SAI LAM VA SJ^A C H i SAI LAM CUA HOC SINH KHI GIAI TOAN NHIN TU NHEEU GOC DO CUA LI LUAN DAY HOC TS NGUY§N HlJU H^U ThS, PHAM ANH GIANG "Day hgc loan la day hoal ddng loan hgc" (1; tr 12) la mgl luan[.]
SAI LAM VA SJ^A C H i SAI LAM CUA HOC SINH KHI GIAI TOAN NHIN TU NHEEU GOC DO CUA LI LUAN DAY HOC TS NGUY§N HlJU H ^ U - ThS, P H A M A N H G I A N G "Day hgc loan la day hoal ddng loan hgc" (1; tr.12) la mgl luan diem dugc mgi ngudi thua nhan Hoat ddng loan hgc chii yeu cua hgc sinh {HSJ la hoat dgng giai bai tap loan Trinh hgc loan eua HS se duge the hign ro net qua chat lugng giai loan Nghien cuu nhirng sai lam eua HS giai loan la van decap thiet Bdi le, thuc lien su pham cho thay HS cdn mac nhieu kieu sai l^m Trong bai vidt chiing tdi se lam rd sai lam va sua chua sai lam cua HS giai loan nhin tu nhieu gde cua li luan day hgc, gdp phan nang eao chat lugng day hgc toan Quan niem ciia phuang phap day hgc gial quyel van de Phuang phap day hgc giai quyet van de dua tren tinh hud'ng cd van de Irong day hgc HS mac sai lam luc laxualhien linh hud'ng cdvande.cdthedoGV fao hoac tu nd sinh tu logic ben cua viee gjai loan Sai 1am eua HS lao mau thuan va mau thuan chinh !a dgng luc Ihuc day qua trinh nhan thu'c eua HS, lam sinh nhu eau tu ma theo )(,.l.Ruhins\e\n:"Tuduy sang tao ludn batdau bang mpttinh hudng gai van dd' (2; tr.151}, Theo {3; tr.14), nhdm nang lue phat hien va giai quyet van de hge loan cd "Nang iuc phat hien va sua chua sai iam, nhuacdiem each gial bai loan, qua trinh tim hieu gidi han each giai quydt van de" Suxuaithien sai lam eua HS ggi hoalddng hgc lap ma HS se duoc hudng dieh, ggi ddng co de tim sai lam va diidi Idi giai dung Tim cai sai cua ehlnh minh hay eua ban minh deu lasukham pha Tusukham pha nay, HS chiem linh duge tri thu'c mdt each trgn ven hon Quan niem eua lithuyet tinh hud'ng Li thuye't tinh hudng cd ba kieu chudng ngai: Chudng ngai khoa hgc luan xual hien bdi ban chat cua chinh eac khai niem loan hge, chudng ngai su pham xual hien ban chal day hgc va GV, chudng ngai tam • sinh li xay nhu la kdt pua cua su phat trien cathecilaHS.tuylheo ngudn gdc Mgtsdcliudng ngai cd the tranh duge, mdt so khac thi khdng Xac djnh cac chudng ngai, ngudn gdc ciia no dgiy hgc mdn Toan la viec het sue can thiet Nhddo, GV co Oietim cae bien phap su pham thich hop de giai quye't tCmg chudng ngai 521 Tap chi Giao due so 314 ChSng han, de xac djnh chudng ngai day hgc khai niem loan hgc, la cd cac each sau dSy: ' Nghien cuu ljch sti phat trie'n eua khai nidm d l phat hien chudng ngai ma cac nha toan floe da gap phai qua trinh phat trien khai niem dd Chudng ngai trdthanh chudng ngai ve nhan thtfc (chudng ngai khoa hgc luan) eua HS hoc tap khai nidrn ' Nghien edu nhimg sai lam cocung ban chS'tcua da soHS xung quanh khainiem ddcd the giiip phat hign cac chudng ngai (4; tr.86-96) ' Tie'n hanh day mdt khai niem nao thso nhiJng each khac nhau, Ihdng qua viec so sanh vadanh gii ke't qua hgc tap cua HS giiia cac each day khac lu phal hien nhirng chudng ngai su pham cf^, each day hoc hay each day hgc khac gay Sau dd, G V sudung day hgc phan hoa khiday ti)ng Idp eg the, GV cd the day each hay each khac vk cS, nhiing bien phap han che nhiJng sai lam giijp H'S chiem linh tri thdc mgl each tot hon *Dacdiem ngdn ngi/va van hoa cdlhegay chudng ngai cho nhan thii'c Theo Nguyen Ba Kim, chudng ngai su pham la loai chudng ngai tranh dugc neu la thuc hien nhihig bien phap ehuyen hoa su pham mgt each hi;^ liv Chudng ngai tam - sjnh li dii khdng tranh duoc, nhung' chung ta cd the khic phi^c d nhimg thai diem thioh' hgp(2;tr.238) Quan niem cua thuyet hanh vi Thuyet hanli vi quan niem rang; Sai lam cua HS ia mgl hign tugng tieu cue, ed hai cho viec Ifnh hdi kien thdc va do can tranh, neu gap thi can khic phgd-/ Trong day hgc, mgt sdrhagiaoducngUi^Di^cma' tieu bieu la Aphagut Lai ciing cho rang "Viec chu-^ den cac sai lam cua HS gid hgc cd anh hudng xau den viec tiep thu bai giang' Sac biet, quan dilm de nghi khdng viet kjiigiaisai\en bang vi dilu niy iam cung cdthem sai lam y thuc cua HS Con nguyen nhan sai lam thudng dugc cho la HS mO h6, khdng nlm viJng kien thiirc da hoc, thieu hyt Wen IhLfc, vd y khong can trgng, D6i khi, thuy^ hflnh' • , '-Viti 'b-U 'TnrSigfUibqcHonslliifc -(kl2-7/2013} •' vi chp rang GV trinh bay khdng chinh xac, day quanhanh hay giai thich khong du rd rang,.,, Oeday hgc phu hgp vdi quan ni^m nay, muc lieu day hgc dugc phan nlid cae muc tieu bg phan, den luol nd lai duoc phan Ihanh cac mue lieu con,.,, giiip MS cd the dan dan linh hdi kien thuc, lan lugt \is don gian den phue tap ma khdng pham sai lam nao Ngudi la tim mgi each de tranh sai lam; cdn neu sai lam xuat hien thi each thdng Ihudng la day dn lai hay cung cap cac kie'n thu'c bdtrgcho den HScd cau tra Idi dung Vi du: Nguyen nhan sai lam eiJa HS TH PT giai toan Baisdva Giai tieh Ihudng la khong nam vung cae khai niem, dinh li, thieu cac kie'n thirc ve logic, , Bien phap sda chifa saJ lam la: Tmyen thu day du va chinh xac cac khai niem dinh li:di/doan va phdng tranh sai ldm, biet sudung caequytic suy luan, Quan niem ciia thuyet kien tao Thuye't kien tao quan niem rang "Sai iam khdng don gian thie'u hieu bie't, mo hd hay nglu nhien sinh ma cdn la hau qua ciia mgt kien thue trudc day da timg cdhiru ich va dem lai cdng, nhung bay gid td sai hoac don gian la khdng cdn thich hop niia.Trong hoalddng eiia GVciJng nhu ciJa HS,sai lam bao gid ciing gdp phan hinh nen nghTa cua kien thuc linh hdi dugc" (5; lr.27) Ngoai viec chira ngudn goc can ban ciia sai lam, thuyet kie'n tao cung xet den cac nguyen nhan khae nhuhanchevetam li.ve nhan thdc cua chu the,.Theo thuyet nay, sai lam thuc sudong vailrdquan trgng hoc tap Dac biet, vl nd la hau qua ctja nhung chudng ngaihinh tukien thu'ceO Van de khong phai la phdng tranh sai lam ma la ehiJ dgng to chifc cho HS gap sai lam va si/a chua nd Quan diem dophu hgp vdi R.A.Axanop: Viec tiep thu tri thuc mdt cachcdythLfcdugekiehlhiehbdivieetuHS phan tich mdt each cd suy nghT ndi dung cija lung sai lam ma HS pham phai, giai thich ngudn gdc cua cac sai lam valu duy, li luan veban ehat etia cac sai lam Ben canh do, A.A.Soliar cung da dat mdt sd bai loan phuong phap giang day ma dd lien quan cae tlnh hud'ng HS de mac sai lam giai loan va khang djnh can phai ed bien phap day hgc mdn Toan dua tren cac sai lam, eac sai (am cua HS xual hien G-Bachelard eung nhan manh "Can phai tochuc day hgc thdng qua viec pha huy mdt each cd he thd'ng cac sai lam^" (6; tr.32 j Diem khae biet co ban giira Ihuyet hanh viva cac quan diem khac la each thdc su'a chifa sai lam Trong thuyet hanh vi nhan manh viee day lai va gia tang luyen tap cung cd, nhan manh de'n vaitrd cua GV thi cac quan diem khac chu truong sua chifa sai lam bang each dal HS vao nhifng linh huong hgc tap gan lien vdi sai lam Tinh hudng nham tao dHS nhifng xungdgt nhan thifc, cho phep hg tunhan khdng chi sai lam ma chu yeu ia cac quy trinh hay quan niem ma hg da van dung sedan tdi nhifng ket qua mau thuan hay nghjch li Cac quan diem nhan manh vai trd chii the cua ngudi hgc viec sira chifa sai lam, dilu hoan loan phu hgp vdi djnh hudng ddi mdi phuang phap day hgc hien Trong qua trinh truyen thu tri thde va ren luyen kT nang toan hgc, can quan tam tap luyen cho HS nhifng hoal dgng va heat ddng Ihanh phan - ma giai loan HS Ihudng gap nhifng khd khan, vudng mac hoac sai lam viec Ihuc hien cac hoal ddng GV can chu dgng kien lao cac tinh hud'ng din ldi sai lam de HS duoe thuihach vdi nhifng sai lam dd.Q (I) A A SlOlieir Giai) due hfit Toan hoc (Iifi'ng Nga) NXB Giri;.'(/wf.l^insk 1969 12) Nguyfn Ba Kim Phutmg phap day hoc mon Toan NXB Dai hpc supham H 2007 (3) Nguyen Anh Tuin Boidumig ndng luc phdi hien vd gidi quyet vdn de cho hpc sinh trung hpc ca s& irong day hoc khdi niem Todn hoc (the hien qua mpt sd'khdi niSm Dai sdd Irung hpc coso) LuSn an T\€n si, Vien Khoa hoc giao due, Ha NOi 2003 (4) Le Thj Hoai Ctiau "Deii mdi ngi dung va phumig phap dho tao qua mon Li luan day - hgc mOn Toan a Truang dai hpc Sir pham" Ki yeu h6i thao khoa hgc Ddi mdi ndi dung vd phirong phdp dgy hpc d cdc tru&ng dai hoc xtr pham tr 86 - 96, H 2004 (5) G Brousseau Les obstacles episltmologiques et les problems en matbematiques Recherches en didactique des mathematiques Vol - Edition La Pcnsee Sauvage, Grenoble, 1983 (6) G Bachelard Essai sur la connaisscance approchee (third edition) ParisftVrin, 1968 Tai lieu tham khao I Nguyen Van Thuan (chii liien) - NguySn Hifu Hau Phat hien va sira chihi sai lam cho hpc sinh day hpc Dgi s6' • Giai (ich a truvng (hOng NXB Dgilipc.wphpm.H.20]0 SUMMARY In this article, we have not satisfactorily answer all the related mistakes Especially, we not make clear how the conflict situation awareness, initially only recognize mistakes and fix mistakes of students when accounting from many angles by teaching theory The main content of message is to show the difference of opinion theory comment on teaching about mistakes and how to repair mistakes Tap chi Gido due so 314 | 53 (ki 2-.7/2013)' ... linh hdi kien thuc, lan lugt \is don gian den phue tap ma khdng pham sai lam nao Ngudi la tim mgi each de tranh sai lam; cdn neu sai lam xuat hien thi each thdng Ihudng la day dn lai hay cung cap... phdng tranh sai ldm, biet sudung caequytic suy luan, Quan niem ciia thuyet kien tao Thuye''t kien tao quan niem rang "Sai iam khdng don gian thie''u hieu bie''t, mo hd hay nglu nhien sinh ma cdn... tich mdt each cd suy nghT ndi dung cija lung sai lam ma HS pham phai, giai thich ngudn gdc cua cac sai lam valu duy, li luan veban ehat etia cac sai lam Ben canh do, A.A.Soliar cung da dat mdt