NGON N G C S6l 2012 VE VAN DE DAY HOC PHAN PHONG CACH NGON NGU* TRONG CHlTONG TRINH NGU* VAN TRUNG HQC PHO THONG TS VtJ THI SAO CHI Phong cich ngdn ngfl (PCNN) li mdt trong nhflng ming kiln thfle CO b[.]
NGON N G C S6l 2012 VE VAN DE DAY HOC PHAN PHONG CACH NGON NGU* TRONG CHlTONG TRINH NGU* VAN TRUNG HQC PHO THONG TS VtJ THI SAO CHI Phong cich ngdn ngfl (PCNN) li mdt nhflng ming kiln thfle CO bin efla tilng Vift thyc hinh di dupe dua vio ehuong tiinh giing dgy ngfl vin d bfic trung hpc thdng (THPT) ttong nhflng nim qua Sau nhieu lin cii cich giio dye vi thay sich giio khoa (SGK), cic bii dgy hpc vl tilng Vift ndi ehung vi PCNN ndi rifng d cap hpc niy dfi cd sy eii tiln tich eye, nhifn vin cdn nhieu dilm cin phii xem xf t thf m Trong bii vilt niy, chiing tdi xin dua mpt sl y kiln ttao dii vl vifc dgy hpc phin PCNN, ttf n co sd bp SGK Ngft vdn hifn hinh, chuang trinh CO bin, cip THPT Quan nifm chung vl phong cich ngon ngfl* vi mye dich d^y hpc phong cich ngon ngii d trirdng phithdng Chflng ta diu biit ngdn ngft li mdt hf thong tin hifu dfic bift, rit phong phfl, da dgng vi tinh tl, bieu hifn d eho cflng mpt ndi dung, y nghia nhimg ed thi cd nhieu cich bieu dgt khic nhau, cho phfp ngudi sfl dyng lya chpn eie phuong tifn diln dgt phfl hpp theo y muln Vifc lya chpn cic phuong tifn ngdn ngft phu hpp cin phii cin eu vio cic ylu tl ngoii ngdn ngft nhu: nhan vfit' vai giao tiep (cic cuong vj xi hdi di dupe khii quit hda nhir nha ehinh tq, nhi khoa hpc, ngudi quin If, nhan vifn, giio vifn, hpc sinh, cha m?, cii, bgn bf, ); hoin cinh giao tilp (theo nghi thue hay khdng tiieo nghi thfle); dl tii vi mye dich giao tilp; each thfle giao tilp (trye tilp hay giin tilp, ndi hay vilt), (ed the tham khio thfm ttong [1], [2]) D I qui trinh giao tilp dgt hifu qui cao thi sy lya chpn, sfl dyng cic phucmg tifn ngdn ngfl thich flng vdi timg hoin canh vi dilu kifn giao tilp nhat dinh li hit sfle cin tiiilt Sy lya chpn ay khdng chl mang tinh ci nhfin ma cdn mang tinh cdng dong, tfnh xi hdi, phd quit, dupe Ifip lgi vi tri In dinh DO vfiy, moi cdng ding di hinh thinh nfn nhiing tfip quin lya chpn vi sfl dyng ngdn ngft cd tinh chit truyin thong, ttd thinh chuin mye chung efla toin xi hdi Tfl dd dinh hinh vi khu bift nhflng khudn mdu hay li kiiu cdch sfl dyng phuong tifn ngdn ngft mang dfic trung rifng dl tgo nfn nhftng lap vdn bdn tiiu biiu, thfch flng vdi timg linh vyc, phgm vi, difu kifn giao tilp nhit dinh 40 Nhflng khudn miu hay kilu cich sfl dyng Ihuong tifn ngdn ngfl mang dfic tnmgrifng(dgng ton tgi efla ngdn ngft) thfch ung vdi tflng Imh vye, phgm vi, difu Idfn giaotiepnhat dinh dupe gpi li cic phong cdch ngdn ngO hay cic phong edch chirc ndng ngdn ngO Nhin ehung, theo tif u chf chflc ning ngdn ngfl, cic nhi Vift ngfl hpc da phan bift tilng Vift phong each eo bin: 1) Phong cich ngdn ngft sinh hogt; 2) Phong cich ngdn ngft nghf thufit; 3) Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc; 4) Phong eich ngdn ngft bio chi; 5) Phong cich agaa ngft chinh lufin; 6) Phong cich ngdn ngft hinh chfnh (chi tilt hon cd thi tham khio cic tii lifu [1], [2], [3], [4], [6]) Ngon ngfir so n&m 2012 Phin PCNN dupe bit dau trien khai tfl cip trung hpc eo sd, nhung nhin ehung mdi chi mang tfnh chat gidi thifu so bd dudi hinh thiic HS budc diu tifp cfin, nhfin difn vi hinh iih|n thuc vl cic Idp vin bin tif u bilu efla cic PCNN (vin ban hinh chfnh, vin ban nghf thugt, vin bin khoa hpc ) Phai din c ^ THPT, phin PCNN mdi dupe triln khai mpt eich cd hf thdng vi day dfl hon, vi d giai dogn niy HS di tich Ifiy dupe vin tfl ngft nhit dinh, dupe trang bi eie Iciln thuc ve eich diing tfl, viet eau, tgo l|p dogn vin, vin bin, tfle li eie em di dupe chuin bj diiu ki^n cdn thiit dk CO the lua chpn va sir dyng c&cphuaD tifn ngdn ngft phfl hpp trongtiinghoin cinh, Imh vyc giao tilp Theo myetifu giio dye eiia cip Trudc day, d cip THPT, chuong hpc phd thdng thi vifc dgy hpc tilng trinh ngfl vin cu ed sy tich bgch Vift ndi dnmg, PCNN ndirifng,khdng phfin mdn bp SGK: Vfin hpc, nhim giq) hpc sinh (HS) nghien ciru Tilng Vift, Lim vin Rifng phan mdn vi tiing Viit hay vi PCNN tiing Tilng Vift ehi dupe triln khai d hai Viit mi dilu trpng ylu nhit li giflp Idp 10 va 11 Chuong tiinh Tilng Vift HS su dung tiing Viit dung ehudn Idp 10 chu trpng vio phin ngft phip, tiing Unh vytc, phgm vi giao tiip,cdn phin PCNN dupe phin bo t|p ciing ed nghia li sit dung tiing Viit trung d lop 11 Sy phin phii ehuong dgt hiiu qud Vi theo nhu sy nhin trinh ed tfnh eye bd nhu vfiy di hgn nhfin thi thye chit efla vifc dgy i che ding kl ning tilp thu vi vfin hpc PCNN chfnh li dgy hpc cdch lif a dyng kiln thue d HS Chuong tiinh chpn vd sit dying vdn ngft li?u cd sdn Ngft vin eai cich hifn hinh khdng vao hogt dpng giao tiip, nhdt tich bift phan mdn Vin hpc - Tieng Id vao viic tgo Igp cdc Idp vdn Vift - Lam vin nhu trudc mi gdp vio bdn thich ting vdi timg Unh vytc, phtfm mpt bp SGK chung, phin PCNN cflng vi, diiu kiin giao tiip cu thi dupe rai deu ttong ci lop efla cip Vifc dfy hpc phan phong cich ngon ngft chmmg trinh ngfir v&n trung hpc thong hifn hinh 2.1 Ve sy phan phii ndi dung chuang trinh hpc Cy thf li: - Chuang Uinh Idp 10 gom cic bii: Phong eich ngdn ngfl sinh hogt (hpc ki I); Phong eich ngdn ngft nghf tiiufit (hpc ki 11) Cic bii hpc cd lifn quan din PCNN gom: Hogt dpng giao Vivlndl tilp bing ngdn ngft (hpc kl I); Dfic diem efla ngdn ngft ndi vi ngdn ngft vilt (hpc ki I) - Chucmg trinh Idp 11 gIm eie bii: Phong eich ngdn ngft bio chf (hpc ki I); phong eich ngdn ngft chfnh lufin (hpc kl II) Cic bii hpc ed lifn quan den PCNN gom: Tfl ngdn ngft chung din ldi ndi ci nhfin (hpc ki I); Bin tin vi luyfn t|p vilt bin tin (hpc ki I); Phdng vin vi tti ldi phdng vin (hpc kl I), luyf n tip phdng vin vi tti ldi phdng vin (hpc kl I) - Chuong trinh Idp 12 gom cic bii: Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc (hpc ki I), phong eich ngdn ngft hinh chfnh (hpc kl II) Cic bii cd lifn quan gIm: Vin bin ting kit (hpc ki II) Nhu vfiv, ed till nhfin tiiiy rat rd sy phan phdi, dilu tilt diu dfin cic bii hpc vl PCNN ttong toin bp ehuong trinh efla cip hpc vi dupe xen kg vdi cic bii vl ngfl Im, ngfl phip, ngfl nghia, ngft dyng ciing nhu cic bii vl tic phim vin hpc, vin bin nhfit dyng, vfin bin nghj lufin Dilu niy di thi hifn quan diem coi dgy hpc li mdt qui trinh tich luy din kiln thfle vi phuong chim tieh hpp kiln thuc giing dgy b^ mdn Ngft vin 2.2 v l ndi dung kiln thfle 41 thfm mye Cdc phucmg tiin diin dgt (cua phong cich ngdn ngfl dupe xft) Mfie dfl cuoi mii bii hpe deu cd phin luyfn tgp, nhung cd thi ndi SGK mdi ehi eung cip cic kien thfle ea bin ve moi PCNN mi chua ehfl y tdi Id ning v|n dyng cae kiln thfle dd vio ttong hoat dpng giao tilp eiia ngudi hpe dupe thi hifn d npi dtmg: Cdn lyea chpn vd sit dung cdc phucmg tiin ngdn ngO mdi PCNN nhu thi ndo? Mfie dfl dfiy li mdt hai mye dich chfnh dfit (kit qui can dgt) d moi bii hpc Mpt difu ding luu tfim li hifn d cip THPT song song hifn hinh hai bd SGK Ngfl vfin co bin vi nang cao dinh eho cic doi tupng dgy hpe khac Chflng tdi hit sfle bin khoin doi chilu SGK efla hai chucmg trinh niy vi nhfin thiy giiia chiing cd nhflng sy khic bift nhat dinh, thilu thing nhat ve npi dung kien thue "khung" Ching hgn, ve cic dfic tnmg CO bin efla PCNN nghf tiiu|t, SGK chuong trinh co bin nfu: "Phong cich nghf thu|t cd ba dfic tnmg ca bin: tuih hinh tupng, tinh truyin cim, tinh ci till hda" (A(g£f vdn 10, T ^ 2, tt 98 101), nhung theo SGK chucmg trinh nang cao thi PCNN nghf thufit cd eie dfic dilm chung (dfic trung co ban) la: tuih tiiim ml, tinh da nghia, diu an rifng efla tic gii (NgO vdn 10 - ndng eao, Tfip 2, tt 21-22) Hay tiinh biy tfnh chit cy till eua PCNN sinh hogt, eich hifu dupe dua d hai cuon SGK niy cung rat khic nhau, cytillla: Xem xft npi dung kiln thuc eie bii hpc vl PCNNtiiongSGK Ngft vin THPT chuong tiinh ca bin, ehung tdi nhfin thiy, nhin chung eie don vi kiln thurc dupe dua vi trien khai ttong mii bii gIm: 1) Gidi thifu Idp vin 1) Trong SGK chuongtiinhco ban: bin tifu bilu vi ngdn ngfttiifchflng; 2) Dfic tnmg co bin efla phong eich "Ngdn ngft sinh hogt ed tinh cy ngdn ngfl dupe xft Rifng cic bii the Trong dogn hpi thogi di dan (tfle Phong cdch ngdn ngO bdo cM\i Phong till dy d mye tten - VTSC),tinhcy till cdch ngdn ngft chinh lugn thi cd dua bieu hifn d cic mfit sau day: Ngon ngfl' s6 nSm 2012 42 d SGK chuong tiinh co bin, tinh cv thi eua PCNN sinh hogt dupe giii thich li: cd hoan cinh giao tiep (dia - Cd ngudi ndi cy the (Ltm, Himg dilm, thdi gian) cy the, ed nhin v|t Huang, mf Huang, dng hdng xdm) giao tilp (ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe) cy Cd ngudi nghe cy thi (Lan, thi, cd dich ldi ndi cy thi vi cd cich Hiing ndi vdi Huang, mf Huang ndi dien dgt cy thi Neu quan nifm vl tinh eu thi cua ngdn ngft nhu thi till vdi Lan, Himg, ) Cd dich ldi ndi cy thi (Lan, khich quan mi ndi, khdng chi ed PCNN smh hogt mi cic PCNN khic cfing Hiing gpi Huang di hpc; mf Huang cd tinh cy till nhu v|y bdi mpi trudng khuyin Lan, Himg ) hpp giao tilp ndi chung diu xie dinh - Cd eich dien dgt cy thi qua vifc rd ve hoan cinh giao tiep, nhan vfit dflng tii ngft (kfm theo ngft difu) phfl giao tiep, mye dieh giao tiep Thyc hpp vdi dii thogi: tfl ngft hd gpi (ai), can phai hifu tinh cu thi cim ngdn khuyf n bio thfin mfit (khi chii), cam ngft sinh hogt hing ngiy (ttong the doin, quit ngt (ldm gi md ), cich doi l|p vditinhkhdi qudt, triiu tupng) vi von, mif u ti (chgm nhu riia, Igch la d tinh chit sinh dpng, giiu am tiianh, hinh anh, sic miu; thfl ngdn ngfl cd bd Igch bgch) khd ndng ldm hiin hiin cy thi (nhu Nhu vfiy, diu hifu dfic tiimg thfl cd thi eim nhfin dupe bing trye giic) nhit efla phong eich ngdn ngfl sinh sy vfit, sy vifc cflng nhu tam trgng, hogt litinhcytill:cy till ve hoin canh, thai dp, tinh cim,tiifimchf ci tfnh efla vl ngudi vi vl cich ndi ning, tu ngudi ttong cupc Ching hgn cic tfl ngfl, dien dgt." ngft in dirng ttong thf dy dudi day: (NgOvdn 10,T$p\,tr 125) - Nhanh lin ehu Bio! Cii ci dam 2) Trong SGK ehuong trinh nang thi ndy thi din tit Tfiy mdi xong Khdng cao: kheo trupt vd chuoi mat thdi! 'Thong cich ngdn ngft sinh hogt Cdn y giii thich "cich dien dgt khdng diing nhftng lii ndi trim tupng, cy thf qua vifc dung tfl ngft (kfm theo chung chung mi ua chupng nhihig loi ngft difu) phfl hpp vdi doi thogi: " ndi sinh ddng, cy till Dd li ldi ndi (chflng tdi nhan mgnh VTSC) till giiu am thanh, miu sic, mang dau fin dflng hon li bilu hifn eflatinhkhdu rd rft efla nhiing tinh huong giao tiep ngft (phit ngdn efla mifng, ung biln hing ngiy, dl giy an tupng Thi dy linh hogt, ty nhifn vi thudng khdng (ldi dng li truyf n Tinh thdn thi dupe chuan bi trudc nfn khdng cd dyic efla Nguyen Cdng Hoan): tfnh ttau chudt, gpt giua) Hi diia ndo lao, cii dinh sic Chflng tdi ding tiiufin hon vdi tilt chung nd ra, tpi vg dng chfu cich gjaitiiichvetinhcyi thi efla PCNN - Cd dia dilm vi thdi gian cy the (budi trua, khu tgp thi) « (NgO vdn 10 - nang cao, Tfip 1, tt 220) sinh hoat d SGK chuong trinh ning cao Nhflng sy khic bift, tiiilu tiling nhit ve tii thuc nhu cic trudng hpp Vivlndi trfn d hai cuin SGK - co bin vi nang cao - khdng phii li ft Vdi cic sich tham khio hay sich nghifn curu chuyfn siu till hifn tupng niy li binh thudng vi cd till chip nhfin quan dilm efla nhiing ngudi vilt sich khdng dong nhit, ngudi dpe cung ed thi tan thinh hay khdng tin thinli vdi saeh niy hofie sich Tuy nhifn, ttong trudng hpp cflng li SGK hifn hinh (mang tfnh phip Ifnh vdi ei ngudi dgy vi ngudi hpc), dfl thupc hai chucmg trinh khic eo bin vi ning cao, thi sy "vfnh" vl kiln thiic "khung" nhu v|y cin phii dupe xem xft lgi Bdi Ig dieu niy sg rit dl gfiy nhflng nghi ngd, bin khoin, thic mie d ngudi dgy vi ngudi hpe: Kiln thfle nio li chuin? Vi sy khing dinh ndi dung kiln thfle efla euln SGK niy ciing sg ding thdi li sy phfl nhfin dii vdi ndi dung kiln thfle efla euln SGK Theo chiing tdi (vi cd Ig eung li quan dilm ehung efla nhiing ngudi lim giio dye), SGK chucmg trinh co bin vi ehuong tiinh ning eao cd thi khic d mfle dd triln khai kilntiiflcndng - sau, rpng h?p, nhung cin phii ed sy thong nhit vl kiln thfle khung, chuin 43 budc khai lufm ve moi PCNN ttong nhfin thue efla HS Tuy nhifn, cich tiiflc tiiln khai tieh bift vin de vdi cae phin mye rifng di khiln eho ndi dung kif n thfle dgy hpe efla timg bii ttd nfn "dd sp" hda, ding thdi tan mgn, khd t|p trung, xfiu chuoi de di dfn vin df ttpng tfim li khdi niim timg phong cdch ngdn ngO Ching hgn, d bii Phong cdch ngdn ngO khoa hpc, ndi dung kien thfle dupe trien khai vdi cic mye nhu sau: I Vin ban khoa hpc vi ngdn ngft khoa hpc Vin bin khoa hpc Ngdn ngft khoa hpe II Dfic trung efla phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc Tinh khai quit trim tupng Tinh li tri Id gic Tinh khich quan, phi ei the (NgO vdn 12, Tfip 1, tt 71-76) Cfl theo nhu eich dua vi triln khai vin de nhu vgy, cflng vdi sy quan sat ciia chiing tdi vl cic gid dgy hpe 2.3 v l cich Ihflc triln khai npi dung tifn tiiyc te till giio vifn (GV) vi HS Hiu hit eie bii ve PCNN ttong dfi phii loay hoay, eh|t v|t phfin tich SGK Ngfl vin THPT chuang tiinh co dl nit sy hilu biit vl khii nifm: bin deu dua phan tieh vin df cd vdn bdn khoa hpc, ngdn ngO khoa lifn quan: vdn ban - ngdn ngO - dde hpc, dgc trung ciia phong cdch ngdn trung phong cdch ngdn ngO (ching ngO khoa hpe Nhung roi kit eye vin hgn: vin bin khoa hpe - ngdn ngfl khoa de trpng tam efla bii hpc: Phong cdch hpc - dfic trung efla phong cich ngdn ngdn ngO khoa hpc Id gi? Cdn lyta ngft khoa hpc; vin bin chfnh lufin - chpn vd sit dung cdc phucmgtiinngdn ngdn ngft chfnh lufin - dfic trung efla ngO nhu thi ndo cho diing phong cdch phong cich ngdn ngft chfnh lufin; ) vdn bdn khoa hpc? thi ei ngudi Chflng tdi hilu ring tfl vin dl niy, dgy va ngudi hpe vin cdn rat mfl md, SGK hudng tdi vifc hinh thinh tittig chua cd dupe ldi giii dip thda ding 44 Ngon ngfl- so nim 2012 2) Yfu ciu ddi vdi vifc lya ch(;Hi vi su dyng ngdn ngft dio dung phong cich d npi dung niy can giiq) eho HS Trudc thyctiendang dien ra, vdi nhfin thiy sy cin thiet efla vifc lya mong mudn cung diia se, thio gd nhflng chpn va sfl dyng tfl ngfl, kieu elu khd khin, vudng mie dgy hpe theo dflng phong eich ngdn ngfl Dd tieng Vift, chflng tdi xin dua mdt li yfu ciu bit budc sfl dyng ngdn vai y kifn nhd ve dgy hpe jrfian PCNN ngfl ttong giao tifp Dflng ngdn ngfl dflng phong cich sg dim bio dupe d cip THPT tfnh chuan mye ciia ldi ndi, dong thdi 3.1 Trong ehuong trinh ngfl vin nang cao hifu qui giao tilp Ngupe THPT, phin PCNN li mpt hf tiidng lgi, dflng ngdn ngfl sai phong eich sg kien thfle chfit chg, cd tinh dde Ifip khiln cho ldi ndi ttd nfn "lgc difu", tuong ddi, dong thdi ciing ed quan hf I^iin cam, jMn tac dyng dii vdi ngudi d miirc dd nhit dinh vdi cac hf thong nghe, ngudi dpc Cd till nfu cic thf kiln thfle khic Vl nguyfn tie, dy cy thf df hpc sinh dii chilu, so tiep cfin mdt hf thong, trudc tifn phai sanh thiy dupe nhihig khic bift niy cd sy bao quit tdng Ihl roi sau dd mdi Ching han: di vao timg thinh tl efla hf thong Do (a) Nhdn thdy nhOng kf in miy, vfiy, tiudc dgy cic bai hpc vl timg phong cich chflc nfing ngdn ngfl, rit in xin thudng gdy nin nhOng hinh can ed bii gidi thifu khii quit ve dnh nhech nhic, ban thiu va nhieu phong cich ngdn ngfl vdi nhiing ndi nhuong khdeh du ljch Yiu cdu cdc ca quan cd chiic ndng bit nhot cho dung eo bin lihu: ki hft di ddm bdo mi quan va trgt tu 1) Sy phan logi phong each chflc cho Le hpi Chiia Huang.^'^ ning ngdn ngft (b) Nhgn thdy nhOng ngudi hdnh O ndi dung tiudc hit cin gitp khdt thudng gdy nen nhOng hinh dnh cho HS thay dupe sy hinh thinh cic khdng dfp mdt vd lam dnh hudng tdi phong cich ngdn ngft li sy khdch du lich Yeu cdu cdc ca quan chi phoi efla cic yeu td: hoin cinh chac ndng cd bifn phdp xit liphit hpp giao tilp, nhan vfit giao tilp (hay ngudi vdi cdc ddi tupng di dam bdo ndi - ngudi nghe), mye dieh giao tilp, mi quan vd trat tu cho Li hpi Chiia df tii, npi dung giao tilp, cich thfle Huang^*^ giao tiep dan dfn yfu ciu phii lya Hai doan vin ttfn ed eiing ndi chpn vi su dyng eie phucmg tifn ngdn dungtiidngtinva cflngtiiupcvin bin ngfl cho phu hpp vdi timg Imh hanh chfnh nhung rd ring ngudi dpe vyc, phgm vi, dieu kifn giao tilp cy sg khdng till chap nhfin dupe dogn (a) tiif df dgt hifu qua cao nhit Sau dd, vifc su dyng tiiy tifn nhilu khiu gidi thifu cic phong cich chflc ning ngft thdng tuc (vin chi dupe dflng efla tilng Vift, cy till li ttong tifng ttpng phong eich ngdn ngft sinh hoat Vift cd sy phin bift phong cich hing ngay) khien cho ldi vin bit nhfi, chflc ning co bin tiiilu tinh vin hda, gpt gifla, lim mit Mpt so y kiln trao doi vl vifc dfy hpc phan phong cich ngdn ngfir or cap tmng hpc phi thong Vivlndl., di sy trang ttpng, nghifm tfle cfin cd doi vdi mdt vfin bin hinh chfnh 3.2 Ve vifc triln khai npi dung kiln thfle cic bii hpe vl tiing phong cich ngdn ngtt 45 - Phgm vi sfl dyng vi Idp vin ban tifu bilu efla phong eich - Nhan vfit giao tiep - Df tai, npi dung giao tilp - Mye dieh giao tilp Quy trinh giao tilp bing ngdn - Phuongtifndien dgt (ngdn ngfl) ngfl cd thi dupe khii quit nhu sau: Ngdn ngft (phuong tifn giao tilp d + Dgng ton tgi (ndi hofie vilt) dgng tilm ting)-> hogt ddng ldi ndi + Dfic tnmg (nfn nhin mgnh vio (vifc lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic phuong cic dfic trung co ban) tifn ngdn ngft)-> vin bin (sin phim cua hogt dpng giao tiep bing ngdn Tfl nhflng npi dimg kiln thfle cy ngft) Tuy nhifn vifc dgy hpc tilng thf trfn, GV hudng din HS nit sy Vift ndi ehung, PCNN ndirifng,khdng hifu bift can thift vl khii nifm PCNN phii li dgy nghifn curu vl tilng Vift, dupe xft Ching hgn, dgy bii PCNN mi li dgy hpe cich sfl dyng tieng Vift bio chi, sau nfu thf dy vi phfin cho dflng chuin mye phong eich tich theo cic tifu chf ndi dung dupe vi ed hifu qui Do vfiy trudc tifn can nfu tten day cd the nit ket lufin: dgy cho HS nim dupe "tifu chuin" Phong cdch ngdn ngO bdo chi efla timg phong cich, dl tfl dd biit cich lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic phucmg Id PCNN gptgiua dupe sU dung tifn ngdn ngft dflng vdi tflng phong phgm vi giao tiip thupc linh vyc thdng cich, nhit li tgo Ifip cic Idp vfin tin, quang cdo trin bdo, ddi truyin bin tifu bieu tiiude cic PCNN Tfl hinh - truyen Tiiu biiu cho dfiy cd thi hinh dung dupe ndi dung PCNN ndy Id Idp vdn bdn bdo chi vdi kien thuc cin dupe dgy - hpe d mSi cdc thi logi nhu bdn tin, phdng su, PCNN li: 1) Khii nifm vl tflng phong tiiu phdm, dupe cdc nhd bdo hay cich ngdn ngfl; 2) Cich lya chpn vi phdng vien tgo Igp di cung cdp cho sfl dyng eie phuong tifn ngdn ngft d dpe gid nhOngtintiic thai syt cgp nhdt mii phong cich (nhit tgo Ifip Idp vd cde ludng y kiin, du lugn xd hpi vin bin tifu bilu efla mii phong each) eung nhu chinh kiin cua td bdo ve vdn di thdi su dupe di cgp, nhdm ddu 3.2.1 v l vifc triln khai npi dung tranh eho su tiin bp xd hpi kiln thfle thu nhit: Khii nifm ve timg Phong each ngdn ngu bdo ehi phong cich ngdn ngft cd nhOng dgc tnmg ca bdn Id: tinh Dl hinh tiiinh d HS khai nifm vl mdt PCNN nhit dinh, cd till tiien thdng tin thdi su; tinh binh gid; tinh khai theo cich quy ngp: Gidi thifu thu hiit, tap trung Npi dung hgt nhan ttong khii mdt sl thi dy (nfn chpn eie vin ban tifu bieu cho PCNN dupe xgt) -> Hudng nifm moi PCNN li cic dfic trung co dan HS phfin tich, nhfin xettiiidy tifn ban cua PCNN (dfic diem tifu bilu, cac phucmg difn sau: ndi bat, giup khu bift PCNN dd vdi 46 Ngon ngjl" s l n&m 2012 cic PCNN khic) Cho nfn npi dung ml va giio dye, tinh h ^ din vi thuyet niy cin (Mi dupe triln khai siu Moi p^yc, tinh ngin gpn vi bieu eim [3] PCNN thudng ed nhilu dfic trung Sy dinh gia vf dfic tnmg co bin efla Trong cd nhiing dfic tnmg ndi b|t moi PCNN eiing cd till tiiay dii tiieo vi nhflng ( ^ diem it noi b|t hem Do timg giai doan lieh sfl phit trien cua vfiy, trinh biy khdng nfn kft lufin ngdn ngfl Thi dy: PCNN nghf thufit theo kifu "ddng khung", in dinh sd d thdi ki vin hpc tnmg dgi ed dfic difm lupng cic dfic trung eo bin ciia moi rat tifu bieu li tfnh chat hoa ml, cich pbong cich nhu SGK Ngft vin chuong difu, cau ki, khudn sio nhihig trinh CO bin, ching hgn: "Phong cich quy phgm, bifu tnmg, udc If; nhung nghf thufit cd ba dfic trung eo bin: sang thdi ki vin hpc h i ^ dgitillnhiing tfnh hinh tupng, tinh truyen cam, tfnh tinh chat iy khdng edn dupe xem li ci till hda" (NgOvdn 10, T ^ 1,tt.101); tifu chi CO bin PCNN nghf thufit d "Ngdn ngft bio chf edba dfic ttimg: " thdi ki hifn dgi ed thi rit dung di, sfl (Ngft vdn 11,1^ 1, tt 144); "Phong dyng nhieu chit lifu tfl ngdn ngft sinh cich ngdn ngft ehinh lufin ed ba dfic hogt hing ngiy tnmg eo bin: tfnh cdng khai ve quan Khi mpt PCNN cd nhilu d^ ttung dilm chfnh tij, tfnh chfit chg dien thi vifc trinh biy cic dfic tmng nfn dgt vi suy tufin, tfnh trtQ^ cim, tiuiyet sip xIp theo trinh ty giim din ve mfle phye" (NgO vdn 11, T|p 2, tt 108); dp quan trpng: dfic tiamg tifu bilu nii "Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc cd bat can dupe neu tiudc vi di sfiu phan ba dfic trung co bin: tfnh khii quit, ti'ch; die trung it noi bgt hon thi ed ttim tupng;tinhh' tri, Idgic;tinhkhich thf gidi thifu ludt qua Mfle dd phan quan, jAi ci till" (N^ vdn 12, T|p 1, tieh cic dfic trung ndng hay siu, rdng tt 73);" phong cich hinh chfnh cd hay h^, sg dupe hgn dinh tiiudc ba dfic tnmg co bin: tfnh khudn mau, vio ddi tupng dgy hpc (dgi tii hay tinh minh xie, tinh cdng vy" (NgO nang cao) Do vfiy vifc xie dinh dfic vdn 12, Tip 2, tt 170) Bdi Ig,tiigdc trung CO ban efla mpt PCNN li hit dd Idiic ciia moi nhi nghifn cflu sfle can thif t vi quan ttpng VI sy thi sy nhin nhin, danh gia vf sd lupng phin logi PCNN dupe dya trfn eo sd cac dfic (fifm vi dfic tnmg co bin ciia chflc ning ciia ngdn ngft gin vdi cic moi phong cich ed thf khdng giong Gnh vye hogt ddng khic efla ddi Thi dy, vl PCNN bao ehi, cuon sdng xS hpi nhir sinh hogt hing Phong each hpc tiing Viit eua Dinh ngiy, ttong sang tic nghftiiufit,tirong Trpng Lgc v i Nguyen Thii Hda dua bio chi, khoa hpc, quin dficttTingli: tfnh chiln diu, tfnh If hinh ehinh, cho nfn theo chiing tiidi sy vi tinh hip din [2]; edn cudn tdi, vifc xac dinh cic dfic tnmg tifu Phong cdch hpc vd cdc phong cdch bilu cua mpt PCNN ttirdc hit phii chiic ndng tiing Viit efla Hflu Dgt lgi cin cu vao ehue ndng diin hinh cua dua cic dfic tmng: ehfle ning thdng PCNN va dde thii riing cua linh vuc bio, chuc nfing hudng dan du lufin, hogt dpng mi PCNN dupe su dyng tfnh chien diu mgnh mg, tfnh thim Ching ban nhu: Vivlndl - PCNN sinh hogt gin vdi chflc ning thdng tin - giao tiep phgm vi sinh hogt ddi tiiudng nfn cd tinh flng khiu - ty nhifn; tinh phong phfl, sinh dpng, cy thi; tfnh eim xflc - PCNN nghf thufit gin vdi chuc ning thdng tin - tham ml nfn cd tinh sing tgo - thim ml; tinh hlnh tupng da nghia; tfnh tmyen cim; tfnh ei thi hda PCNN bio chf gin vdi ehfle ning thdng tin thdi sy vi hudng din edng lu|n nfn cd tinh thdng tin thdi sy; tfnh binh gii; tinh thu hut, tip trung - PCNN hinh chfnh gin vdi chflc nfing thdng tin - quin li, thye thi edng vy nen cd tfnh chfnh xie, tudng minh; tfnh khudn miu; tinh edng vy, nghifm tuc, phi cim tfnh ci nhan; tfnh ttang trpng, lieh sy Khi dgy eie dfic trung efla PCNN cin nfu rd tinh chit If ton tgi vi nhflng bilu hifn efla timg dfic tnmg qua thi dy cy thi Ching hgn, doi vdi dfic trung n'nh khudn mdu cua PCNN hinh difnh cdtillbiln khai eie dim sau a) Giiitiifehkhii nifm A/mdn m^? Khudn mdu li eii di dupe dinh hinh vi dupe eoi li chuan de theo dd mi tgo hing logt nhihig cii khic cflng kilu b) Vi ngdn ngfl hinh chfnh Igi cd tinh khudn miu? (Tic dyng efla tinh khudn miu vin bin hinh chfnh) Nguyen tie hogt ddng quin If hinh chfnh li phii ed tfnh thing nhit, ki cuong Vfin bin hinh chinh li cdng cy phye vy eho hogt ddng quan 47 h' hinh chfnh, dd mpi phuong difn efla loai vin bin nay, dd cd ngdn ngfl, eiing phii tufin theo nguyfn tic ttfn Cic CO quan quin If thudng dfit nhflng quy dinh thong nhat ve the thfle vi nhflng khudn miu ngdn ngft cho vin ban hinh chfnh efla hf thing eo quan minh nhim dim bio eho sy thdng nhat, ki euong ttong edng tic sogn thio, ban hinh vi quin If vin ban Vi nfu mdt vfin bin hinh chfnh khdng dupe sogn thio theo dflng quy dinh vf thf thue, khudn miu ehung cua hf thdng thi sg khdng cd gii tri vf mfit phip li, khdng cd hifu lye Tinh khudn miu cdn giflp cho cdng tie sogn thio, ban hinh vin bin hinh chinh dupe nhanh ehdng, chfnh xie, tao dieu kifn dl ip dyng phucmg tifn edng nghf difn tfl vio vifc sogn thio vin ban Tinh khudn mau cung giflp cho vifc thyc hifn, xfl If vin bin nhu ding kf vio so,tiidngkf,tiiihinh,tiieoddi, lim trfl, tta tim, trich din vin bin dupe thugn lpi, de ding c) Bilu hifn efla tfnh khudn miu PCNN hanh chfnh Vin ban hinh chfnh dupe trinh biy theo khudn miu, till thfle quy dinh chung efla hf thing Mpt sl logi vin ban dupe in theo mau chimg cd sfin, ngudi vift ehi ein diln thdng tin cy the Thi dy: mau gidy mdi hpp, gidy gidi thifu hpp ddng lao dpng Vin bin hinh chinh sfl dyng Ifip lgi nhilu lin nhflng thufit ngfl, nhftng titl cum tii thude Idp tfl ngfl hinh chfnh - edng vy, nhflng eau tnie cau di dupe dyng sin mi khdng sp phgm vao loi Ifip tfl, Ifip eau Thf dy: 48 "Cin cfl vin bin so ngiy cua vf vifc "; "Theo dl nghi efla tgi vin bin "; "Cic don vi vi cic ci nhan cd tfn Dieu chiu trich nhifm tiii hinh Qiyk djnh niy."; "Xin tran trpng cim on." Cic dfic tnmg eo ban cung chinh li nhflng tifu chuin hay yfu eau dfit vifc lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic jAuongtifnngdn ngfl efla moi PCNN Cho nfn vifc phanti'chdfic tnmg efla timg phong each sg giflp HS xie djnh dupe chuin efla moi PCNN, tfl cd hudng diing ngdn ngfl dflng chuan I ^ n g cich cic tinh huong giao tilp cy thi 3.2.2 v l vifc triln khai ndi dung kiln thfle thfl hai: Cich lya chpn vi sfl dyng cac phucmg tifn ngdn ngfl theo moi phong cich Tiep sau ndi dung thfl nhit (khai nifm vl moi PCNN), ndi dung thfl hai can dupe trien khai ttong bai dgy hpc ve PCNN dd li eich lya chpn vi sfl dyng cic phuong tifn ngdn ngft theo moi phong eich ttfn cic phuong difn: ngftfimvi chft vilt; tfl ngi^, cau; cich dien dgt Timg phucmg difn cin dupe trinh biy cy thi, rinh mgch dl HS de phan dinh vi ip dyng Ching hgn: Cin lya chpn cic Idptirngfl nio vi cich sfl dyng sao? Hgn chf dung va khdng diing cae Idp tfl ngfl nio? Lya chpn cic logi ciu gi vi each su dyng thf nio? Hgn chf dflng va khdng dflng cac logi cau gj? CJ jhhn niy moi npi dung If thuylt nfn gin vdi nhflng tiii dy vi bai tfip thyc hanh cy thi Ching hgn, ve cich lya chpn va su dyng tu ngfl theo PCNN hinh ehmh (ttong tao lap vin bin hanh ehinh): Ngdn ngfl- sl n&m 2012 a) Lya chpn eie Idp tfl ngfl sau: - Ldp tfl ngfl da phong cich (tfl ngft sfl dyng dupe d mpi phong cich, day li cic tfl toan dan) Thf dy: sinh hogt, sdng, ldm viic, dat dai, vdn hod, tdt, tich cue - Ldp tu ngft hinh chfnh, chuyfn mdn, bao gdm cic nhdm: nhdm bieu thi tfn gpi mdt td ehfle, co quan, doan thi (Qudc hpi, Chinh phu, Bp, Sd, Cue, ); nhdm bieu thi tfn ngudi theo chflc danh (Thu tudng, Bp trudng, thu trudng ); nhdm bilu thi tfn gpi tii lifu (hiin phdp, ludt, phdp linh, nghi djnh, bdo cdo, npi quy, ); cic tfl ngft mang tinh chit tfal thfle, khudn phep, nghi thfle hinh chfnh - edng vy (phi ehudn, thdm quyin, theo di nghi, can cii vdo, chiiu quyit dinh thi hdnh, cd hiiu lyre tu ngdy, trdn trpng di nghi, edn, cdn phdi, cd trdch nhifm thuc hifn, chdp hdnh nghiim chinh yiu cdu, nghiim cdm, bai bd, cam doem, phi ehudn, cd thdm quyin, niu tren, dudi day, kem theo, cdc ben hOu quan, caquan chit quan ) b) Cach su dyng: - Sfl dyng tu ngft theo nghia den, don nghia; - Sfl dyng tfl ngflttnngtmh, khdng cd sic thai bieu cim; - Su dyng tii ngfl dflngfim,dung nghia, dflng kha nfing kit hpp (ching hgn, dflng: trdng, line thong ; khdng dflng: gidng, liu thdng ); - Sfl dyng hgn chl cic tu vilt tit (df dam biotinhidrang,nghifm tiic) • Luu y: Khdng sfl dyng cic ldp tu ngfl sau: vl vin dl 49 - Khdng sfl dyng tfl ngft cd tinh phuong in dung vl PCNN; phfin tich, chit dia phuong, bift ngfl, tilng Idng, dinh gii, nh|n xft vl PCNN efla vin tfl nude ngoii chua dupe Vift hoi d ban; tgo l|p vin bin thdng dyng eua phgm vi toin din (vd, cdm, chgy dii, moi PCNN; eii biln vl PCNN (cho chdm, sip, vip )vk khiu ngfl thdng mdt npi dung nhung trinh biy bing tyc (lay nhau, bd nhau, dn a, tdn, mdecac PCNN khic ttong nhflng dieu kifn giao tilp khae nhau); bifn hpng, qui gid ) t ^ vl PCNN (phit hifn l5i sai PCNN So sinh cich dflng tfl ngfl vi sua lai cho dflng); vui Nfn thi dy sau: uu tifn dang bai t|p tgo Igp vi bien Sau 15 ngdy gfiy dn, tfn Hflng tap (Cach xay dyng cic dgng bii t|p dd bi cdng an tdm.*'' niy, ehiing tdi sg trao doi cy tfal mdt bii vilt khac) Sau 15 ngdy xdy vyi dn, nghi phtfm Hd Dinh Hiing dd bi edng an 3.3 Mpt van de nfla ciing can bdtgiO.^*^ dupe dit ttong cic bii dgy hpc ve - Khdng dflng tfl ngfl cdti'nhchit cic PCNN li: bfn cgnh vifc hinh vin chucmg (san hk, phong ba, mili, tiianh cho HS khai nifm vl moi PCNN kieu diim, trdng li ); tfl ngfl bieu va kl ning lya chpn, sfl dyng cic cim, cic hu tfl tinh thii (bdng hodng, phuong tifn ngdn ngfl phfl hpp vdi xdn xao, a, u, nhi, nhe, ndo, thdi ); tflng phong each, thi cdn cin phii ehfl tfl tupng hlnh, tupng thanh, tfl liy; y giflp cic em phfin bift dupe cic thinh ngfl, tyc ngfl, ea dao; tfl theo PCNN vdi nhau, nhit li nhflng trudng nghia bdng, da nghia; cic bifn phip hpp cac vin bin cflng mdt the logi tu tfl: so sinh, an dy, hoin dy, nhan nhung thupc hai PCNN khic nhau, ching ban nhu: tifu phim vin hpc vdi hoi, ngoa dy, choi chft Thi dy: tieu phim bao chi; thu ci nhan ttong Trung binh mdi hp xd ed PCNN sinh hogt vdi thu mdi ttong sdu mifng in.*'' PCNN hinh chinh; bio eio chfnh tri Nhd cdc biin phdp phdng chdng ttong PCNN chinh lufin vdi bio eio gid ret vd sdu binh tich cftc, hiin cdng tic PCNN hinh ehinh; Ilia ddng xudn dd ehen vai dflng dgy.'"' hoac mpt dfictiimgcflng xuit hifn - Khdng dflng tfl thfla, rudm ra, dua d nhilu phong each, ching hgn: tinh diy (phdi ndi rdng, suy eho cimg, ) ca the PCNN sinh hogt vi ttong 3.2.3 Ngoii hai mye npi dung PCNN nghf thuat; hay tinh Ifip lu|n kiln thfle trfn thi phin luyf n tfip cho chit che Id gich ttong PCNN ehinh moi bii dgy hpc PCNN ciing het sue luan va PCNN khoa hpc Nhftng quan trpng, thi hifn vifc vfin dyng li trudng hop nhu v|y deu ein phai dupe thuylt vio thyc hinh Nfn da dgng dua de lam rd dilm giong hofie khac hoa cic hinh thurc bii tfip trdc nghiim bift vf mau sic phong each Thye tf vi tu luQfi ^^ HS cd the ren luyfn cho tiiiy nhilu tmdng hpp dflng ngdn nhieu kl ning thyc hinh nhir Lya chpn ngft sai phong each khdng chi khdng 50 xac dinh dung phong cich mi cdn khdng phan dinh dupe sy khac bift giiia cic PCNN Vl dieu niy, cic bii PCNN ttong SGK Ngft vin THPT chuong ttinh co bin - hifn hinh hiu nhu chua tfnh den hofie cdn xem nh^, cho nen vifc triln khai npi dung kifn thiic moi bii ndi ehung li dem chieu, chi nhin van df gidi ban efla mpt phong eich ngdn ngfl nhat dinhtiieochieu thugn, cic tinh hudng sfl dyng ngdn ngfl sai pbcmg each chua hf dupe dfit Theo chflng tdi, dl HS de khu bift tiing phong eich n g ^ ngfl thi phfin tieh dfic trung efla mdt phong each nhit djnh cd thf sfl dyng thfl ptap so sanh - dra % PCNN (tfle li so sinh, ddi chieu vdi cic phong cich khic qua nhung tiii dy cy thf df thiy dupe sy khic bift) Vi jMn luyfn tgp eudi moi bai hpc, n ^ ting cudng dang bii tfip phat hifn loi sai ve PCNN vi sfla lgi eho dflng (dgng bai bifn tfip) Ngdn ngii so nim 2012 khoa hpc la dudng gian nan nhung tit ylu phai trai nghifm Bdi vfiy, van df day hpc tilng Vift ndi ehung va dgy hpc PCNN ndi riaig d tiudng phd thong - day cai ^ vi dgy nhu tiif nio van dang cdn la mpt bii toan khd dfit cho nhiing ludn trin trd vdi sy nghifp giio dye ciia nude nhi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Cfl Dinh Tfl, Phong cdch hpc vd dgc diim tu tu tieng Viit, Nxb GD, 2001 Dinh Trpng Lgc (chu bienX Ngiiyen Thai Hda, Phong cdch hpc tiing Vift, Nxb GD, 2002 Huu Dat, Phong cdch hpc vd cdc phong cdch chuc ndng tiing Vift, Nxb Vin hda - Thdng tin, 2000 Nguyen Nhu Y (chu bien) Ha Quang Ning, Do Vift Hung Dfing Ngpc Lf, Tu dien gidi thich thugt ngft ngon ngOhpc, Nxb GD, H., 1996 5.^igriailYiea\Tta,DAibiai phong cdch hpc, \\bGD, 1998 Sau cic bai hpc vl cic PCNN Vien Ngdn ngft hpc TSrdSBrj ti&^f cflng nfn ed bii Luyin tgp chung vi Vift, Nxb Tfl dien bach khoa, R, 2010 PCNN^ HS dupe cflng cd kiln tiiflc SUMMARY di hpc vi tren phuong difn tdng thf Starting from the viewpoint that I^iin dinh dupe cic phong each, trinh dupe cic loi sfl dyng ngdn ngfl sai considers the purpose ofteaching linguistk styles (a basic part in Practical Vietnamese) phong cich giao tilp to pupils is to help them use Vietnamese Thay cho Idi kit correctly and effectrvely in each and ever> Trraig giai dogn nginh Giio dye domain and communicative cimmistances, efla ca nude dang tifn hinh ddi mdi, this paper has suggested some ideas on cii cich df dap flng yfu ciu ciia thdi the teaching these linguistic styles in dai thi vifc di tim nhiing giii phap secondai> school language art curriculmiL ... dgc trung ciia phong cdch ngdn trung phong cdch ngdn ngO (ching ngO khoa hpe Nhung roi kit eye vin hgn: vin bin khoa hpe - ngdn ngfl khoa de trpng tam efla bii hpc: Phong cdch hpc - dfic trung. .. cich ngdn ngft sinh hogt; 2) Phong cich ngdn ngft nghf thufit; 3) Phong cich ngdn ngft khoa hpc; 4) Phong eich ngdn ngft bio chi; 5) Phong cich agaa ngft chinh lufin; 6) Phong cich ngdn ngft hinh... li cic phong cdch ngdn ngO hay cic phong edch chirc ndng ngdn ngO Nhin ehung, theo tif u chf chflc ning ngdn ngfl, cic nhi Vift ngfl hpc da phan bift tilng Vift phong each eo bin: 1) Phong cich