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NGON N G C SOI 2012 TAT KHIEM THINH VA MOT S6 Ki NANG GIAO TIEP CO BAN CAN HINH THANH CHO TRE KHIEM THINH l Ditvande Giao tifp li mdt hinh vi vd cflng quan trpng trong qui tiinh hinh tiiinh vi phit tr[.]
NGON N G C SOI 2012 TAT KHIEM THINH VA MOT S6 Ki NANG GIAO TIEP CO BAN CAN HINH THANH CHO TRE KHIEM THINH TS B THI HltlN l.Ditvande Giao tifp li mdt hinh vi vd cflng quan trpng qui tiinh hinh tiiinh vi phit trien doi vdi mpt ngudi Qua giaotiep,con ngudi dien ti nhflng nhu ciu, til tudng, ttah cim cua minh, nhfin vi tiao doitiidngtin Bing cich nay, ngudi thilt lap tu cich ci nhan cua minh Hogt dpng giao tiep efla moi ca nhan giup kiem soat nhimg dilu xay vdi bin than hp Ngoii ra, giao tilp hifu qui cdn la mdt budc quan frpng hudng tdi vifc xay dyng cic mdi quan hf mpt cpng ddng Vi v|y, doi vdi tre em, vifc hmh tiiinh kl ning giao tilp li mpt vifc hit sue cantiiiet,die bift, vdi tie khiem tiiinh Khi giao tiep, chiing ta cd the sfl dyng cic dgng ngdn ngft khac nhau: ngdn ngfl cd ldi vi ngdn ngfl phi ldi rirv Trong dd, nhdm ngdn ngO cd ldi gom: ngdn ngfl ndi, ngdn ngft dpc, ngdn ngft viet Nhdm ngdn ngft phi ldi gom: ngdn ngft ki hifu, cu ehi; ngdn ngft hinh anh Trong cic dgng ngdn ngft tifn, thi ngdn ngft ndi la ngdn ngft dupe dflng bifn nhat bdi tinh hifu qua cao efla nd Tuy nhien, khdng phai tat ca mpi ngudi deu cd till hpc de sfl dyng ngdn ngu ndi, nhat li doi vdi nhflng ngudi bj khiemtiiinh.Mfit khic, ttong giao tifp, moi dang ngdn ngfl deu cd nhftng uu diem nhit djnh Thf dy, eo till bj ddi,tirangnio bp xuat hifntiidngbio "ddi" Lue dd,tiiytiiupc vio ning su dyng cac dang ngdn ngft efla chfl the, tiidng bao "ddi" cd thf dupe gui di dudi cac dang ngdn ngfl cd ldi va khdng ldi (Hinh 1: Cdc dgng ngdn ngO dupe sit dyng giao tiip) [3] T9t Idiilm thfnh Trfn CO sd nghifn cflu nhihig khd khin ciia tif khilm thfnh g ^ { ^ tinng giao tilp, bii vilt niy de cgp din nhflng dgng ngdn ngfl gdp phin die lyc vio vifc hinh thinh kl hing giao tilp cho ttf khilm tiifnh 33 Nhihig trf bi khilm thinh ed sfle nghe khic "Mpt sl ttf ed thi ngfae dupe kha nhilu am Chflng ta gpi dd li diie nh? Mdt so trf khic chi ed till nghe dupe nhd miy tip tiifnh Nhflng trf dd dupe xIp vio nhdm diie trung binh Cdn cd nhflng trf ehi nghe Khii quit vl t|t Idiiem thfnh dupe rit ft hofie khdng nghe thiy gi, Khi mdt dfla trf khdng thi nghe mfie dfl di dupe deo miy ttp thfnh dupe am nhu nhflng dfla tri eiing Diy li nhftngtiiediic sau" [3] Tit ei tuli, tiie li chflng di bi mie t|t khilm diu dupe md ti li trg diic, hay dd li thfnh Trf khilm thfnh chi gfip khd nhflng tre khdng thi nghe tot, dilu dd khin vdi vifc nghe, ngoii trf khdng ciing cd nghia li ttf sg g^p khd khin bj mdt khuylt tfit nio khic vl tfim thin de cd thi hpc ndi tit Bdi vi, chflng ta Hay ndi mdt cich khic, d ttf khilm hpc ndi bing vifc nghe nhihig ngudi thfnh, sy phit triln efla cic ca quan xung quanh chflng ta ndi vi b ^ eich d hf tiiin kinh, hf hd hip, hf vfin ling nghe bin thin minh ndi ehuyfn ddng diu phit triln binh tiiudng, VI vfiy, vifc hinh thinh kl ning ti^ CO quan thfnh giic [1] Do dd, dl giao tiep cho ttf khiem thinh, thi khd giflp ttf khilm thfnh sdm cd ning khin ldn nhat li dgytiifhpc ndi Nhihig giao tilp, till dilu quan ttpng nhit li trf diic nh? vi dice trung binh, cd sy cin phii dupe phit hifn vi can thifp trp giflp efla miy ttp thfnh sg nghe vi sdm NIU mdt dfla trf dupe phit hifn ndi tot hem Vifc hinh thinh ki ning bj khilm thinh sau ba tuli, thi sy phit giao tilp vi vfiy ciing thufin lpi hen trien sau niy bj inh hudng rit nghifm Vdi nhihig tie dice sfiu, miy ttp thinh ttpng Bdi \d, vdi mdt ti« binh thudng, khdng ^vp trf nghe vi ndi dupe Vifc tfl mdi chio ddi, hogt ddng hinh thinh kl ning giao tilp sg gfip giao tilp efla bf di bit diu Mfit khic, rat nhilu khd khin Vfiy cd cich nio dfiy cilng li giai dogn ed y nghia quylt dl xie dinh sdm vi chinh xie mfle d$ djnh efla qui trinh thy die ngdn ngft khilm thinh dl cd the giflp dd nhilu Ngay tfl nhftng ngiy diu tifn, eo quan hon tre cdn nhd? Mudn vfiy, chiing thfnh giic ciia bf di hogt ddng giflp ta phai nim dupe ciu tnie efla tai, cic bf nhfin thfle dupe thi gidi xung quanh bfnh d tai giy nfn tfit khilm thinh d Din bf dupe khoing 12-18 tiling tre, xie djnh mfle dp khilm thfnh, tfl tuoi, bf di cd the hieu ldi ndi vi ed mdi de dupe kf hogch vi mye the bfip b? mdt so tfl Do vfiy, nhflng tif u can thifp, giflp dd ttf hinh thinh trf phit hifn khiem thfnh sau ba tuoi kl ning giao tifp diu ed rit ft eo hdi nhfin kich thfch ldi ndi Cha m? vi nhflng ngudi xung quanh Theo cic tii lifu efla Trung tfim thi vin ndi ehuyf n \di hi, nhung bf Phye hoi chflc ning cua Tl chflc Y tl khdng nghe tiiiy Bf bi bd Id mit co till gidi WHO [3], d ngudi, tai li co hdi dupe can thifp, bi chfim mit co hdi quan thinh giic, vi vfiy tfit khilm thfnh phit trien ve ngdn ngft, giao tilp vi li nhung khuylt t|t d tai giy nfn nhfin thfle Tuy nhifn, khic vdi nhflng t|t khic 34 rit it trf bi khifm thfnh dupe phat hifn kip thdi Thudng, chiing ta khdng thi "thay" k h i ^ tiiinh, mdt dfla tre khifm thinh trdng hoin toin gidng mdt dfla tre binh thudng khic, bdi vi tai vi co chf hogt ddng eiia nd rat i^iic t ^ Tai gdm mdt vii bd ph|n d ngoii vi mpt vii bd phfin d phia diu Bd phfin efla tai dupe nhin thiy rd nhat li tai ngoai Tai ngoii chi gIm vinh tai vi mpt phan eua ong tai Tai ngoai cd nhifm vy thu nhfin sdng am vi chuyin nd vio tai giila Tai giiia li mdt khoang tring dupe 1^ diy khdng vi cd ba xuong S(mgfimthanh tfl tai ngoii di vio lim eho cic xuong niy chuyfn ddng Nlu tai giiia bj vifm, sg lim anh hudng din sy hogt ddng efla ba xuong con, giy khd khin cho am dupe c h i i ^ vao tai tnxig Tuy nhifn, nhflng bfnh d tai ngoii vi tai giiia cd thf dupe difu tr\, nfu chiing dupe phit hifn kip thdi Khi tai gifia binh tiiudng, sdng fim dupe dniyfn vio tai Tai li mdt ong cudn trdng giong hinh de nfn dupe gpi la dc tai Tgi dayfimthanh se dupe nghe bdi tai efla chflng ta bing mdt eo che hft sfle phue tgp vi tinh vi Trong ong cudn efla dc tai cd rit nhieu long nang Sdng am tfl tai giila chuyfn vio lam cho cic nang long chuyfn ddng Sy chuyin dpng gui mdt tin hifu am din day tiiin kinh thfnh giac Day than kinh thinh giac sg chuyfn tin hifu sdng am den nio Trong nao, tin hifu dd sg dupe ma hda am Vi mdt li nio dd, nhflng spi nang long khdng hoat dpng, hay hogt dpng kem hifu qui sg din dfn tinh tigng bi diic sau (diic ngng, diic tiip nhgn) [1] Ngoii difc sau cdn la hfiu qui efla Ngon ngflr so nim 2012 sy t&itiiuongdaytfiinkinhtiiinhgiic Nhiing tin thuong d tai cd thi nhieu nguyen nhan khic Nguyen nhan trudc sinh cd thf di tniyfn, nhiem dde bao thai, m? bi sot rubela giai dogn diu thai ki, ho$c bit dlog nhite mau m? ecxi (ntxkn Rh) Nhirng nguyfn nhan gay dice sfiu ttong sinh, thudng xiy d nhung tnidng hpp de thilu d-xy hofie bi chin thuong Nhftng trf sau sinh mdi bi diee nfing, thudng li bi nhiem triing vi nit hofie vi khuin nhu vifm ming nio Cdn nhftng ton tiiuong d daytiiinkinh giic quan tinidng cd nguyfn nhan li u than kinh Ddi khi, bfnh d tai khdng xac dinh dupe nguyfn nhfin vi "khic vdi cic bfnh d tai ngoii vi tai gifla, bfnh d tai khdng thi chfla khdi mdt each don gian vi cd thf bi difc vmh vien" [3] Trfn diy li nhiing kiln thurc co ban vf tai vi nhftng bfnh dtai giy nfn tfit khifm thmh Nfim dupe nhftng kiln thiic niy, cic nhi chuyfn mdn se cd nhiing bifn phap hflu hifu df phit hifn phan loai tre khifm thfnh Tren co sd do, gia (finh tie sg ed sy lya chpn dung din, quyet dinh dgy eon hpc giao tifp bing ngdn ngft nio li chfl ylu H i ^ nay, d c ^ liung tam dgy tie khilm thfnh tiiudng t|p trung dgy trf hai logi ngdn ngft chinh: ngdn ngft kf hifu vi ngdn ngft am ldi ndi Moi logi ngdn ngft niy dfu cd uu dilm vi hgn chl ddi vdi tre khiem thinh, vifc su dyng loai ngdn ngft nio, phy thupc vio miic dp khifm thfnh vi kha ning efla timg tre Trong pham vi bai vilt, chflng tdi xin dl c|p din vifc hinh tiianh nhftng kl ning giao tilp co bin nhit cho ddi tupng li nhung tie bj diic 35 T | t Idiilm thfnh., siu, trd khdng nghe thiy bit cfl mdt Im nio Nhftng ki ning niy sg chuin bj cho ttf tiln tdi giai dogn sfl dyng ngdn ngfl kf hifu dl giao tilp Mpt s6 kl ning giao tiep can xfiy dyng cho trf Idiilm thinh Hilu m$t cich don giin, thi hogt d$ng giaotiepdupe dien cd mdt Nghe/ nhin thong difp Ghi nhfin Igi nhihig gl nghe/ nhhi thiy nhan vfit A guri thdng difp den cho nhan vfit B, nhan vfit B nhfin thdng difp dd vi phin hoi lgi Theo dd, thi hogt ddng niy gdm hai qua trinh: gui vi nhfin thdngtin.Cie tic gii efla ie/'5 communicate di so hda cic budc qui trinh tiao vi nhfin thdng tin mdt chu trinh (Hinh 2) Xie nhfin nghia Mhfin doi tupng —> cua thong difp nhin/ nghe thay Gfli thdng difp Sip xep cic bieu tupng Quyet djnh phucmg thfle tti Idi (ngon ngQ' cd ldi/ khong Idi) Theo so dl trfn, vdi dii tupng li nhflng trf tfl - tuli bj diie nfing, khdng nghe dupe vi khdng dupe dgy giao tilp bing ngdn ngft kf hifu, thi chu trinh giao tilp sg bi phi vd d budc diu tifn tie li budc nghe/nhin thdng diip VI vfiy, cflng vdi sy hilu biit vl tim sinh li nhflng ttf khilm tiifnh, chflng tdi xie