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NGHIEN cuu &UMG DUNG MOT SO DINH HirdfNG KHI DAY HOC HE THONG BAI CAC THAO TAC LAP LUAN TRONG V A N NGHI LUAN 6 SGK NGlT V A N 11 ThS Pham Kieu Anh Trudng DHSP Hd Ngi 2 1 Thao tac lap luan trong van n[.]
NGHIEN cuu &UMG DUNG MOT SO DINH HirdfNG KHI DAY HOC HE THONG BAI CAC THAO TAC LAP LUAN TRONG V A N NGHI LUAN SGK NGlT V A N 11 ThS Pham Kieu Anh Trudng DHSP Hd Ngi Thao tac lap luan van nghj ludn Id mgt ngi dung mdi dugc triln khai tir THCS tdi THPT Ddc bigt, din THPT, chugng trinh Ngu vdn trien khai vdn de thdnh he thdng bdi day cac TTLL dugc trien khai tiong SGK NgiJ vdn l l T u y n h i e n , d e v i g c d a y hpe van de dgt dugc higu qua nhdt di^nh, GV can luu y tdi mgt sd van de sau: Ll Ddi vdi bdi Thao tdc lap lugn phdn tich Khdo sat chuang trinh, cd the nhdn thdy TTLL phan tich Id mgt ndi dung kien thiic da dugc gidi thieu d SGK NgiJ van ldp 9, cimg vdi thao tae tdng hgp Ddy la mdt thudn lgi cho GV day hgc Ciing vi the, trien khai gidi thieu tri thuc ve thao tdc ndy, chiing tdi tap trung vdo each thiic thyc hign, cdn viec trang hi khdi nigm dugc thyc hign theo diing quan diem tich hgp, dac biet Id hinh thiic tich hgp dgc (tich hgp bang cdch yeu edu HS dn Iai nhiing hieu biet ve phdn tich md cac em da dugc hgc d Idp dudi) Viec su dung hogt dgng tich hgp se giiip GV vira kiem thdi gian dajy, vira giiip HS^ tir nhijng hieu biit da cd ve phdn_ tich ma nit dugc nhihig ket luan ye khdi niem, myc dich, yeu cau ciia thao tdc lgp ludn phdn tich Sau dd, GV vira cho HS cung cd v l lgp Iudn phan tich qua cdc ngii lieu, va ddng thdi nit cac budc ca bdn thyc hien TTLL 1.2 Ddi vdi bdi Thao tdc lap lu^n so sdnh Vdi TTLL so sanh, day la mgt thao tdc hoan toan mdi nhung tren thyc tl nd lai cd vai tid khd quan trgng ddi vdi lgp ludn bdi vdn nghi lugn So sdnh Id TTLL, cung la cdch md ngudi vilt sii dyng dl tgo Idi vdn hdp dan, cd hinh dnh, vd tap ddu an rieng cho ngudi viet Mat khde, thdng qua each thiic so sdnh md cd the cam nhan, ddnh gid dugc nhiing tam ly, ti'nh cdch vd cdm xiic cua chinh tdc gid Tuy nhien, de HS cd the hieu diing dac diem ciia TTLL ndy, GV phai tim va khai thdc diing cdc ngit lieu cd sir dyng so sdnh de lap luan Mdt nhung ddc diem quan trgng chon ngii lieu eho thao tac chinh la vigc ngu: lieu dd^ ngoai each sii dyng cdc yeu td tuang ddng de ddi chieu vdi thi ngfi lieu ay phai the hien ro tinh lap luan Dgc tinh dugc the hien d vigc cac ngu lieu dugc clign phdi tap trung vao mdt luan diem nao dd va qua sp sdnh phdi neu dugc mdt ket ludn hay mot danh gia, nhan xet ndo De thyc hien dugc dgc diem dd, GV can chii y tim nhihig ngit lieu cd ndi dung ro rang, cd ket lugn hay ddnh gia cu the Khi dgy hgc, GV cd the tan dyng cac ngft lieu d ngodi SGK mien ngii ligu dd the hign ro dgc trung ciia lap Iudn so sanh Bdi vay, ta cd thl sir dung cdc ngu lieu nhu: "Tren trai co nhimg vi co dnh sdng khac thudng, nhung mdt cua chung ta phdi chdm chu nhin thl m&i Ihdy, vd cdng nhin thi cdng Ihdy sdng Vdn tha ctia Nguyen Dinh Chieu cUng vdy" (Pham Vdn Dong) Vigc ehgn cdc ngu ligu ndy Id bdi ddy Id mgt ddn chiing tieu bieu sir dyng lap ludn so sdnh gdn lien vdi mgt van ban ma HS se dugc tiep can d ldp 12 Chgn ngu lieu ndy se thyc hign vigc hinh thdnh kien thiic Lam van sy lien ket vdi tri thlie ciia dgc hieu van bdn theo diing tinh than ciia quan diem tich hop 1.3 Bdi vdi bdi Thao tdc lap lugn bdc bd "Thao tdc lap ludn bdc bo " Id mdt ndi dung mdi me so vdi chuang tiinh Idm van trudc ddy Trong logic, bdc bd la mot dang chiing minh ddc bigt Nd ddc bigt d chd, neu chiing minh la each ngudi ta neu cac ly le, dan chiitig de khang djnh sy diing dan cua van de thi bac bd Iai di theo dudng ngugc lai Trong van nghj luan, bac bd Id each ngudi tiep can vdi cdi sai, cai chua diing vd tir dd tim nhung bieu hign, nhirng Iy le, ddn chiing de phdn bdc Igi va cudi cung neu chan Iy Khi day ndi dung nay, phiirig tdi tap trung vdo cac ydn de nhu khdi niem, yeu edu vd each thuc bac bd Khi tiep can vdi bai "Thao tdc lap lugn bdc bd", chiing tdi nhgn tihdy de chi bdn chat ciia lap luan ndy, ngii lieu phdi thyc sy phdt huy dugc dac trung bac bd Ngay nhgn bai 25/9/2012: Ngay duy?i dang 25/10/2012 TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUG-SO 87-11/2012 • 15 NGHIEN cuu &UMG DUNG Ddc tnmg ay dugc the hign rdt rd qua cdc tir ngii bdc bd, qua cdc cdu the hign sy phii djnh vd tir dd neu mgt nhgn djnh nao dd Trong SGK chgn hai ngii ligu cd sir dyng lgp ludn bdc bd, nhung neu hudng dan HS phan tich ca hai ngti ligu s6 tdn khd nhieu thdi gian tiet dgy, bdi vgy, chiing tdi chgn mgt ngit lieu ben ngoai, ma todn bg ngCi ligu dd da trigt de sii dyng TTLL ndy Ngii lieu dd dugc trich theo sdch Tieng Vigt Idp cac thap ki 80- 90 ciia the ki XX, ngi dung ciia ngit ligu ghi lai cugc tranh ludn giiia Hiing, Qui, Nam ve de tdi "Cdigi qui nhdr Vd tir each lgp lugn phii djnh nhgn xet cua cac nhan vat khde, mdi nhdn vat da dua nhiing ket ludn ciia bdn than ve cdi quy nhdt (liia gao, vdng vd thdi gian) Qua do, bdi viet da dua mdt nhan djnh: Dd Id ngu&i lao dgng cdc em a Khdng CO ngu&i lao ddng Ihi khdng cd liia ggo, khong cd vdng bgc nghia la lat cd mgi thu deu khdng co vd thi gid cUng troi qua mgt cdch vo vi" Cdch neu nhdn djnh nhu vay vira the hign sy ddnh gia ve gid trj cua ngudi lao ddng mgi thdi dai^ vira the hign tinh giao dye ddi vdi HS Vd qua ngit lieu dd, GV se dan ddt cac em tim hieu ve bdc bd va lap ludn bdc bd Ddi vdi each lap luan, chiing tdi tan dyng nhiing ngii lieu SGK de chi each thiic lap luan bdc bd L4 Doi vdi bdi Thao tdc lap lu^n binh lugn Khi day bdi "Thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn", can cir vao chuang trinh, GV cd the tan dung cac bdi" Ve ludn ly xa hgi & nu&c ta ", " Tieng mg de - ngudn gidi phdng cdc ddn 16 tgc bf dp buc " vd "Ba cong hicn vT dgi ctia Cdc Mac" Id nguon ngfi li^u sinh d$ng vd khai thdc them dc cung cd ve cdch l§p lugn binh lugn Bdi "Phong cdch ngdn ngu chinh lugn" sd trang bi nhiing tri thirc ciia Tiing Vi^t d l ho trg cho cdc em hieu hem vl cdch binh gid nhitng van de v l chinh tri, xa hgi - mgt nh&ng the logi ciia vdn nghj luan Nhfrng dgn vj kien thirc can dat day hgc cdc thao tdc lap ludn Tir nhiing djnh hudng dugc xdc djnh tren vc ca sd ly lugn ciia cdc TTLL, qud trinh dgy hgc, GV can xdc djnh rd nhung dan vj kien thirc ca bdn, trgng tam mdi bdi day Ddi vdi cdc tiet ly thuyet, GV cdn phdi thyc hign dii hai nhiem vy trgng tdm Id gidi thigu muc dich, yeu cau cua timg thao tac va sau dd phai neu dugc quy trinh thyc hign cdc thao tdc ay Ve bdn chat, mdi thao tdc cd vai trd vd dac diem rieng nen neu quy trinh, GV ciing cdn dya vdo ddc diem ciia timg thao tdc de tao ca sd xdc dinh rd cdc budc thyc hign TTLL Viec neu quy trinh thyc hign s e t g o CO sd cho HS tap vd biet van dyng de thyc hign cdc thao tdc ay viet doan, viet bdi vdn Tuy nhien, td chiic hudng ddn HS ndm dugc cdc d^c diem cimg nhu each thiic thyc hign cdc TTLL, de t^o sy thudn lgi tiong nhan thiic cho HS, GV nen tgn dyng nhitng tri thlie cd lidn quan tdi vigc to chuc lap lugn (lugn chiing, lugn cii, lugn dilm) giiip cho HS de dang nhan thdy quy trinh thyc hi^n timg thao tac cung sS dl dang han Ta cd the • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 87 -11/2012 nh§n thay, t$n dyng cac ylu to lugn dilm, lugn chiing, lu|in cir md chi dugc quy trinh thyc hign thao tdc l§p lugn Vi dy, dgy TTLL so sdnh, ta chi dugc quy trinh la: Budc 1: Xdc djnh rd luan dilm cAn ldm noi bdt gid trj, y nghTa /Budc 2: Lya chgn cdc ddi tugng cd nh&ng diem hjang dong hay ddi lap de so sdnh (Vigc chgn ddi tugng phdi dya tren nhitng ti6u chi nhat djnh (quan hg, d$c diem, y nghTa, gid tri tuong dong hay ddi lgp vdi nhau) /Budc 3: phdn tich, ddnh gid cdc doi tugng sy so sanh vcri bdn chat vdn de Neu nhihig nhdn djnh, nhung ket lugn dua tren sy so sdnh trudc dd Mdt khac, tan dyng nhiing tri thirc ve cdc yeu to ciia lap luan, GV cimg sg co sy thudn Igri hudng din cdc em phdn tich de nhan dugc sy ket hgp cua cdc thao tdc ISp Iudn ndy vdn bdn Trong SGK, sy kit hgp cdc TTLL dugc trien khai d dang thuc hdnh Tuy nhien de hudng ddn HS Idm tdt thyc hdnh, GV phdi thyc hign boat dgng he thdng Iai kien thirc ve chung Day Id hogt dgng quan trgng bdi nd se trang bj rdiirng kien thiic CO bdn lam nen va djnh hudng cho viec thyc hdnh sau dd Vi dy: Mudn HS nhdn thay sy kit hgp cac TTLL, GVphai bdt dau tir ddc tnmg ciia timg thao tdc, sau dd hudng cdc em phdn tich ngu ligu cy the de nh§n sy kdt hgp gi&a chiiii^ £>$c diem duqc the hi$a rdt rd hudng ddn HS thuc hanh TTLL so sanh kit hgp vdi p h ^ ti'ch va luygn t ^ vgn dung ket^ hgp cdc thao ^ c ISp lugn Chang hgn, d bai "Luyen tgp van dung ket hgp cdc thts) tdc lap lugn", chiing tdi da NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG hudng ddn HS he thdng lai cac tiet thyc hanh ma cdn cd sanh yd yeu cdu cdc em ve nha toan bd tri thuc vd bdn TTLL: the dugc thyc hien ty vidt dogn theo nh&ng dinh phan tich, so sdnh, binh ludn, dgy ly thu^yet, day cdc hudng dd neu bdc bd, sau mdi hudng ddn tri thirc Tieng Viet hodc Tiep theo, GV phdi xdc djnh cac emtiepcan ng& ligu dl chi hudng ddn HS dgc hieu cdc rd viec rdn luygn cdc TTLL cd sy ket hgp giiia chiing van ban nghi Iudn Tuy nhien, the dugc thyc hign d nhieu thdi bai vdn nghj ludn Cy thl: sau viec td chiic thyc hanh can diem Cy the Id GV dy djnh se hudng ddn HS dn tgp Iai phdi dugc thyc hign theo cdc td chiic rcn luygn cho cdc em TTLL, chiing tdi^ da Idy cdc yeu cdu cp bdn sau: gid ly thuyet, gid BT SGK de hudng ddn Thu nhat, vigc td chiic luygn thyc hanh, cdc em cdc em tim sy ket hgp giua tap thyc hdnh phai hudng tdi tiep can vdi cac tri thuc ciia chiing Sau HS phan tich myc dich cudi ciing la giiip Tieng Vigt hay cdc em dgc BT qua cdc yeu td lugn diem, HS hieu vd biet sir dun^ cdc hieu van bdn theo ddc tnmg Iudn chimg, luan cir chiing tdi TTLL viet van Mudn dat the logi nghi lugn Tat nhien, d cho HS diic nit nhgn xet ve dugc myc dich dy thi HS phdi cdc thdi diem khac nhau, vigc cdch ket hgp nhu sau: Phan thyc sy nam dugc each thyc ren luygn cung phdi dugc thyc tich - so sdnh - binh lugn./ Bdc hign cdc TTLL De ndm dugc hign d cdc muc khde bd - phan tich./ Binh luan each thyc hien thi HS phai xdc Cu the, day Iy thuyet, viec Ddng^ thdi, GV cung cdn dinh myc dich nghi luan Day ren luygn dugc gdn liln vdi hudng dan HS luu y tdi nhung chinh la cdn cii quan trgng mirc Id giiip HS cd the nhan vd chi dugc nhirng bieu yeu cau ket hgp, bao gdm: nhdt de viet vdn, cdc em biet cy the cua timg TTLL + Can xdc djnh ro ngi dung tu cdn cii dd md lya chgn vd hien hay sy van dung ket hgp cdc luan diem sii dung cdc thao tac cung nhu thao tdc viet mdt doan cu + Khi trien khai phai sir cdu tnic cua dogn van, van ban the Nhu vdy, sau dgy ly dyng ket hgp cdc thao tac cho thich hgp Nhu vay, thuyet ve cdc TTLL, viec td ciing doan, bdi td chiic thyc hdnh, mdt chuc thyc hdnh mdi chi d miic + Khdng dugc tach bgch nhitng ndi dung GV nen so gidn, can cii de ddnh gid cdc thao tdc (tru binh Iudn cd dinh hudng cho cac em chinh HS chu yeu la xac djnh xem the diing ddc lap) la viec xac djnh rd muc dich cac em da thdng hieu hay + Mudn trinh bdy vdn de nghi ludn Day Id yeu cau quan chua Tuy nhien, sang cdc gid khdch quan, hgp Iy cdn phdi trgng nhdt, chi phdi tdi tdt cd thyc hanh, GV phai hudng tdi chia nhd vdn de rdi ket hgp cdc hdnh ddng cua GV myc tieu cao ban Trong cdc cac thap tdc khde hudng dan HS luyen tap thyc gid thyc hanh^ ngoai viec he + Cdn can cii vao muc dich hdnh Yeu cdu dugc the thdng, ciing cd Iai nhung hieu nghi Iudn de trinh bdy cho cd hien rat rg GV hudng ddn biit cua HS ve cdc TTLL, GV dgng, diing hudng HS tap vigt doan hay viet cdn phdi hudng ddn cdc em Nhu vgy, tan dung nh&ng bdi cu the Vi dy, Idii hudng biet van dyng nhung hieu biet tri thirc ve cac yeu td lap luan ddn HS luyen tap thuc hdnh ciia ban than minh de tap lap se giiip cho GV cd nhieu_thudn BT2, SGKNgLtvan 11, Tap Iudn theo cac ndi dung cd sdn Igi vigc hudng dan HS 1, Tr 116, GV phdi hudng dan hinh nhung hieu biet va HS xdc dinh ro ndi dung van Trong gid thyc hdnh, GV ky nang sir dyng cdc TTLL de can so sdnh Id gi (Ich Igri can phdi tien hdnh theo cdc hgc va tgo lap vdn ban nghi cua viec hgc tap) Va tu myc cap khac Ddi vdi viec luan dich bdn luan dy, GV hudng thyc hdnh nhan biet, thdng Nh&ng dinh hu-dng cff ddn HS phan tich y nghTa ndi hieu cdc thao tdc, GV phai cho ban tS chu-c luygn tdp dung de tir Iy gidi dugc tai HS tiep cgn vdi cac n ^ lieu cy thyc hanh cac TTLL chgn thao tac lap ludn so the, sau dd hudng dan cdc em Ben canh vigc day ly thuylt sanh dd td chiic lap lugn Igi xac djnh nhitng ddc trung ciia vl cdc TTLL, GV can phai td thich hgp nhdt De darji gia thao tdc thdng qua nhiing yeu chiic ngi dung thyc hsuih cho nhan thiic ciia cac em, GV td nhu lugn diem co ban, chi HS Vide td chuc luygn tap hudng dan HS phdn tich ngi nhung bieu hign, nh&ng ddu khdng chi dugc thuc hign d dung cung nhu each thiic so higu cy the ciia cdc thao tac va TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO DUC-50 87-11/2012 • 17 NGHIEN cuu & ONG DUNG tir dd neu nhgn xet ddnh gid gid trj ciia vigc sd dyng TTLL Chdng hgn nhu hudng ddn HS thyc hign BT I, SGK NgO vdn 11, Tgp 2, Tr 81, GV hudng dan HS phan tich ng& lieu de chi nh&ng bieu hign CO ban ciia thao lac lgp ludn binh lugn nhu: xdc djnh ngi dung van de nhgn xet cdch lap lugn Qua cac khia cgnh dd GV ddnh gid mirc dg nhgn thuc ciia HS Tdi ligu tham khao Le A (Chil bien)- Le Thi Thanh Hd- Le Thj Tam Hdo Nguyen Thj Hoa - Tran Vdn Todn Nguyen Quang Trung - Thyc hdnh Lam Van Idp 11 NXB Gido dye (2009) Bd Gido dye vd Ddo tao - Tdi lieu bdi duang gido vien Ng& vdn 11 - NXB Gido dye (2008) Ha Thiic Hoan - Lam vdn nghi ludn ly thuyet va thyc hdnh - NXB Thudn Hod (1992) Phan Trgng Ludn (Chii bien) - Ng& vdn 11 Tap NXB Gido due (2007) Summary Acts of argument argumentative texts are a new content area deployed into a system of lessons in Literature 11 textbooks The objective of the deployment of this system of lessons in Literature 11 textbooks is to help students to master the basic techniques when it comes to expressing argumentative content However, while teaching this, it is necessary to intioduce some fimdamental directions to achieve the objective The article is focused on this issue 18 X A Y DVfNG XERI (Tiip trang 21) khai thdc kicn thuc t& bdn tlo dc trd ldi cdc cau hdi : Chi rd vi tif dja II, cdc tinh tilp _ p vdi thdnh Hd Ndi? ("HS cdn cir vdo bdn de xdc djnh vj tri difi ly) Nam a vj tri dd phd Hd Ngi cd thu|ln lgi gi cho phdt trien kinh lc ? Muc2: Neu Icn dugc sy phan bo ciia cac doi tirgng tren bdn dd + Ctic nhd mdy, khu cdng nghigp phdn bd d dau ? Muc3: Phdn, tich, giai thich dugc sy phdn bd dd trdn bdn do, tire Id phdi trd ldi dugc cau hdi tgi sao, phdn bd nhu the ndo, nguyen nhdn tu ddu Khi gidi thich, ,HS phai kit hgp dugc cdc kien thiic b ^ dd vdi nhiing kien thiic da biet, tai ligu tham khao de cd Idgic khoa hgc Trong qud trinh gidi thich can cd sy ket hgp vdi cdc ban khde de thay ro dugc mdi quan hg gi&a chiing Mic J: Phan, tich qud trinh phat trien ciia ddi tugng dja ly Myc dich cua vigc nghien cim bdng cdch phdi hgp cdc bdn dd cd chu de khac la chi cac hign tugng cd mdi quan hg vdi dugc phan dnh tien ban dd, phan tich va djnh Iugng moi lien hg giua chiing , Phan tich cac ban dd cd chu de khac de nghien cim cdu tnic phdn vimg, chi dugc ddc trung sd Iugng, chat lugng, gidi thich dugc dgng lyc phat tiien cua hign tugng dja Iy - Su dyng xeri bdn vdi sy trg giiip cua CNTT Tinh uu vigt cua bdn dugc xay dyng bdng GIS dd Id ^khdng nhdt thiet phdi in gidy giong nhu ban dd truydn thdng ma van sir dyng dugc, thdm chi cdn mang lgi hi$u qua cao hon nhu da dugc trinh • TAP CHI THIfTBI GIAO DUC-SO 87-11/2012 bdy d tren Trong qud tiinh sir dyng GV cd the diing bdn dd tryc tiep tii phan mim, bdn dd Iiic ndy dgng so (vectg), bdng cdc cdng cy (nhu Select, Zoom-in, Zoom - out d l phdng to, thu nhd cac bdn do), cdc cau Ignh GV se co dugc nhitng md hinh, ket qua theo mong muon Mgt hinh thiic sir dyng khac GV chuyen cdc bdn dd ve dang dnh (JPG, BMPv.v } sau dd trinh chieu cdc ban d chucmg trinh PowerPoint, cdch sii dung ndy GV khong chinh sua dugc vdi ban nhimg Igi Idm cho bdn dd tdng tinh tryc quan, de sii dyng doi vdi ngudi diing ddng thdi co thl ket hgp trinh chieu hai ban dd ciing tren mgt niM hinh giup vigc sp sdnh dxB^ thugn lgi vd dgt ket qua cac T a i ligu tham khao Lam Quang Doc - Ban dd gido khoa, NXB Dgi hgc Sir pham Ha Ngi, 2003 Le Huynh - L^ Ngpc Nam { Chii bien ) - Ban dd hpe chuyen dl, NXB Giao dye , Ha Ngi, 2001 Le Thdng (Tdng CM bien), Nguyen Viet Thinh (Chii bien) Dia Iy 12,NXB Gido due, 2007 Summary Applying a Geographic Information System to establish electronic series map use for teaching geography grade 12 including six local map with the following: administrative maps, natural map, population map, industrial map, agriculture forestry-Hshery map, services map Author paper making process to use the maps in teaching in order to promote, positive and proactive studenb acquire knowledge ... each lap luan, chiing tdi tan dyng nhiing ngii lieu SGK de chi each thiic lap luan bdc bd L4 Doi vdi bdi Thao tdc lap lu^n binh lugn Khi day bdi "Thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn", can cir vao chuang... timg thao tac va sau dd phai neu dugc quy trinh thyc hign cdc thao tdc ay Ve bdn chat, mdi thao tdc cd vai trd vd dac diem rieng nen neu quy trinh, GV ciing cdn dya vdo ddc diem ciia timg thao. .. cdc luan diem sii dung cdc thao tac cung nhu thao tdc viet mdt doan cu + Khi trien khai phai sir cdu tnic cua dogn van, van ban the Nhu vdy, sau dgy ly dyng ket hgp cdc thao tac cho thich hgp Nhu