Tgp chi khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Quy Nhan • Sd 4, Tgp VI ndm 2012 KHAC PHUC MQT s 6 K H 6 KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA GlAo VIEN KHI THIET Kfe'''' BAI DAY V^T L t THEO PHUOtNG P H A P T H U C NGHIEM LltdNOTHgDONG[.]
Tgp chi khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Quy Nhan • Sd 4, Tgp VI ndm 2012 KHAC PHUC MQT s K H KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA GlAo VIEN KHI THIET Kfe' BAI DAY V^T L t THEO PHUOtNG P H A P T H U C NGHIEM LltdNOTHgDONG1 Md DAU De giup hpc sinh giai quydt cdng cdc vdn detfonggid hpc, gido vidn khdng chi dtfng lai d stf dinh htfdng suy nghi, xdy dimg ddng cd, htfng thd mi cdn phdi hlnh d hpc sinh nhffng ky ndng can thid't Nhffng ky ndng cd bdn can hinh thinh cho hpc sinh nhtf ky ndng quan sdt, ky ndng sd dung cdc thidt bi thi nghidm, ky ndng sijf dung cdc phtfdng phdp nhdn thtfc chimg (nhtf phtfdng phdp phan tich - tdng hdp, phtfdng phap quy nap - didn dich ) vi cdc phtfdng phdp ddc thh cda khoa hpc vdt I^ (nhtf phtfdng phdp thtfc nghiem, phtfdng phap ttfdng ttf, phtfdng phdp md hinh ), dd ky ndng sff dung cdc phtfdng phdp nhdn thtfc ddng vai tro rd't quan trpng Cd ndm dtfdc phtfdng phdp nhan thffc vd bid't sd dung nd hpc sinh mdi gidi quyet dtfdc van dd ddt mdt cdch khoa hpc, t£f dd hpc sinh se bie't each giai quye't nhffng van de mdi mdt cdch linh hpat De ren luydn cho hpc sinh lam quen dan vdi phtfdng phdp nhdn thffc, ddc bidt Id phffdng phdp thtfc nghidm, trtfdc hdt gidp vidn phdi bie't thiet ke bii day cho dinh htfdng hpc sinh giai quyet van de theo cac btfdc mi cac nhi khoa hpc ddtid'nhdnh M O T s d KH(i KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA GIAO VIEN KHI THIET K^ BAI DAY VAT LY THEO PHLfdNG PHAP THUC NGHIEM 2.1 Cac giai doan cd ban ciia phifdUg phap thifc nghidm vSn diing day hpc vat ly d trifdng Tning hpc phd thong Bd thie't kd dtfdc bii day vat Vj theo phtfdng phdp thtfc nghiem, gidp vien can nam vffng cdc giai doan cua phUdng phdp thtfc nghidm Theo Ij ludn day hoc, phtfdng phap Ihtfc nghiem vdn dung drong day hpc vat Ij d UTtdng Trung hpc phd thdng gdm nam giai dpan cd bdn sau: - Giai dogn I: Gido vidn trinh bdy hay tid'n hinh mdt vii thi nghidm ddn gian, ngan gpn vd ydu ciu hpc sinh quan sdt dien bien cua hien ttfdng, tim nguyen nhan hode xdc lap mdi quan he nio dd Qua dd lim ndy sinh mdt cdu hdi ma hpc sinh chtfa biet cdu tra Idi, doi hdi phai suy nghi tim tdi mdi U-d Idi dtfdc - Giai dogn 2: Dffa vio stf quan sdt can than, vio kinh nghiem vi nhffng kien thtfc da cd cda hpc smh, gido vidn se gdi j , htfdng dan hpc sinh xdy dtfng cdc gid thuydt de tfd Idi cdu hdi da ddt Nhffng gia thuydt niy cd ve hdp ij nhung chtfa chdc chdn dung LlfONOTtdpONG- Ciai dogn 3: Tff gid thuydt dd xdy dtfng, gido vidn htfdng din hpc sinh diing suy ludn Ipgic hay suy ludn tpdn hpc dd suy mdt hd qud lien quan ddn mpt hipn ttfdng thtfc tidn, mdt mdi quan hd nio dd gifla cdc d^i Itfpng vdt if - Giai dogn 4: Thid't kd vi thtfc hidn cdc phtfdng dn thi nghidm dd kidm tra xem hd qud cd phil hpp vdi kdt qud thttc nghidm khdng Ndu phii h^p thi gid thuyet trdn trd thinh chan ly (dinh nghia, dinh luat hay quy tdc), ndu khdng phd hpp thi phdi xdy ditng gid thuye't mdi - Giai dogn 5: Gido vien htfdng dSn hpc sinh van dung kidn thffc vffa thu nhdn dd gidi thich hay dtf dodn mdt sd hipn ttfpng thtfc tidn, dd nghidn cffu cdc thidt bi ky thudt Mdi giai doan cda phtfdng phdp thtfc nghidm vdn dung day hpc vdt \j ddu cd tdc dung nhd't dinh dd phdt tiidn ttf duy, bdi dtfdng ndng Itfc tv hpc, niem tin v4 hffng thd sdng tao cda hpc sinh Hpc sinh hidu dtfpc j nghia cua nhffng stf kipn xuat phdt bdng quan sit vd kinh nghipm bdn thdn, vai lib sdng tap cda \j thuydt thdng qua vide xdy dffng md hinh gid thuyd'l vi nit h? qud Idgic, ddng thdi thdy ro tam quan Q-png cua stf kidm tra bdngtiitfcnghidm vi dd c6 die lai li stf kidn khdi dau cho chu trinh nhdn thtfc mdi Qua qud trinh bdi dtfdng vide vdn dung phtfdng phdp thtfc nghidm day hpc vdt \j cho cdc gido vien Trung hpc phd Uidng cda cic tinh Tay nguyen vi cdc tinh Nam Trung bd, cho thd'y cdc gido vien thid't ke cdc bai day theo phtfdng phip thffc nghiem thtfdng mdc phdi nhffng khd khdn vi sai iSm sau: 2.2 MOt sd'kho khan va sai l^m cua giio vidn thid't kd'cic biti d^y theo phiMng phap thifc nghipm 2.2.1 Khd khdn va sai lam thtfc hifn giai dogn Giai doan niy chu yd'u dd xuaft va'n de cin nghidn cffu, vide niy rdft khd ddi vdi hpc sinh ndn chfl yeu gido vientid'nhinh Do flnh hud'ng niy phdi bdm sdt bai hpc, phdi gdy dffdc hffng thu cho hpc sinh vd phdi tao tien dd de dffa vio dd gido vidn cd thd htfdng din hpc sinh gidi quydt vain dd nen gido vidn thtfdng gdp phdi mdt sdkhd khdn vd sai lam sau: - Gido vidn md td cdc stf kidn khdi ddu nhdm tao tinh hud'ng c6 v^n dd khdng bdm sdt vio bii hpc bode khdng dffng trpng tam Vi du: Khi thidt kd bii "Dinh ludt Bdild- Marid't", gido vien dtfa nhilng hipn ttfdng thtfc td Uen quan ddn stf thay ddi dp sud't khdi khi thd tich thay ddi thtfdng kem theo nhi^t dp^cua khdi thay ddi Chdng han, vao trdi ndng xe dap di trdn dtfdng thtfdng bi nd ldp xe, qud bdng bin bi mdp nhffng vio ntfdc sdi tU dp sud't tdng nen thd tich tang dd qua bdng se pMnh ra, KHAC PHI;C MOT SO KH6 KHAN V A S AI LAM CU A GIAO VlfeN 133 Gido vidn ndu cdu hdi ddt vd'n de nghidn cffu khdng cu the, rd ring, hode khdng c6 tdc dung dinh htfdng ttf cda hpc sinh Vi du: Khi thid't ke bai "Dinh luat III Newten", sau gido vien md td thi nghidm ttfdng tdc giffa hai xe Idn dd't ddy, rdi ddt cdu hdi "Gia tdc cua cdc vdt thu dtfdc ttfdng tdc cd htfdng vi dd Idn nhtf thd ndo?" Cdu hoi niy khdng cd tdc dung dinh htfdng ttf cda hpc sinh va cdn nhim lln giffa gid thuye't vdi he qud Ddng Id, gido vien phdi ddt cau hdi "Ltfc ttfdng tdc giffa hai vat cd dp Idn vd hffdng nhff did ndo?" (vi dang nghidn cffu ve Iffc tffdng tdc giffa hai vdt chff khdng phdi nghidn cffu vd gia tdc ciia hai vat!) tff dd mdi suy cdc hd qud ve hffdng vd dp Idn ciia cdc gia tdc cda hai vat 2.2.1 Khd khdn vd sai Idm thtfc hifn giai dogn Gid thuyd't ludn ludn Id mpt dtf dpdn cd cd sd, dffng lim htfdng di cho vide giai quyet va'n de Nhd cd gia thuyet ta cd the sd bd giditiiichcdc qud ttinh va hidn ttfpng vit I^ nhtfng khdng phdi moi dvf dodn deu Id gid thuydt Ne'u mdt gia thuydt dffa chi de giai thich mdt hien ttfdng da biet thi gid thuyet dd khdng cd j nghia khdi qudt, khdng c6 gid tii khoa hoc cao Mdt khdc, gid tti cua mdt gid thuyet li d cho cd the gidp ta tien dodn dtfdc hien ttfdng xdy ttong nhffng dieu kidn mdi, hodn cdnh mdi mi trtfdc day ta chtfa bieL Giai doan xdy dtfng gia tiiuyet la giai doan rd't quan ttpng vl d giai dpan tii thtfc ve hidn ttfdng nghien cffu dtfdc xay dtfng Ddy cung li giai dean ttf tiilc gidc cda hpc sinh giff vai ttd chu ydu Tff trifc gidc yeu cau huy ddng ca ttf Idgic lln stf khdi qudt hda cung vdi kha ndng quan sdt tinh te stf vat hien Mdng vi suy luan Mdng as Vide dtfa dtfdc nhidu gid diuyd't khdc de gidi thich cffng mdt hien Mdng, rdi chpn lay mdt gia thuyet cd nhidu ttien vpng nhdt la mdt ddc mmg cua m sdng lao Tuy vdy, dtf kien cdc gid thuye't hpc sinh sd neu ra, gido vidn thtfdng gdp mdt sd khd khan vd sai lim sau: Cdc gid thuyet ndu cdn mang tinh chit gtfOng dp, khdng xult phdt tff kinh nghiem, ttinh dp kidn thffc vi ky ning vd'n cd cda hpc sinh Vi du: Trong bai "Dinh ludt khffc xa ", sau khitidnhinh thi nghidm chieu chum tia sing hep qua khdi thuy tinh hinh bdn nguyet, Uiay ddi gdc tdi i, cdc gdc tdi i vi cdc gdc khiSc xa Mdngffngr cd gido vien dff kid'n hpc sinh se xdy dtfng cac gid thuydt sau: •I- Gid thuydt 1: Gdc khdc xa r bang gdc tdi i + Gidfliuydt2: Gdc khuc xa r ti Id nghich vdi gdc tdi i Nhffng gia thuyet neu ttdn khdng phu hdp vdi suy luan Idgic vi rd rdng qua thi nghiem khdc vdi r, cung nhff r ddng bien vdi gdc tdi i Nhffng gia thuyet sau cd die coi Id hpp Ijj nhtf r ti Id thuan vdi i, sinr ti le thuan vdi smi, tanr ti le fliuan vdi tam, 134 LaONGTHfiPUNG- - Trong mpl gid thuye't cdn chffa qud nhidu npi dung, khdng lim ndi bat vd'n dd can nghien cffu Vi du: Trong bii "Djnh ludt III Newton" sau ndu van dd ltfc ttfdng tdc giffa hai xc cd htfdng vi dp Idn nhtf ihd nio, cd gido vidn dd dtf kie'n hpc sinh se xdy dtfng cdc gid thuyd't sau: + Gid thuydt I: Ltfc ttfdng Idc giffa hai xe ngtf(Jc htfdng vi cd dp Idn ti Id nghich vdi khd'i Itfpng ciia chung + Gia thuyd't 2: Ltfc ttfdng lac giffa bai xe cffng hffdng vi cd Idn ti Id nghich vdi khd'i Iffpng cua chung + Gia thuyd't 3: Ltfc Itfdng tdc giffa hai xe ngtfdc htfdng vi cd dp Idn ti Id thudn vdi khd'i Itfdng cua chung + Gia thuyd't 4: Ltfc itfdng tdc giffa hai xe cflng htfdng vi cd dp Idn U Id thuan vdi khdi Itfdng cua chung Viec kiem tra cd hai npi dung htfdng vi Idn cung luc se gay nhidu khd khin cho hpc sinh de xud't cdc phtfdng dn kidm tta, ddng thdi tdn rat nhidu thdi gian Tdt hdn, gido vien bang lap ludn chffng td hai Iffc ngtfdc htfdng nhau, sau dd chi kiem m phia gia thuye't ve dp Idn cua hai ltfc ttfdng tdc 2.2.3 Khd khdn vd sai lam thtfc hifn giai dogn Day Id giai doan kiem tta gia thuye't thdng qua mpt hp qua nil tff gia tiiuyet nhd suy luan todn hpc hay suy luan Idgic Nd'u stf suy ludn dffpc Uitfc hidn chdt che, dung dan thi giffa gia thuyd'l vi hp qud cd md'i lien he bdn chd't He qud dung vdi thffc tien thi gid thuye't phan dnh dung thtfc tien nd'u khdng dung vdi thtfc tien till gia thuye't sai, phdi bd di Mdt khdc, he qua dd phai la nhffng cdi cd tiie quan sdt dtfdc ttong thtfc tidn Khi thie'l ke bii day, gido vien gdp khd khdn vi sai lam sau: - Cac he qud suy qud phffc tap khdng phil hdp vdi uinh dp bpc sinh vi tiidi gian nghidn cffu Vi du: Cd gido vien da chpn bai "Dinh luat II Newton", xdy dtfng gia tiiuyet gia tdc a ti Id thudn vdi khd'i Itfdng m cua vdt dd suy he qud: Ne'u cho hai vdt khdc cd khd'i Itfdng m, va m, = 2m, lan Itfdt gdn vio diu cua mdt Id xo, dau cda Id xo gan vio mpt true thing dffng cd thd quay dtfdc Khi quay Id xp cd gdng chp dp gian cua Id xo haittifdnghdp nhtf Tff dd dd ding suy i = ^2 = Sau dotid'nhinh thi nghiem de kidm tra he qua Thtfc te vide suy he qua niy qud phffc tap vi kidm tea he qua niy bang thi nghidm rd't khd vd tdn rat nhieu thdi gian - Cd mpt sd giao vidn nhim lan giffa gia tiiuyet va hp qua Vi du: Khi thie't kd day bii "Dinh ludt Bdi Maridt", gido vidn da xdy dtfng gii KHAC PHIJC MOT SO KH6 KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA QIAO VIEN 135 thuydt "Nd'u thd tich khdi gidm di hai lln thi dp suat se tang Idn hai lln" rdi suy he qua "Ap sud't cua khd'i ti Id nghich vdi the tich cda khd'i khi" Dffng ra, "Ap sud't ciia khd'i ti Id nghich vdi thd tich cda khd'i khi" li gid thuyet, cdn "Ne'u the lich khdi tdng hay gidm bao nhidu lln Ihl dp sud't sd gidm hpdc tdng bdy nhidu lln" Id hd qud cua gid thuyd't ttdn - Cdc hd qud suy tff cdc gidtiiuyd'tkhdng phff hdp vdi cdc quy tdc Idgic Vi du: Khi thid't ke bii day life ma sdt trffdt, vdi gia thuye't "Lffc ma sal trffdt ti Ip thudn vdi khd'i Itfdng", tff dd suy he qud "Nd'u khd'i Itfdng khdng ddi thi ltfc ma sdt trtfdt se khdng ddi" Suy luan niy khdng dung vdi quy tdc Idgic 2,2.4 Khd khdn vd sai Idm thtfc hifn giai dogn Sau rut he qud bdng suy ludn \j thuyd'l, ta phdi thiet kd, bd tti thi nghidm thich hdp dd kidm tta xem hp qud dif dodn cd xay ttong thffc id khdng Viec thdo ludn Iffa chpn phffdng dn thi nghidm thich hdp se phdt huy dffdc khd ndng sdng tap vi tinh UJf Itfc cua hpc sinh Khi thid't ke, gido vien thtfdng gdp mdt sd khd khdn va sai lam sau: - GV khdng chu y de'n viec thao ludn chpn Itfa phtfdng an td'itfude kiem tra gia thuydt hay he qua rut tff gid thuyd't Vi du: Khi day bii "Dpng ndng", de kiem tta gid thuyd't "Ddng ndng ti Id thudn vdi khd'i Itfdng vi van tdc cua vdt" cd the dd xuat cdc phtfdng dn sau: + Phffdng dn 1: Dung bda ddng dinh gdm vdo mie'ng xd'p cffng vd quang dtfdng dinh gdm vdo mieng xd'p cho khdi Iffdng hoac van tdc bffa thay ddi + Phffdng dn 2: Dflng tay diy xe den va cham vdi xe vd qudng dffdng xe dich chuydn vdn tdc hode khd'i Iffdng cua xe thay ddi + Phtfdng dn 3: Cho hdn bi Idn ttdn mdng nghieng xudng va cham vdi hdn bi dang dffng ydn ttdn mat phang ngang Do qudng dtfdng bi dich chuyen thay ddi khdi Itfpng hoac vi tri ddt ciia bi Qua phdn tich thdo ludn, se flily phtfdng an vi khdng chinh xdc vl phu fliudc vio chu quan cda ngtfdi vi qudng dtfdng di dtfdc cda vdt khd chinh xdc, cdn phtfdng an khdng phufliudcchu quan cua ngtfdi vi de hdn ndn ta se chpn phtfdng dn - Khdng cd nhffng dung cu thi nghipm cin thie't de kiem tta mac dii da xay dffng dtfdc phtfdng dn thi nghidm Didu ndy thtfdng xdy dd'i vdi cdctttfdngvung sdu, vflng xa khdng cd day du fliidt bi flii nghiem ' - Cflng cd trtfdng hdp gido vidn khdng tim cac phtfdng anfliinghidm de kiem tra cdc hd qud 136 LUCJNGTHJDUNG' 2.2.5 Khd khdn vd sai lain thi^c hi^n giai dogn Sau gid thuyet da dffdc x^c nh3n mOl s^ thi nghi?m, ta tiep tuc van dung dinh lual de thff giai thich c£ic hi?n Iffdng kh^c ho3c de suy he qua mdi Neu dinh luat cing gidi thich dffdc nhieu hien iffdng mdi, cing dff do^n dffdc nhieu hi^n tffdng mdi phCi hdp vdi ihffc te thi dinh luat n^y cing c6 pham vi ^p dung rpng hdn cho nhieu ITnh vffc c6 ihc trd thinh cd sd cho mpt thuyet tong quiit hdn vi qui trtnh nhan thffc iic'p tuc phit trien sau sic hdn Giai doan niy giio vien gip nhffng khd khin sau: - Neu cic ffng dung khdng phil hdp vdi gii thuyet da dff^c xay dffng - Giio vien khong chii nhieu vio giai doan nay, thffdng dat cau hoi cho hpc sinh tff tim cau trd Idi vdi ly khdng du thdi gian CAC NGUYEN NHAN DAN DEN K H KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA GIAO VIEN KHI THIET KE BAI DAY THEO PHlJdNG PHAP T H U C NGHIEM Gom hai nguyen nhan chu ye'u sau; 3.1 Cac nguyen nhSn tiif giao vien - Mot so giao vien tnnh dp ve kien thffc vi kha ning sff pham cdn nhieu han che - Cic giao vien da quen day vat ly theo phffdng phap dien giang, rat ngai ip dung phffdng phip thffc nghiem vi td'n nhilu thdi gian suy nghi de soan giao an - Chffa nam vffng cac giai doan cua phffdng phip thffc nghiem 3.2 Cac nguyen nhSn khach quan - Cic trffdng chffa cd du cd sd vat cha't de tie'n hanh thi nghiem nha't la nhffng trffdng viing sau, vOng xa - Thdi gian danh cho mpt tiet hpc qui ngin khong du hffdng dan cic giai doan tren ldp - Hpc sinh chffa quen vdi kieu hpc theo phffdng phip thffc nghiem - Viec kiem tra, thi cff it chti y den kiim tra ky ning thffc hanh vat 1^ cua hoc sinh nen cd giio vien va hpc sinh khdng quan lam de'n phffdng phip - So Iffdng hpc sinh cua moi ldp hpc qui ddng n6n khong du dung cu de day hpc theo phffdng phip thffc nghipm CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC VA KIEN NGHI 4.1 Cac bi^n phap kh^c phye - Cic giio vien can nghidn cffu ky cic giai doan cua vipc v$n dung phffdng phap thffc nghiem day hpc vat ly, tham khao them cic sich chuyen mon va li^n h? vdi thffc te de cd the tao cic sff kien khdi dau kich thich sff hffng thff c^a hpc sinh KHXC PHijc MOT s6 KH6 KHAN VA SAI LAM CU A GI AO VlfeN 137 bdt diu nghien cthi bii hpc - Cac chuydn mdn cin id chffc thdp ludn xdy dtfng cdc gidp dn mlu day diep phtfdng phdpflitfcnghipm vd ydu ciu td't cd cdc gido vidn day nhffng bai ay phdi day theo phtfdng phdp niy - Dd fliudn tidn hdn cho vide van dung phtfdng phdp thtfc nghiem gid hpc vat ij, gidp vidn cd flld chia qud ttinh niy thinh bd'n giai doan, ttong dd giai doan ba vi bdn ghdp tiiinh mdi giai doan "Kiem tta gid tiiuyet" Sd di nhtf vay, vl khdng nhdt Ihiet gidfliuydtnio cflng phdi suy he qud rdi mdi xdy difng vi thtfc hien phtfdng dn kiem tt^ gid fliuydt dd Cd nhffng gidfliuyd'tchi bdng ldp luan hode bdngfliinghidm cdfliekidm tta tttfc tidp khdng thdng qua btfdc suy cdc he qua - Trong dieu kien cdc trtfdng khdng cd dff dung cu thi nghidm hode cdc Ihi nghidm phffc tap, cd dp chinh xdc khdng cao, dd thtfc hipn giai doan I vi giai doan gido vien cd the dflng cdc thi nghidm thay the - Khdng nhd't thid't ttong mdt bii bpc phdi vdn dung diy du cdc giai doan, cd thd cho hpc sinh thffc hidn mdt vdi giai doan cua phffdng phdp thffc nghidm, cdn cdc giai doan khdc giao vien thdng bdo cho hpc sinh ndm dffdc 4.2 Cac kie'n nghi - Sdch gido khoa ndn cd mdt sdbdi hoc trinh biy theo cdc btfdc cda phtfdng phdp thffc nghiem qua dd gido vien de ding bdi dtfdng cho hpc sinh phtfdng phap niy - Can cung cdp diy du cdc thid't bi thi nghipm chp cdctttfdngTrung hpc phd Ihdng - Trpng thi cff kidm tta, phdi cd mdt phin ndi dung cda de Ihi dinh dd kidm tta kha nang thtfc hinh cua hpc sinh - Moi trtfdng cin cd mdt gido vidn chuyen phu ttach phin thi nghidm vi phdi cd mpt phdng chffc ndng rieng biet de khdi dnh hffdng cdc ldp hpc khdc KET LUA-N Tren ddy la mdt vii j kien ve cdc khd khdn vd sai llm cda gido vidn Ihidt ke bdi day theo phffdng phdp thtfc nghidm Bii vidt cung neu mdt sd bidn phdp khac phuc dd cdc gido vidn vi sinh vidn sff pham Vdt ly cd the tham khdofliemttong qndttinhday hpc vat Ij d tttfdng phd Uidng Day hpc sinhflieocdc giai doan cua phtfdng phdpflitfcnghipm se giffp hpc sinh Mnh thdnh dtfdc phtfdng phdp giai quye't vd'n de vi se giup hpc sinh Iinh hdi tri thtfc mdt cdch sdu sdc va bdn vffng, tang fliem long tin vio khd nang cda ngtfdi cd Uie nhdn biet dtfdc flie gidi dJ nhien Tuy vdy,.khdng nhit Uiid't mpi kid'nfllffcdeu phai dffdc gidng day bang phtfdng phapflitfcnghidm, cd nhffng O'ffSng hdp dung phtfdng phdp khdc se cd hidu qua hdn Gido vien khdng nen myet dd'i hda vai ttd cda phffdng phdp thVc nghipm, xem nd li phtfdng phdp day hpc tditfunhd't, khdngflidfliayfliedtfdc LUONGTHMDONO- TAI LlliU THAM KHAO 111 N D Tham N N Htfng P X Que PhUiing phdp Jay hgc Vdt l^ d trudng phd Ihmifi Nxb Dai hpc stf pham Hi Ndi (2002) |2| L T DOng H A Vu, N N Minh, Bdi dudng phuang phdp thuc nghiim Irong day hoc Vdt H: Tai li^u bdi dtfdng thtfdng xuyen chu ky 3, Trtfdng DH Quy Nhdn, (2004) [31 L T Dung H A Vu, N N Minh Td chdc hogi ddng nhdn thiic cua hgc sinh theo hudng phdt triin ndng luc lim loi sdng tgo gidi quyit vdn di vd tu khoa hgc, Tai lieu bdi dtfdng ihtfdng xuyen chu ky 3, Trtfdng DH Quy Nhdn, (2005) OVERCOMING SOME OBSTACLES AND MISTAKES MADE BY TEACHERS WHEN DESIGNING PHYSICS LESSON USING EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Luong The Dung Training students cognitive method in teaching physics in secondary schools is one of the basic tasks helping students gain knowledge of physics and creatively apply it lo Uie solution of potential problems in learning and practice activities The article raises some obstacles and mistakes made by teachers when designing lessons using experimental one of the most significant cognitive method applied in physics class in high schools; it then suggests some measures aiming at solving the above difficulties ' LiTdng The Dung Khoa Ly-KTCN Trtfdng Dai hpc Quy NhcJn Ngay nhan b4i: 21/5/2012 ngiy nhan d5ng: 29/8/2012 ... thid''t ke cdc bai day theo phtfdng phip thffc nghiem thtfdng mdc phdi nhffng khd khdn vi sai iSm sau: 2.2 MOt sd''kho khan va sai l^m cua giio vidn thid''t kd''cic biti d^y theo phiMng phap thifc... thtfc tien till gia thuye''t sai, phdi bd di Mdt khdc, he qua dd phai la nhffng cdi cd tiie quan sdt dtfdc ttong thtfc tidn Khi thie''l ke bii day, gido vien gdp khd khdn vi sai lam sau: - Cac he qud... cau trd Idi vdi ly khdng du thdi gian CAC NGUYEN NHAN DAN DEN K H KHAN VA SAI LAM CUA GIAO VIEN KHI THIET KE BAI DAY THEO PHlJdNG PHAP T H U C NGHIEM Gom hai nguyen nhan chu ye''u sau; 3.1 Cac