lam bai theo kieu tif luan hoac hpe t h u p c Idng ma d l thi dupc theo dang t r i e n g h i d m khach quan va ngupc lai Tat nhidn p h u a n g phap day bpc cdn phu thu6c vao n h i l u y l u t d khac n b u muc dich, ehuong trinh, ndi d u n g , sacb giao khoa, tai lieu day hpc, phuong tidn n h u n g c h i c c h i n sd khdng the dat dupc muc tidu thay d d i p h u o n g phap day hpc neu khdng ddi mdi each d a n h gia k i t qua giap due,VI vay, ed the ndi, d d i m d i danh gia k i t qua giao due la nhan t d quan t r p n g t r o n g ddi m d i phuong phip day hpc d) Moi quan hi vdi cdc dich vu gido due cac djch vu giao due cd vai trd quan trpng vide bao d a m chat luong giao due Oanh g\i cac djch vu thupc cac linh vUc nhU: dao tao, boi dudng, td chUe tbi cap chUng chi, b i n g hay cic djch vu t u v i n giao due, t h d n g tin giao due, kinh t l giao due, tai lieu, thiet bj, dd dung ddng vai trd quan trpng vide dUa cac k i t luan giup eho eae nha quan li giao due, eae nha lam ehinh sich giao dtJc, nha trudng, gia dinh va xa hdi nhdng cO sd, dU lieu de cd nhdng q u y l t dinh dung, kjp thdi n h i m dat muc tieu giao due N l u danh gia cac dich vu dagc thuc hidn tdt thi cae hidn t u o n g md ldp tran lan, cap chdng chi bUa bai, td chUc hpe thlin ngoai chuang trinh cung n h u cae sach tham khio NGHIEN CUU Q hidn cac ehiln luoc qudc gia, dae biet la bao dam giao due ed chit lupng va dao tao ngudn nhan lupng dap Ung dupe edng eupe edng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda va chu ddng hdi nhap qudc te cua d i t nudc Oanh gia dung t i m quan trpng, vai trd cua danh gia giao diic va xay dting chuyen nganh danh gia giao due la nhu ciu cap thiet cua giao diic Vidt Nam ed it gia tri, gay nhidu cho giao vien, phu huynh va hpe sinh se dupe giam thieu rat nhieu Do dd, danh gia dich VII giao due la npi dung khdng the thilu danh gia kit qua giao due Ngoai danh gia eae dich vii giao diic, nhdng ehUng mifc nhit djnh, danh gia giao diic ed the xem xet ea cac yeu td tae ddng den kit qua giao due cua hpc sinh nhu su kit hpp eua cae ban nganh, doan t h i vdi giao due, van hda, phong tue, tap quan dja phuong hay tin ngudng cua hpe sinh/ nhdm hpe sinh Tim cac nguyen nhan nhdng ylu td tac dpng d i n cae ttiu hoac han c b l cua kit qua giao diic va dUa cac giai phap phat buy/khic phue nhim nang cao chit luong giao dijc la mdt nhdng nhidm vu Uu tien eua danh gia giao due TAILIEU THAM KHAO: Vien KHGDVN, 2011, Ddnh gid kit qud hgc tap cua hgc sinh thdng -Mpt so vdn de li ludn vd thgc tiin, NXBGO Salvia, Ysseldyke with Bolt, 2007, Assessment In Special and Inclusive Education, 10"' Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston* New York Tdm lai, danh gia giao due ein dupe ehu trpng hpn nCra giai doan hidn d l cd t h i dua mdt bUe tranh toan eanh v l tbiic trang cua giao due tuong quan vdi cac linh vUe khac cua xa hdi hidn tai va cd the dti bao, d l xuit cae djnh hudng phat triln t i l p theo nhim bao d i m thue SUMMARY This article addresses the education assessment The author analyzes alms, roles and contents of education assessment while proposing that education assessment shall be paid more attention llllllllllMllllllllllllllMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMlllllllllMlllllllllllMlllllllllMllllllllllMllllllMlllllllllllllIlM BAY GIAI PHAP DOI Mflll GIAO DUC Tuy nhidn, cho d i n nay, ehua mdt tinb, 'phd nao ea nudc ap dung mUc hpe phi mdi va 'xhinh sacb hd trp kinh phi cho hd ngbdo de cd dilu iWdn dua eon tdi trUdng Theo ehung tdi, Bd GDOT f'zan khao sat thtic t l de danh gia dung nguydn nhan Kcua tinh trang nay, tU dd trinh eo quan ed tham jquyin hoan thidn eae giai phap neu O l an, tao »:3ilu kiln phattrilnsii nghidp GD Doi mdi kinh te - xa hpi, tao moi trddng 'hudn lai dithi/e hien doi mdi CD f Nguydn nhan sau xa nhat ban cbl chat lupng )rJD ciia nudc ta la nin kinh t l va tbj trudng lao ddng K:hUa tao dupe sUc hip dan va ap ltic bupc GD pbai ((bay ddi Mot nin kinh t l dtia trdn lip rap, gia cdng, (ibai khoang, ndng nghidp cd truyin eung djeh vu jjiha hang, khach san, mua ban dit dai tbi khdng ; i n cac cd nhan va kl su xuat sic Bdn eanh dd, nin ,;inh te, nhat la khu vifc kinh t l nha nUdc, chUa van jiianh theo dung quy luat kinh t l thi trudng, tU dd Ai mdt thj trudng lao dpng kbdng cdng bing va (.ndt nin GD Ung thi, di hpe ehi edt liy bing nhim (lap Ung 'tidu chuan can bd", chU khdng can thtic ijpc Cho nen, mudn cai thidn chit luong GD thi jjlha nude phai day manh eai each kinh t l va ddi mdi (Tiep theo trang 5) chinh sach tuyin diing, sif dung can bd; diy manh cudc diu tranh chdng tham nhung, xay dung nip sdng van hoa manh, nhan ai, tao mdi trudng xa hpi tich cue d l hinh va phat triln nhan each tdt dep cho tudi tre hpc dudng Ddi mdi mdt linh viie rdng Idn nhuGD khdng phai de dang, nhung dd la edng vide nhit thilt phai lam de thifc hidn Udc nguydn dUa dan tde ta "bude tdi dai vinh quang, sanh vai eung eae eudng qudc nam chau" nhu Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh da ndi bUe thugUi hpc sinh nhan khai trudng diu tidn eua nudc Viet Nam mdi SUMMARY The authors believe that for the basic and comprehensive innovation of education in Vietnam there shall be measures: I change of education philosophy; change of education system structure; Innovation of educational contents and methods; innovation of teachings staff development; innovation of education administration; innovation of education financing; Socio-economic changes facilitating education innovation Sti77-THANG2/2012>21 ... trudng thi Vai tro cua danh gia giao due nang t nghidp dat dilm cao hay cd nhilu hpc sinh dd cao chat lUdng giao due o dai hpe, cao ding thi trudng dd tbudng dupe Chit lupng giao diic la nhifng... dae dilm tdt ma nh gia la giao due cd chat lUong va la trudng giao diic dat dupe vdi ehuan d mde cao dupe ghi io diie tdt khdng cin xem xet tdi ylu td d i u vao nhan thdng qua pham chat tdt va... cae ttiu hoac han c b l cua kit qua giao diic va dUa cac giai phap phat buy/khic phue nhim nang cao chit luong giao dijc la mdt nhdng nhidm vu Uu tien eua danh gia giao due TAILIEU THAM KHAO: