LICH jSfl vdi NHA TRfldNG MOT SO \AJ% BE v t ClIlJOiVG TREVH Md]\ L ien Sir TROIVG H E THOMG GiAo o r e d MY vA CAI\ADA TRAN THI VINH* Trong h^ th6''''ng gifio dye 6 My vfl Canada, lich sfl Ifl m§t trong[.]
LICH jSfl vdi NHA TRfldNG MOT SO \AJ% BE v t ClIlJOiVG TREVH Md]\ L i e n Sir TROIVG H E THOMG GiAo o r e d MY vA C A I \ A D A TRAN THI VINH* T rong h^ th6'ng gifio dye My vfl Canada, lich sfl Ifl m§t s6 nhflng mon hoc hflt bu6e b efle efl^p phd thong Vi trl cua mon Ljch sfl nhfl trUdng phd thong dUOc khflng djnh, khong Ifl vfl'n de phai bfln cai Tfl't ea hgc sinh muon c6 BSng tS't nghidp Trung hoc phd thong (High School Diploma ci My hay Secondary School Diploma b Canada) bflt buoc phai hoan thflnh 30 tin chl (credits) b cflp Trung hoc phd thong (idp d^n ldp 12) eo 18 tin chi bflt buoc (compulsory credits) vfl 12 tin chi tfl chon (optional credits) Lich sfl Ifl mgt so cac mon hgc hflt buoc, cflng vdi cac m6n hgc khac nhU Toan, Tieng Anh, Vflt ly, Ngoai ngfl Trong tinh hinh d6, vigc day vfl hoc ljch sfl dUdc ehu nhu m6t mon hgc cd ban cae trUdng thong b My va Canada Bfli vi^t nfly sfl tflp trung phan tich m6t so vflfn di vi vj tri mfin Ljch sfl h | thong giao due b My vfl Canada, chu^n qud'e gia mon Ljch sfl, sflch giflo khoa lieh sfl vfl tfli li^u giflng day ljch sfl b cac truing phd thfing b My vfl Canada Vj tri mon Ljch siJf he thong giao due cf My va Canada Cung nhu cae mon hoc khac trUdng phfi thfing, viec day vfl hoc mfin ljch sfl eung trai qua nhi^u bi6^n doi thfing qua cae cuoc cai each lich sfl giflo due My vfl Canada Thflc te cho thfl'y, khfing phfli tfl diu ngudi ta efi nh|n thflc that sU d^y du vfl khach quan dfii vdi vj tri ciia mon ljch sfl h^ thong giao due noi chung My, sau cai each giao due vflo dau thflp nien 60 the ky XX, cac nhfl giao due mfii cfi each nhin mdi tofln di^n, diy du hdn ve bo mfin lich sfl nhfl trUclng SU thie'u hut ki^n thflc lich sfl ciia hoc sinh, dfle bifit Ifl kifi^n thfle ve Ijeh sfl xa hfii vfl lich sfl vfln hoa dfl khien eho cac nhfl hoach dinh chinh sach phai xem xfit lai cong tflc day va hoe Ijeh sfl cac trUdng thfing Nhihig bit on vfi* xa hfii th§p nifin 60 th^ ky XX, sfl xung dot ve' cac gifl trj vfin hoa, lich sfl xa hfii My thin ky nfly hfit ngudn tfl nhi^u nguyfin nhfln, dfi co su thi^u hut nhflng hieu biet ve ljch sfl xa hfii vfl vfln hfia Trong boi eflnh dfi, hflng loat dfl an dU^c th\Ie hi^n nhihig nflm 1960 • 'PGS.TS Khoa Ljch sfl, TrUdng D^i hoc Su pham Hfl N$i Bghlfai etiru Hch aJr stf 9.2012 1970 nh&m thflc diy vfl nflng cao chtft lUi^ng d^y vfl hpe ljch atJl cflc trUdng phd thfing Vi$c gi&ng d^y mfin ljch avi ixSfjc tfing cUcing vi nfki dung, sdlUi^ng gid d^y vfl phuong thflc gidng day Vi n$i dung, b^t dSu tfl nflm 1960, mfin ljch sfl bao gdm ck ljch si^ xil hOi vfl tjeh sfl vfln h6a (1) Sau c&i eflch giflo dye vflo cudi thflp nifin 1980, Trung tflm qudc gia vd Ljch sfl eflc trUdng phd thfing (National Center for History in the Schools - NCHS) dU(?e thflnh Iflp nflm 1988 nhhm myc tifiu tflng eUcJng nflng Iflc gidng d^y vfl hgc tflp mfin ljch sfl cho giflo vifin vfl hgc sinh cfic trUdng phd thfing Cflng tflc d^y vfl hpe Ijeh aijt dUgc tflng cU6ng vdi nhflng kdt qua kha quan, dfle bi$t vflo nfla sau thflp nifin 1990, sau Chuin qu6c gia mfin Ljch sit dugc ehinh thfle han hflnh nfim 1996 (2) NhQng nfim diu thfi'ki XXI, nhflng thay ddi nhanh chfing cua tinh hinh thd gidi da dflt nhflng thfleh thflc m6i cho cfing tfic day vfl hgc ljch sii b cac trUdng phd thfing Sau su ki$n nudc My hi tfn cfing ngfly 11-92001, du lufin cho r4ng nhflng hilu bidt cija ngudi dfin My ve Ijeh sfl thd gidi, dfle bi§t Ifl khu vflc ngofli Bfic My vfi chfiu Au cdn qufi it 6i ChuySn gia giflo dye kifim phfing vifin BBC News, Mike Baker cho r&ng: "Si^ ki§n 11-9 bSng chdc dfi b u ^ chflng ta thffy du^e sfl eSn thidt phai tflng eUdng hidu bidt vi ljch sfl nhflng khu vflc khfie trfin thd gidi cung nhu phai hilu vd ljch sfl tfin gifio, ljch sfl vfln hfia vfi chinh trj, nhflng vfl'n dd mfl trfldc dfiy chung ta da khfing chfl ^ dung mflc Dfiy Ifl luc chung ta nh$n thflc rfi hdn tfim quan trgng eiia mfin ljch sfl nhfi trudng Ljch sfl Ifl mfin hgc cung cfTp cho chflng ta kidn thfle cd sd di hidu thd gidi hfim nay" (3) Cflng thdi gian nfiy, cflc kdt qua thdng kfi cua cflc cugc didu tra xa h^i hgc cflng cho thtfy nhflng thfich thflc dflt ddi vdi cflng tfic d^y vfl hgc ljch svt b My Theo kdt qua didu tra ciia Trung tfim nghifin cflu vfl phfin tich cfic vtfn dd xfl h$i thudc D^i hgc Connecticut, 66% hgc einh b cfic trUdng trung hgc b Yale, Northwester, Smith, Bowdoin khfing d^t yfiu cSu Ifim bfli kidm tra trfic nghidm vd ljch siJl nUdc My, chl efi nhfi't m^t hgc ainh tra ldi dflng tofin b^ 34 cflu h6i Ch! cd khoang 60% hgc ainh bidt nhflng thfing tin vd ndn dfin chu vfi hidn phflp My, khoang 70% hgc sinh dU0e hdi khfing bidt vd nhflng cu(ic chidn tranh mfi nUdc My tham gia TbU^ng nghj SI Joseph D Conn cho rflng: "Kdt qua didu tra cho thfi'y thd h$ tri ngfly thidu hijt nhflng hidu bidt vd ljch sfl dfin t ^ , vd cflc gifi trj dfin chii Chflng ta khong dfinh gifl thfi'p cfic trUdng phd thfing cfing tfic d^y vfl hgc ljch sii, nhUng chung ta bu$c phai yfiu efiu cfic nhfl giflo d\ic eflc eflp phd thfing phai tfing cudng gd'p dot cd gfing ctia hg dd thd h$ tr£ cfi dugc nhflng kidn thfle vd ljch sfl vfl vfin hda dfin t$c" (4) Sfl thidu hyt kidn thflc Ijeh sfl cua thd h§ tre d\S(jc cfic nhfl nghien eflu My nhin nhfln nhu lfi "m^t hidm hga dfln t$e" Td USA Today News ngfiy 28-2-2008 cfing bd kdt qua m$t cu$c didu tra xfl h$i hgc vd nhflng hidu bidt cua 1200 nifin My 17 tudi vd ljch aii dfln tOc Kdt qua cho thfTy ehi cfi 43% sd ngUcri d u ^ hoi cfi dU(?c nhiing kidn thflc cd ban vd cugc ngi chidn d My, 25% sd ngudi d u ^ hoi cho r^ng C Columbus tim chfiu My sau nfim 1750 chfl khfing phai vflo nflm 1492 Khoang 50% nhflng ngUdi dugc hoi khdng bidt ho$c khfing nhd cflc sfl ki$n cd ban cfi Hfin quan ddn Ijeh sii nUfic My Tren ed sd nhflng kdt qua dU^c efing hd, bfli bflo nhdn m^nh, *%ai mUdi Ifim nflm sau cd bfio cfio "Mdt hii'm hpa ddn tgc" (A Nation at Risk) vd tinh tr^ng thidu hut kidn thflc BT^t atf v6n di v& chirona Mnh ljch sii, vfin hfia cfla thidu nifin My, cong tfic d^y hgc ljch sfl da dUgc tflng cUdng cfic trudng phd thong Tuy nhifin, cfic kdt qua didu tra ngfly hfim cho thfl'y mgt thv^e td lfi phai chfing chung ta chi tflp trung vflo nhflng mfin hgc nhU Tofln, Tidng Anh mfl bd qufin efle mfin khoa hgc xa h^i khac dfi cfi mfin Lich sii" (5) GS Kathleen A.Steevss, D^i hgc George Washington cho r^ng ChUdng trinh hfinh dgng "Khong dd cho tre em nflo tyt hflu" Tdng thdng My Bush dd xUdng (No Child left behind, Public Law 107-110, 2001) trfin thUe td dudng nhu chu ydu ehi du^c thflc thi dfil vdi eflc mfin Toan vfl tie'ng Anh, dfi mfin Ijeh sfl chUa dugc chu y dung mfle (6) thflc ljch sii bfit buOc ddi vdi nhflng ngUdi nh$p cu mudn trd thflnh cfing dfln Canada Theo Lufit nhflp cU ciia Canada, nhflng ngudi mudn cfi qude tjeh Canada phai trai qua bfli thi vidt vfl phfin hdi vfl'n dfip vd Ijeh sfl chinh trj - xa hdi vfl lich sfl vfln hfia Canada tfl 1867 ddn (8) O My, Bg Giflo dye Lifin bang da ho trd vi§c thuc hi§n cac dfl fin nhSm tflng eUdng vi§c giang day vfl giao due ljch sfl cho hgc sinh phd thfing Du an "Ngfly ljch sfl dan t§c" (National History Day - NHD) GS Cathy Gorn, Dai hgc Maryland tidn hflnh Ifi mgt sd nhflng dU an nfiu tren Khoang 700.000 hgc sinh vfl 40.000 giao vien trung hgc phd thong da tham gia du fin NHD Vfii sfl tfli trg eua Chinh phii, l l n h hinh day vfl hoe mon lich sfl d cae hflng loat cac hgi thao, eflc chUdng trinh trUdng phd thfing d Canada cung gflp phai dflo tao gifio vien dUdc thfle hi^n, hgc sinh nhflng vfl'n de tUdng tfl Bao cao ve" Tinh dugc khuydn khich Ifla ehgn vfl thflc hien hinh d^y hgc Ljch sii Vifin dieu tra xfl cac dd tfli ve ljch sfl dfln tgc; cac trUdng phd hgi hgc Ipsos b Toronto (Ipsos News thfing dugc tfing cudng thiet bj day hoc, Center Canadian's Views on History ngudn tai lifiu day vfl hgc lich sfl, thiet ke Education) eho biet, 76% sdngudi dUde hoi eflc trang web ve Hch sfl Vfii ke't qua dat lo ng?i vd tinh trang thie'u hyt kien thfle dugc cua du an nfly, GS Cathy Gorn cho ljch sfl dfln tfie eiia gidi tre, 83% so ngUdi rfing, trfin thUc te "viec Iflm cho hgc sinh dUde hdi yeu cdu tfing gfip doi sd gid hgc yeu thich mfin ljch sfl khfing phai la dieu ljch sfl trUdng phd thong, dfle bi^t Ifl khfing thd Ifim dUdc" (9) Ben canh do, Bg lich sfl Canada, 81% sdngudi duge hdi keu giao due Lien bang da dUa eflc giai ggi Chinh phu lifin bang cin quan tflm thudng thudng nifin cho giao vien mfin lich hdn ddn vi^c cfing tac giao dye ljch sii sfl nh&m khuydn khich phat nflng lUe ciia nhfl trUdng (7) Mfic du Ljch sfl lfi gifio vifin Nfim hgc 2007-2008, ChUdng mfin hgc hfit huge eae eflp hgc phd trinh giai thudng dfinh cho giao vien day thfing nhUng trfin thflc td ehi cfi 35% sd gidi Ijeh sfl My dUdc cong bd vfii tong gifl ngUdi dUde hoi cho rflng Ljch sii Ifl mfin trj len den trifiu USD (10) Thflc td eho hgc Ua thich cua hg hoe trUdng thfi^y, cflc nhfl hoach dinh chinh sflch b My phd thfing Trong tinh hinh dfi, Chinh phu vfl Canada da efi nhidu no lUc viee Canada da chu trgng ddn v i ^ tflng eUdng nhin nhfln dung vj tri, vai trd eua mfin Ijeh kidn thflc lich sii eho hgc sinh nhfl sii cung nhu tim quan trgng ciia cfing tac trudng nfii rieng vfl cho efing dfln Canada giao dye ljch sii nhfl trUdng nfii rieng nfii ehung, dfi efi vi?e kiem tra kidn vfl xa hfii nfii ehung Rghl6n cilru Lieh aiS" atf 9.2012 Mdt so vfi'n dd vd Chu^n qu£>c gia mon Lich suT (National S t a n d a r d s for History) d My vfl Canada Hd thdng gifio dye eiia My dUgc dflt dudi sfl tfli trg, qujin IJ vfl kidm sofit tfl ba edp: cfi'p Lifin hang (Fedoral), cfl'p Bang (State) vfi Dja phUdng (Local) Tuong ti^ nhU v$y, hd thfi'ng giflo dye ciia Canada cQng cd ba cfl'p Ifl; cfl'p Nhfi nUdc (Federal), cfl'p Tinh (Provincal) vfl Dja phUdng (Local) CAc tifiu chufl'n vi d^y vfl hgc, vd ki^m tra dfinh gifi chfi't lugng day hgc cfic mfin hoc nhfi trudng chu ydu Bd Gifio dye eflc bang d My (cfic Linh d Canada) ty quyfi't djnh trfin cd sd nhflng quy djnh chung cua Bd Giflo dye Lifin bang Cfing tfic quan Ijr vi§c d^y vfl hgc ljch sfl cung tufin thu cflc quy djnh dd TrUdc het, d cfip Lifin bang, Trung tfim qudc gia vd Lieh sfl cfic trUdng phd thfing (National Center for History in the Schools - NCHS) true thuge Bg Gifio dye lien bang (d Canada Ifl Bg Giflo dye Qudc gia) cd nhiem vy quan ly vfi ho trg cflc bang vi^c ho^eh djnh chinh sflch, chidn luge vfl thuc thi cac chuong trinh d^y vfl hgc lich sfl Tfl nflm 1988, NCHS dfi thUc hien cac dfl an nhflm tfing eUdng chfi't lUgng day hgc ljch sfl dfin toe vfl lieh sfl thd gidi b cflc cfip phd thong Vdi BU cd vfi'n cua efie ehuyfin gia gifio dye vfl Hi^p hgi efle nhfi sfl hgc My (American Historical Association - AHA), NCHS dfl xfly dUng Chudn qud'e gia mdn Lich si (National Standards for History) vfi cfing bd cfing khai tren trang web ciia Hi$p hgi cflc nhfl sfl hgc My 14m ed sd dd eflc bang vfi eae dja phUdng tridn khai cfic chuong trinh day vfl hgc lich sfl Chudn qudc gia mdn lich si dUde soan thao vfi sfla chfla nhidu lfin nhfim dap flng myc tiflu giao dye qudc gia vfl nhflng thay ddi eua nUdc My nhflng th§p nifin gfin dfiy Nflm 1989, dich thfln Tdng thdng My G Bush (cha) dfi xem xfit vfl gfip y tofin bfi cfic vfin bfln v^ Chudn qud'e gia mdn lich si, chuydn thfim Charlottesville, bang Virginia, nhktn thfle ddy cfing tflc eai each gifio dye tofln lifin hang (11) Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si dugc sii dyng rdng rfii trfin 30 bang b My vdi tfl cfich lfi vfin ban hudng ddn, djnh hudng cho qufi trinh d^y vfl hgc mfin lieh s^ d trudng phd thfing cflng nhu thi^c hi^n cflc dfl fln vd tflng CUdng hidu qua gifio due ljch sii Tuy nhifin, Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si khfing phai lfi vfln ban phfip ldnh mang tinh bat budc mfl mang tfnh txf nguydn Trfin thflc t^, m^t sd bang d My dfi chii dgng di xufi't efie chudn mUc rieng, phfl hgp vdi tht^e td eua bang minh hofle dja phUdng minh, nhUng tfi't ca ddu cfi mfit diem chtmg Ifl nhflm thuc hidn muc tieu giflo due qudc gia Tinh hinh dfi cung phdn anh dfle diem da d^ng ciia ndn gifio dye My Trong dfi, ndu so sflnh vdi tinh hinh b Canada efi thd thdy sfl khflc bi^t Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si dugc sfl dung tofln bfi 10 tinh vfl vflng Iflnh thd d Canada Trong ehUdng trinh gidng day ciia cfic cfip hgc phd thfing d My vfi Canada, mfin tjeh sfl dUi^c dua vflo giang d^y tfl khfl sdm, thflm chi tfl eae ldp hgc tien phd thfing (efie ldp mSu gifio) Nhflng yfiu cflu dflt ddi vdi mdi cfi'p hgc duge quy djnh ro rflng Chudn qud'e gia mdn Lich si Ngay tfl efie ldp mdu giflo, nhflng kidn thflc ljch sii da dugc ldng ghfip cflc bfii gidng cua gifio vifin theo phUdng phfip "ehdi mfi hoe", "hgc mfl ehdi" Theo dfi, hgc sinh cfic ldp mdu gifio d\l(}c budc dfiu Ifim quen vdi nhiing kidn thflc sd dfing vd ljch sfl va dja ly, vd moi quan h§ gifla thd gidi horn v6i thd gidi ngfly xua thdng qua cae cfiu ehuydn apt stf vfin d.& v& ehuxmg Mnh ljch sfl, cflc nhfin vfit lieh sfl, dja danh Ijeh sii b cdng ddng, dja phUdng minh dang sdng Ddi vdi hgc sinh tidu hgc (Elementary School), yfiu ciu dflt ddi vdi b? mfin ljch sfl Ifl cho hge sinh budc Iflm quen vdi nhflng nhfln vflt lieh sii, nhflng tfl'm gfldng yeu nUde cua ljch sfl nU6c My vfl thd gidi thfing qua nhflng cflu ehuy§n ljch sfl, truydn thuyfi't dfin gian Tfl dfi xfly dflng cho hgc sinh nidm tin vfio tinh eflch, bdn linh cua nhflng nhfin v^t ljch sfl, eua nhflng eon ngUdi efi thflt ljch sii, bUde diu hieu dUdc tfic dfing vfl anh hudng cua hg ddi vdi lich sfl phfit tridn eiia dfin tgc, ciia bang vfi dia phUdng Ddng thdi, hge sinh nhfln bidt vfl gidi thich dugc nhiing bifiu tUdng ciia ljch sfl dan toe, lich sfl cua bang, eua dia phUdng nhU qufic huy, cd lifin bang, cd cua bang, cd cua efing ddng Vd tU lieh sfl, hgc sinh cfip tidu hgc cfln phdi bidt nhflng khfii niem dau tien vd khfing gian vfl thdi gian, bifi't dflt sfl kien lich sfl vflo dung trinh tU thdi gian, bidt sfl dung ljch va dien cae sU ki^n Uch sfl cd ban vfio nien bieu (12) Doi vdi hgc sinh trung hgc ed sd (Middle School), Chudn quoc gia mon ljch sfl dUa nhflng kien thfle ed ban vi ljch sfl thd gidi vfi lieh sfl dan toe eung vdi nhflng yfiu elu cao hdn ve nhfln thflc vfl tu ljch sfl so vfii hgc sinh tidu hoe Chfing han nhu ddi vdi hge sinh ldp 6, yeu elu dfit 14 trfin cd sd hieu bidt nhiing si^ kien Ijch sfl cd ban cfin nhfin thflc dugc mdi lien hd gifla nhflng sU kifin, ngUdi, dja danh lich sfl dfii vdi eufie sdng hfim Hgc sinh cfin phai hidu vfl ly giai dUiJc y nghia ciia cae ngfly le, ngfiy nghi, ngfly tudng ni|m nhU: ngfly Dgc Ifip, ngfiy Cflu chidn binh, IS Ta dn, \i Phye sinh Hgc sinh ldp 7-8 dvl(}c hudc diu Iflm quen vdi cac ki nfing phfln tich si^ ki^n lieh sfl, kdt ndi hidn tai vdi qufi khfl, sfl dung bdn dd ljch sii, xfiy di^ng bidu dd vfl kha nfing budc diu 1^ gidi vin dd ljch sfl b^ng ngfin ngfl eua minh chfl khfing phdi hgc thufic ldng sflch giflo khoa (13) Ddi vdi hgc sinh trung hge phd thfing (High School) ySu elu eua Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si Ifl cin phdi cfi ky nfing phfln tich ljch sfl vfl tu dfic Iflp, phfin bi^t dugc vfl efi kha nflng sfl dyng ngudn tU li^u gde vfi efie ngudn tU li§u tham khdo khac, cfi khd nflng xfiu chudi cfic sU ki^n ljch sii efi lien quan, khd nfing danh gifi, dira nhfln xfit cfla cfl nhfln vd cac sU ki^n ljch sir vfl tfl dfi cd khfi nflng dira quyet djnh Chdng han nhU dfii vdi hgc sinh ldp 11, hoc ve chu de Nudc My thdi ky Chiin tranh Viet Nam (1965 - 1973), yeu elu dflt khfing phai ghi nhd may mfic cae sU ki^n ljch sfl, cae so, eflc tr§n danh, mfl lfi giflp cho hge sinh eo kha nflng khai thflc, sfl dung eflc ngudn tU li$u khac vd chien tranh Vi^t Nam thong qua sach giao khoa, efie trang web, thu vi^n di^n tfl, cac trung tflm luu trfl, kdt ndi cae sU kien de tra Ifid eflc cflu hdi sau day: - Nhthig ly nao khien nUdc My tham gia chidn tranh Vi$t Nam - Vi nUdc My thua trfln? - Tfie dgng vfl he luy cua cugc chidn doi vdi nudc My - Trfin cd sd dfi hoe sinh cfi thd dua y kiin dfinh gifl eiia minh vl vi^c quyet djnh (making decision) cd nen hay khfing nen tham gia vfio eufie ehi^n va hgc efieh dua quydt djnh vflo nhflng tinh hudng tUdng tu (14) Nhflm myc tieu tflng eudng tri thflc ljch sii cho hgc sinh phd thfing, Bg Giflo due Canada da thi^c thi nhidu di^ an vfi ngofii trfldng phd thong Hflng loat efie trang web vd ljch sii Canada, eae gidi Rghian ciiru L|ch aJr stf 9.2012 - Thifi dgi thi nhdt: Si/ gdP gd cda Ba thudng c6 gifl trj vd Ijeh sfl dfln tdc vfl ljch sii thd gidi dugc cfing bd nh&m khuydn thi gidi (ti khdi ddu din ndm 1620) Yfiu edu vd kidn thflc ehudn eiia bao gdm hai n^i khfch gidi trd tim hidu vfl khfim phfi ljch Bii Theo thdng kfi nflm 2006 cua Trung dung: (i) so sfinh d$e didm ciia cflc xfl hdi: tfim nghifin eflu ljch sfl D^i hge Victoria, My, Tfiy Au vfi Tfiy Phi, a^f tUdng tfie ngfiy Canada, nflm 2005- 2006 c6 12 tridu cflng ldn cua cfic xfl hdi nfiu trdn sau nflm lugt ngudi vflo cfic trang web vd ljch sfl 1450 Ifln sfing di cU sang chfiu My; Canada Cflc gidi thfldng cho hge sinh gidi (ii) qufi trinh ngudi chfiu Au di cU sang hai thfl tidng (tidng Anh vfl tidng Phflp) vi chflu My, sy tuong tfic vfln hfia vfi sinh thfii ljch sO dfln tOc trj gifl 492.000 dfila Canado gifla efle dfin tdc mfi trUdc dd khfing hd cd dfl dugc trao cho hgc sinh trung hge phd b{ft ky mfii hen hd nflo thdng Dfle bidt, vi^c thidt Iflp trang web - Thdi dgi thi hai: Qud trinh thudc dia Nhing bi dn chUa dUpc khdm phd hda vd dinh cU (1685-1763) Yfiu ciu kidn lich si Canada (Great Unsolved Mysteries thflc chudn gdm ba ndi dung: (i) vi chflu in Canada History) dfl thu hut a^f chfl f cua My l^i thu hflt nhflng ngudi chflu Au, vl dfing ddo hge sinh, sinh vifin Theo dfinh hg dUa nhflng ngUdi nd 1$ da den di eilng, gifi, trang web dugc thidt kd khfing phdi ehi nhflng ngudi ehfiu Au di eU da dfiu tranh ddn thuin nhU mgt cfing cy d^y hgc thfing nhu thd nflo dd kidm sofit khu vUc Bfic My thudng hay m^t bfli gidng ljch sii truydn vfl bidn Caribe; (ii) nhflng vfin dd chinh t4 thdng, didu quan trgng lfi hge sinh, sinh xfl hdi vfi tfin giflo ndi b$t cflc thu^c vifin duge eung elp nhflng ngudn tU lidu dja eiia Anh b Bflc My; (iii) qufi trinh djnh khflc nhau, dfi ed tU li^u gde, dugc hinh cflc gifl trj eiia chflu Au b Bflc My tham gia thdo lu^n, phan xfit ljch sii vfl dUa - Thcfi dgi thi ba: Cdch mgng vd sU hinh y kidn cfi nhfin ciia minh vd Ijch sfl dfin thdnh nudc My (1754-1820) Yfiu elu kidn tgc (15) thflc chudn gdm ndi dung: (i) nguyfin Chiidng t r i n h vfl e h u a n Icien thufc nhfin bflng nd vfl thdng lgi cua Cfich mang ve lich suf dan tpc t r o n g tri/dng My; (ii) tflc dgng chinh trj, kinh td, xa hfii ciia Cfich m^ng My; (iii) sfl hinh thflnh h$ thong d My ChUdng trinh ljch sii dan tgc (Ljch sii thdng chinh trj My • Thdi dgi thi tU: Md r^ng ldnh thd vd nudc My) d phd thfing dugc thidt kd theo tidn trinh ljch sfl, theo efie thdi d^i Ijeh sii, cdi cdch (1801-1861) Yfiu ciu kidn thflc cung vdi nhflng yfiu cfiu vd chudn kifi'n thfle chudn gdm ngi dung: (i) qua trinh md rdng lfinh thd vfl tfic d^ng ddi vdi cfic eUdng ey thd eho mSi thdi dai Vd d^i thd, Ljch sfl qudc chflu Au, ddi vdi ngUdi da dd; (ii) cfich nudc My duge phfin thfinh 10 thdi d^i (Era) m^ng cfing nghidp, dfing ngUdi nhflip cU vfi vfi dfldc gidng day bflt diu tfl ldp ddn ldp qufi trinh md rdng lanh thd vd phfa Tfiy; 12 Bflt diu tfl ldp 5, hgc sinh da hgc ljch sfl (iii) ndn chinh trj My sau nflm 1800; (iv) nhu mgt mfin hge dgc Iflp Tfl ldp 11 vfl ldp phong trflo cai eflch xa h$i, vfin hfia, tfin 12, hgc sinh dflgc hge m^t sd chuyfin dd gifio chuyfin sfiu tu ehgn ve ljch sii dfln tdc Theo - ThX dgi thi ndm: Ndi chiin vd Tdi chUdng trinh chu^n, efle thdi dai ljch thiii (1850-1877) Yfiu elu kidn thflc chudn sii nUde My bao gdm: gdm ndi dung: (i) nguyfin nhfin cudc ndi mpt stf vgn dd vi ehifong Mnh chidn; (ii) qufl trinh, tinh chfi't vfi tfic dfing ciia ndi chidn ddi vdi ngUdi My; (iii) qufl trinh tfli thidt sau ngi chidn - Thdi dgi thi sdu: Su phdt triin cua cdng nghiip My (1870-1900) Yfiu cfiu kidn thfle chudn gdm n§i dung: (i) si^ phfit tridn cong nghidp vfi cd gidi hfia nfing nghidp da tfic ddng nhu thd nflo ddn xfl hfii My; (ii) lfin sfing nhfip cU sau nfim 1870, sfl da d^ng vfin hda; (iii) sfl phfit tridn ciia phong trflo cfing nhfin, tfie d^ng eua ehinh tri dfii vdi kinh td - xa hdi; (iv) chinh sflch ciia Chfnh phii Liln bang vdi ngudi da dd vfl ehinh sfich ddi ngoai sau n$i chidn - Thdi dgi thi bdy: SU xudt hi^n cua nUdc My hiin dgi (1890-1930) Yeu elu kidn thflc ehu^n gdm ngi dung: (i) vi?c giai quydt nhflng v^n dd eiia chu nghia tu bdn cfing nghigp, thj hfia vfi nhflng v^n dd chinh trj; (ii) sU thay doi vai trfi cua My cac vfi'n di qudc td thfing qua Chidn tranh the gidi thfl I; (iii) nhflng chuydn bidn cua nudc My sau Chidn tranh thd gidi thfl Nha:t - Thdi dgi thi tdm: Dgi khung hodng vd Chiin tranh the gidi thi Hai (1929-1945) Yfiu ciu kidn thflc chuIn gdm ndi dung: (i) nguyen nhfin eua cufic Dai khung hodng vfl tac dgng ddn xa hgi My; (ii) Chinh saeh mdi vfi nhflng bidn doi eua nUde My, sU bfit dau chinh sflch phue lgi cua I^fl nUdc; (iii) nguyfin nhan vfl diin bidn ehinh eua Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai, cugc chien d vfl ngoai nfldc My, vfi sU thay ddi vai trd cua My cfic v3!n dd thd gidi - Thdi dai thi chin: Nudc My sau chien tranh Hoa Ky (ti 1945 din ddu nhing ndm 1970) Yfiu elu kidn thfle chuIn gdm ngi dung: (i) sU bflng nd kinh td vfi chuydn ddi xa hdi My sau chidn tranh; (ii) Chidn tranh L^nh vfl cac cugc chidn b Trifi'u Tien vfl Vi$t Nam dfi anh hudng nhU thd nflo ddn nfi'n chinh trj nUde My vfi qude td; (iii) cfic ehinh sfich ciia nudc My sau Chifi'n tranh thd gidi thfl Hai; (iv) phong trflo dfiu tranh ehdng phfln bidt chung tgc, binh dflng gidi vfl md rdng quydn tfl cfing dfln - Thdi dgi thi mUdi: Nudc My hiin dgi (1968 din nay) Yeu ciu kidn thflc chufin gdm hai n§i dung: (i) sfl phfit tridn eua ndn chinh trj nU6e vfl qudc td; (ii) sU phfit tridn kinh td, xa hgi vfl vfln hfia ciia nudc My hifin dai (16) Thflc td eho thfi'y, chfldng trinh vfl kidn thflc ehudn mfin Ijeh sfl khong di vflo nhflng ndi dung ehi tie't, nhflng bai giang ey thd mfi ehi dUa nhflng ehii de chinh vfl mgt sd thi dy minh hga mang tinh chfit ggi y de nhflng ngudi thUc thi - thiy vfl trd d cac cfip hge, efle dja phUdng khfic c6 thd phat huy quye'n tu chii vfi y tudng sflng tao ciia minh mgt each toi da day hgc lieh sfl Tren cd sd chUOng trinh vfl kidn thflc chudn, eflc trUdng phd thong cfi thi thidt ke eflc ehUdng trinh giang d^y phfl hgp vdi dia phUOng cua minh vfl lUa ehgn nhflng bg sflch giao khoa thich hgp de dat dugc mye tieu giao dye quoc gia Ve sach giao khoa lich sit of cac trt/dng phd thong My va Canada Trong luflt giao dye cua My vfi Canada, hgc sinh eae cfi'p phd thfing tfl ldp den ldp 12 dugc sfl dyng miln phi hofln tofln efle lo^i sflch giflo khoa, cd giflo khoa ljch sfl Sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl b cfl'p trung hge ed sd vfl trung hgc phd thong b My bao gdm nhieu bd saeh khac B§ Giao dgc Lifin bang Ifl co quan danh gia ehfi't lUdng cua cac bd saeh vfl cdp giiy phfip lUu hflnh Trung tflm qude gia vd ljch sii cfic trudng phd thong (NCHS) trao quye'n lUa ehgn sach giao khoa lich sfl eho efle bang vfi cac dja phUdng Theo dfi, efie Phdng giflo dye (District school Boards) hudng dfin cho Rghian cflu lilch ad", atf 9.2012 efle trUdng phd thfing Ifla ehgn b{k sflch giflo khoa dd sii dyng Cfic trUdng phd thfing cd thd Ifla ehgn mdt sd nhilu bd sflch giflo khoa khflc dd sii dyng, ho$e efi thd thay ddi sfich gifio khoa ndu thfi'y cin thifi't Chdng h^n nhu t^i cac trUdng trung hge b Ottawa (Canada), vdi phAn ljch sfl thd gidi cfln hi^n d^i, gifio vifin vfl hgc sinh sfl dyng nhidu lo^i sflch giflo khoa khde nhu cudn S(/ hinh thdnh thi gidi hi^n dgi (Arthur Haberman, The making of the Modern Age), hofle cudn Ljch si thi gidi thi ky XX (Richard Goff, Walter Moss, A Global History of the Thventieth Century), hay cudn Thi ky XX, nhing biin cd lich si (Michael Adas, Peter N Stearns, The twentieth century - Turbulent passage) tdi thiit hudng tdi thi ky XXI (The Americana Reconstruction to the 21" Century) vdi dd dfly 917 trang, duge sii dyng efie trUdng THPT d cfic bang Alabama, California, Florida, Connecticut, Colorado Vd ndi dung, d mdi chUdng, m5i bfii ddu ed phdn tfim luge n^i dung ehfnh (chapter outline), thdng kfi efie sfl ki^n ed ban, hudng ddn hge tflp vfl phflt tridn cfic ky nflng ljch s\i nhU phfin tich, so sfinh sU kiOn, dgc vfi hidu cfic bidu bdng, bdn dd Ijeh sii Ddng thdi, eung vdi phfin ndi dung ljch sfl edn cfi eflc chuyfin myc kdt ndi nhU ljch afl vdi hidn t^i, ljch sfl vdi vfln hgc - nghd thu$t, ljch sfl vfl khoa hgc • ky thuflt (18) Cfic efiu hdi vfl bfli tflp dUge thidt kdcho hgc smh d nhflng mfle dg khfic nhau: hgc sinh trung binh, hgc sinh kha, gidi vfl cd sd thich Ddi vdi bd mfin Ljch sfl nudc My, efie hgc ehuyfin sflu vd lich sii d bflc dai hgc sau trudng phd thfing ed the lua ehgn nhflng nfiy Cfi thd thfiy sfich gifio khoa ljch sti thd sflch giflo khoa cua cflc tflc gid khfic hi^n tinh lifin thfing dfio tao nhU mfit nhu cudn Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng hba d§e trUng eiia nen giflo dye My vfl Canada (James W Davidson , Mark H Lytle, The Ben c^nh sfich giao khoa, giao vien vfl United States - A History of the Republic), hge sinh cd thd tham khao cfic nguon tfli hofic cudn Su hinh thdnh nUdc My: Lich si li^u ljch sfl vfi cflng phong phfl vfl hofln Hoa Ky (Caron Berkm, Christopher Miller, tofln mien phi tren efle trang website, eflc Making American - A History of the USA) thu vi^n difin tfl, thU vi^n cua cfic trudng, hay cudn Lich si ddn tgc My ti 1492 din cfic dja phUdng Trang web ciia Trung tfim (Howard Zinn, People's History of the qufic gia vd Ljch sfl USA 1492 - present) Sfich giao khoa lieh sfl My dUde bifin soan efing phu vdi d0 dfly xfi^p xi mdt ngfin trang vdi ngudn tU li$u ljch sfl phong phu, bao gdm ca tu li§u gde vfl cac ngudn tu lidu tham khdo khflc H$ thdng kenh hinh bao gdm tranh dnh ljch sfl, bdn do, bidu dd r^t da dang vfl phong phu Cd thd ddn cfl mdt sd thi du: cuon Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng hba, dflng cho cfic trUdng THPT (High School), vdi dg dfiy 832 trang, bao gdm trfin 80 bdn dd ljch sfl, 55 bieu bang, 65 tU lidu tham khdo tfl efle ngudn khfic cho giflo vien vfl hgc sinh (17) Cudn NUdc My (http://www.nch8.ueta.edu) cfi try sd tai D^i hgc California, Los Angeles dugc cfip nhflt hflng ngfly, hflng gid vfi thuc sfl trd thflnh dja ehi tin cfly cua giflo vien vfl hge sinh cfic trUdng phd thfing Thfing qua trang web, Trung tam dfi eung cfip tren 36 loai ngudn tu hfiu gde vfl hflng trfim loai saeh tham khao eho gifio vifin cflc trudng phd thfing nhdm myc tieu thUc hidn Chudn qu6c gia mfin Ljch siJt (19) Truy cflp vfio trang web nfiy, giflo vien ljch sii cfic trudng phd thong khong chl cfi thd truy cflp cfic ngudn tfii li^u ljch afl khfie nhau, mfl edn tham khdo cflc mpt atf vfin di vd chtfong hinh , loai giflo fin, eflc hinh thflc d^y hgc hidu qua de dgt dUde ehuin qude gia vi nhflng chii dd ljch sfl cy thd Bfin cgnh dd, Trung tam qude gia giao dye ljch sfl cfin xfiy dUng vfl phflt tridn hfi thdng chUdng trinh gidng day lich sfl online cho eae trudng phd thfing trung hge trfin tofln nUdc My Ngofli cung cdn phdi kd dfi'n ngudn tU li|u dd sd cd the tham khao hofln tofln miln phi bao gdm sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl, sflch chuyen khao, cfic bfli bfio vfl tap chi tai mfit nhflng thu vidn didn tfl ldn nhfl't d My vfl Canada: http://www.questia.eom Nhu vfiy, vd cd bdn giao vien vfi hgc sinh d cfic trUdng phd thong b My va Canada c6 nhflng didu ki^n vfit chfl't cdn vfl dii dd thUc hifin nhflng yfiu ciu mfl Chufin qudc gia mfin Lieh sfl dd Ket luan Tfl nhflng phan tieh neu tren, cd the di dfi'n mgt vfli ke't lufin sau day: - Vi?c day vfl hge ljch sfl d eflc trUdng phd thfing My vfi Canada, nhflng nUdc phat tridn va gifiu cfi vflo loai nhdt thd gidi, mfic dfl cfi nhidu lgi the vd ed sd vflt chfi't vfl cd sd phap ly, nhUng cung phdi ddi mflt vdi khfing it vfi'n de nan gidi Trai qua nhflng cugc cai cfich giao due, mon lich sfl da duge dfit dung vi tri cua nd - dd khfing ehi 14 mgt mfin hgc thfing thudng mfl edn la mdt mfin hgc nhflm giao due nhan each, tinh thin dfln tgc, long yeu nUdc, y thfle cfing dfln Vi nhflng ly dfi, lich sfl Ifl mgt mfin hge bat bufic cac trUdng phd thfing, ddng thdi su am hidu Ijeh sfl dan tfie la tieu chuIn hang diu ddi vdi cfing dfln My vfl Canada • Cac tieu ehuIn vd chUdng trinh, v^ chudn kien thflc, vd kidm tra danh gia chfit lugng day hgc ljch sfl nhfl trUdng Bg Giao dye eae hang d My (eae tinh b Canada) tu quydt dinh tren cd sd nhflng qui dinh ehung eila Bfl Giao dye Lien bang Trung tfim qudc gia vd Lich sfl cac trudng phd thong trflc thu^c Bg Giflo dye Lifin bang (d Canada lfi Bd Gido dye Qudc gia) cd nhi^m vy quan ly vfl ho trg cac bang vi§e hoach djnh chinh sfich, chidn luge vfl thuc thi cflc chuong trinh day vfi hge ljch sfl Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si duge soan thdo vdi sy ed vfin vd ehuyfin mfin ciia Hi§p hfii cac nhfi sfl hge My, duge sfla ehfla nhieu Iln nhflm dap flng mye tifiu giflo dye qufi'c gia ciing nhu nhflng thay ddi eiia nUde My vfl nhfln dugc sU quan tam sau sde eiJa Tong thdng My - ChUdng trinh ljch sfl dan tgc Ojch sii nudc My) d eflc trUdng phd thdng My dugc thiet kd theo tien trinh lich sfl, theo cfic thdi dai lieh sfl, eung vdi nhflng yeu cdu vl chudn kidn thfle cy the cho moi thdi dai Vd dai thd, lich sfl nUdc My dugc phan thflnh 10 thdi dai (Era) v4 dUdc gidng day bfit diu tfl ldp dfi'n ldp 12 Bdt ddu tfl ldp 5, hgc sinh dfl hgc ljch sfl nhU mfit mon hge dgc Iflp Tfl ldp 11 va ldp 12, hgc sinh dUdc hgc mfit sd chuyen de ehuyen sfiu tU ehgn ve tich sfl dfin tgc - ChUdng trtnh vfl kien thfle chu^n mfin tich sfl khfing di vflo nhUng ngi dung ehi tifi't, nhihig bfii giang ey the mfl ehi dUa nhflng chii de chinh vfi mdt sd tlii dy minh hga mang tinh chfl't gdi y di nhflng ngUdi thuc thi, thiy va trd d cflc cap hgc, cac dja phuong khae cd the phat huy quyen tu chii vfi y tudng sang tao cua minh mgt each toi da dgy hgc ljch sir Tren ed sd chUdng trinh va kifi'n thflc ehuIn, efie trudng phd thdng efi thd thiet kd efie chUdng trinh gidng day phfl hdp vdi dia phUdng eiia minh vfi lUa ehgn nhflng bg sach giao khoa thich hdp de dat dugj myc tifiu giflo dye qude gia Saeh giao khoa ljch sii d cdp trung hge cd sd vfl trung hgc thfing d My bao gdm nhieu bfi sflch khflc Bg Giao due Lifin R g h i a n ciiru t | e h aiJr atf 9.2012 b a n g Ifl CO q u a n dfinh gifl ehfi't l u g n g ci^a cfic bfi sflch vfl cdp gidy p h d p Itnj hflnh T r u n g tflm Qufi'c gia vd ljch sii t r o n g cflc trufiTig phd thfing ( N C H S ) t r a o quydn Ifla ehgn sdch gido k h o a ljch sii eho cfic b a n g vfl efie dja phUdng T h e o dfi, efle P h d n g gido d y e (District school B o a r d s ) h u d n g d d n cho efle t r u d n g p h d thfing tfla e h g n bd sdch gido k h o a dd sii d y n g Cfic t r u d n g p h d thfing c6 thd Ifla ehgn m d t t r o n g a d nhidu bd sflch giflo k h o a khflc n h a u dd sii d y n g , hofic cfi thC' t h a y ddi sfich giflo k h o a ndu thfl'y c i n thifi't nhfim t h y c hi^n cfi hi^u qufl n h d t myc tifiu giflo dye qude gia NhUng vdn dh trfin dfiy chl tfi m^t sd ggi y m a n g t i n h t h a m khflo eho chflng ta T r o n g bdi c d n h sfl phflt t n d n n h u vii bao TAI LIEU THAM cfla k h o a hgc vfi cfing n g h $ , v&n di dflt r a eho cflc nhfl s u p h g m , cfic nhfl edi eflch gifio d y e , cfic nhfi hogch djnh e h i n h sdch giao d y e lfi Ifim t h d nfio dd mfin tjeh sii dugc xa hdi n h i n nhfln vfl flng xfl d u n g n h u vj t r i vdn cd eiia nd, Ifim thd nflo dd nhflng t r a n g web vd ljch sfl efi t h d c u d n h u t gidi t r e n h u m ^ t n h u cdu ty thfin t h y e s y mdi k h i lUdt web Didu q u a n t r g n g h d n nfla lfi, Iflm t h d nflo dd ljch sii dugc k d t n^Ti vdi cudc sdng hidn dgi vfl trd thflnh hflnh t r a n g khfing thd thidu cho mdi n g u d i t r o n g qufl t r i n h t h a m gia vflo h $ t h d n g k i n h t d • chfnh trj tofln edu Chflc chfln dd c u n g Ifl nhflng muc tieu eiia cfing tae dgy vfl hgc ljch sfl t r o n g nhfl trfldng p h d t h d n g d Vi§t N a m t r o n g t h d ki XXI KHAO (1), (2) (6) Kathleen « Steevea Working together to Strengthen History Teaching in Secondary Schools H ttp ://www h is to ri a n a o rg/pub s/Fre e (3) Miker Baker September il, 2001- The lessons for History's subject in Schools BDS News 22-9-2001 (4) Linda Starr Students flunk Test Education World Http7/www.education-world com US History 7-7-2000 (5) USA Today Newa Education 28-2-2008 (7) Ipaos Newa Center Canada's History Education, 10-9-2001 view on (11), (19) National Center for History in the Schools (2004) About Ihe National Standards for History H t tp://WW w a Bcne t ucl a e d u/ncsh/sta n d a rds ht ml (12) Riverside UniHeld School District NSH Http://www edu pi at com/ss/hmsa/ (13), (14) National Center for History in the Schools NSH Http://wwwnchs.ucla.edu/stBQdard afth in gking&12-6.html (16) University of Victoria Annual Riview 2006 H ttp://WW w CO m m u ni ca to u VIC ca/a nn u a revie w/ (8) http://www c ic gc ca/e ngliah/ci ti ze n a h i p/ci tannualreview2006 test.aap (16) http://www.ncha.ucla.edu/Standards/us(9) Cathy Gorn Getting Studenta to Like history-conteot-sta ndards History ia Not Impoaible History News Network, (17) James W.Davidaon, Mark H Lytle (2004) 26/2/2004 The United States- A history of the Respublic (10) AHA Today (14-6-2007) American PrenticeHall,inc Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Historical Aeaociation Blog Http://blog.historian.org/Gducation/ (18) http://www.cla88K>ne.com/cz/index.htm ... dfln Canada Theo Lufit nhflp cU ciia Canada, nhflng ngudi mudn cfi qude tjeh Canada phai trai qua bfli thi vidt vfl phfin hdi vfl''n dfip vd Ijeh sfl chinh trj - xa hdi vfl lich sfl vfln hfia Canada. .. ndn gifio dye My Trong dfi, ndu so sflnh vdi tinh hinh b Canada efi thd thdy sfl khflc bi^t Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si dugc sfl dung tofln bfi 10 tinh vfl vflng Iflnh thd d Canada Trong ehUdng trinh... trUdng thfi^y, cflc nhfl hoach dinh chinh sflch b My phd thfing Trong tinh hinh dfi, Chinh phu vfl Canada da efi nhidu 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