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NGHIEN CUU & UMG DUNG TU UEU TRUYEN THO THAI PHUONG TIEN GIANG DAY PHAN VAN HOC DIA PHUONG KHU VUC TAY BAC Vigt Nam la qude gia cd 54 dan tgc anh em Van hpc Viet Nam khdng chi cau thdnh bdi rieng van[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UMG DUNG TU UEU TRUYEN THO THAI - PHUONG TIEN GIANG DAY PHAN VAN HOC DIA PHUONG KHU VUC TAY BAC ThS Ngd Thi Phu*giig Trudng Dgi hgc Tdy Bdc V igt Nam la qude gia cd 54 dan tgc anh em Van hpc Viet Nam khdng chi cau thdnh bdi rieng van hgc dan tdc Kinh ma cdn ed sy gdp mat ciia nhiSu bd phgn van hpc dan tdc it ngudi khac nhu Tdy, Thai, Mudng, Hmdng, Ede Mdt sd phuang dien cua bg phan van hgc da dugc cac hgc gid quan tdm, nhung van cd nhiing pham vi cdn bd ngd, can chii y hon lanh thd Viet Nam, dan tgc Thai cu tni tien dja ban rgng ldn, tii khu vue Tay Bac den Bac mien Trung Dan sd ddng thii nhi so vdi cac dan tdc it ngudi khac, vdi chft viet rat sdm, cdng them be day van hda, ngudi Thai da ddng gdp cho van hgc nudc nha nhirng bdng hoa giau huong sac Van hpc dja phuong cung cap cho ngudi hgc nhung dtm vj kien thiic mang tinh chat bd sung, phat huy vdn hieu biet, lam phong phii sang td them ehuang tiinh chinh khda Tir do, giiip hgc sinh hieu biet, hda nhap ban vdi mdi trudng minh dang sdng Nhd hieu bilt dy, the he tee cd y thiic tim hieu, gdp phan gin gift, bao vp phat huy nhiing gia tri van hda, ty hao ve que huang xir sd minh Ld mdt thuc the dgc bipt, van hgc Thdi cd qua trinh hinh thdnh, vdn ddng, phdt trien vira ddc lap, dan le vua la k i t qua tdng hda cdc yeu td ndi ngoai sinh Tu lieu gdm ba phan: Vdn tv^ Thdi Ngdn ngft, van tu la chdt lieu xay cat nen nhftng sang tdc van hgc Theo nha nghien ciiu Tran Tn' Doi thi, cho den tren lanh thd Vigt Nam cd bay dan tdc cd chft viet CO bao gdm: Kho me, Cham, Lao, Tay, Niing, Dao, Thai [2, tt.212] Qua vgy, cac tu lieu luu gift den deu khang djnh: Dan tgc Thai khong chi cd ngdn ngu ma cdn cd chft viet tu lau ddi Hien tgi, can cii vao Quam to muang (truyen ke ban mudng), nha nghien ciiu dua hai y kien ve thdi diim xudt hien vdn tu Thdi Y kien thii nhat: Xin trich toan dogn nhu sau: "Then da bo qua bau dii thii - cd 330 gidng liia dudi rugng, 330 giong ca dudi nudc; cd ca sach nha mo, nha mgt, sach bdi toan va xem thang " [7, tt.54] Tinh thdi gian hai tgo dan ngudi Thai den dat Tay Bac, tuang lin^ th8 ki thii XI, ngang vdi trieu Li d nudc ta Vay, chu Thai ciing cd the xuat hien trudc the ki XI, each day ca ngan nam rdi Y kien thii hai: Xin tdm luge y kien ciia nha nghien ciiu Cam Trgng nhu sau: An nha chdu Mudng Mudi ten la Ld Let sang lam chuc quan ldn la Xenxa tai Lao, ttong teieu vua Souvana Khawmphong, khoang thl ki XIII - XIV Khi ldm quan tgi day dng da hgc ldy chft mang ve dgy cho dan Thdi [7, ttl87] Ld Let tiiy chi la thii ITnh cua rieng chau Mudng Muli, nhung lai la thu ITnh ciia ngudi Thdi Den - tdc Thai nam vuong quyen Tay Bac nudc ta Theo mde thdi gian nay, chft Thai xuat hien d Vipt Nam khoang the ki XIII, trudc do, chu viet Thai da luu hanh tai Lao Le duong nhien, hieu theo each nao thi chft Thai ciing xuat hien tten lanh thd Viet Nam kha sdm: Khoang tir the ki XI den the ki XIII, gan vdi thdi gian ddi cua chu Ndm dan tpc Kinh v l mdu tu Thdi Chft Thai xuat hien gan thdi diem ddi cua chft Ndm nhimg lai khdng gidng vdi dang chft tugng hinh Chu Thai giong mau chft Phan luu hanh rgng rai d An Dp tii khoang the ki thii V - VI sau Cdng nguyen Saeh Kien vdn tiiu luc (the ki XV) ciia Le Quy Ddn ghi chep: "Mdt ddi sdng Da, phong tuc gidng ngudi Man, ngudi Lao, gai cdn d nha thi bd xoa tdc hogc bdi tdc nhgn, da lay chdng thi biii ngugc len dinh ddu; nhan dan khdng nhd ngdy sinh thang de; ngudi chet thi dung phep hda tang; van ty gidng nhu ngudi Lao"[3,tt.355] Trong cudn Vdn hoa Thdi Vift Nam, nha nghien ciiu Cam Trgng xdc nhgn: "Tat ca cac mau ty Thai deu ben re JVgdV nhdn bai 25/9/2012; Ngay duy?t dang 25/12/2012 TAP CHITHIETBI GIAO DUC-SO 89-01/2013 • 15 NGHIEN CUtJ & U M G DUNG tit chft Phgn, khdng phdi chft tupmg hinh md Id bg chft ghi am tilt" [7, tt.362] Nhu v§y, mau ti^ Thdi "giing ngudi Ldo", "b^n r l tii chft Phgn", tiic Id cd ngudn g l c tft An Dd V l phucmg thirc luu truyen vd cdeh viSt: Nha nghien ciiu Tran Trf Ddi cho bill, hipn chft Thdi cd bay cdeh viet nhung rdt thong nhdt ve nguyen tdc cdu tgo Bay cdeh viet dd ciia bay nhdm dja phucmg bao gdm: Thai Den, Thai Trdng d Mudng Lay (Lai Chau), Mudng So (Lai Chdu^, Mudng Sang, Mudng Tdc (Scm La), chu ciia hai nhdm Thdi Den, Thai Trdng d mien Tay Thanh Hda vd Nghp An, chft Quy Chdu Cdn phuang thiJtc luu truyen chu yeu Id viet bang blit nhgn tten giay dudng hogc tren la cg Tren day la nhung net ca bdn ciia van tu Thai Nhd cd ngdn ngft vd chft viet rieng, van hgc Thdi sdm ddng gdp cho dan tdc nhieu thdnh tyu xuat sac, cd d phuang dien the logi lan ndi dung md truyen tho Id mdt minh chung tieu bieu Truydn tlio Thai Theo Tir dien Vdn hoc, Nhd xuat ban The Gidi an hdnh thi, truypn tho Thdi Id: "Mgt the logi van hpc viet dudi hinh thuc vdn vdn, cd cdt truyen, cua dan tgc Thdi d Viet Nam so vdi truypn cd va dan ca, truj^pn tho Thai cd quy md hon ban ve dung Iugng tac pham, ve tam khdi qudt cdc van de xa hgi dugc phdn dnh, ve nghp thugt xdy dyng cdc hinh tugng van hgc"[5, tt.1850-1851] 16 So vdi cdc dan tpc thilu s l khdc, so lugng truypn tha ciia dan t^c Thdi phong phu ban nhilu Hipn Son La, nguyen Id thii phii ciia khu ty trj Thdi Mi:(t xua, thu vipn ciia tinh cdn luu gift khodng 300 truvpn tho viet bdng chft Thdi co, dd so lugng djch sang chft quoc ngft rat khiem ton Truypn tho ddn tgc Thai, ngodi nguon goe tir truy§n cd bdn tgc, cot truypn cdn dnh,hudng ldn tu nhieu ngudn nhu truypn Ndm dan tgc Kinh, truypn Trung Hoa, truypn cd Lao Sang tdc dya tren truypn cd dan gian Thdi Id hipn tugng phd bien nhat Trudc Cdeh mgng, cdc sang tac ddi nhu: Khun Lii - Ndng Ua, Chuong Han, Khun Tinh - Khun Tong, Ka Dong, Y Ngi - Ndng Xua, Noc Ken Keo, Tgo Trai Cdm Cac tdc pham da mugn cdt truyen van hgc ddn tgc Kinh de sang tdc bao gdm: truypn Trgng nguyen dugc sang tdc tu cdt truypn Tong Trdn - Ciic Hoa, Quan Trgng Tu dugc sdng tdc tu cdt truypn Hodng Triu Dya vdo cdt truypn van hpc dan tgc Ldo bao gdm: Tgo Thi Thdn, U Thim, Pha Met Pha Cang Dya vdo cdt truyen vdn hgc dan tgc Trung Hoa thdng qua tieng Vipt bao gdm: 7am Quoc diin nghTa, San Ludng - Inh Ldi, Quan Chiiu Qudn, Cdn Long du Giang Nam Mac dil cdt truypn cdc tdc pham ndi tren dugc vay mugn nhung neu bd thdi gian va tam sue nghien ciru, so sdnh vdi sang tac k l thua thi se bdt gap nhieu diem khac bipt, ddc •TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 89 - 01/2013 tnmg vd thii vj: tdc pham sau vay mugn dd rat khdc v6i nguon goe, mang ddng dap t^p CO, thl hipn tu va tinh cdm cu ddn Thdi Ve van de tdc gid vd thai diem sdng tdc Cung gidng nhu phan l