NGHIEN Cliu Q MOT SO HUONG NGHIEN COU VE SIEU NHAN T H U C VA VAN DUNG SIEU NHAN THOC VAO TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC 1 Dat vin d l Khai nifm "sieu nhdn thdc" Iln dau t i ln duoc gidi thifu bdi Flavell va[.]
NGHIEN Cliu Q MOT SO HUONG NGHIEN COU VE SIEU NHAN T H U C VA VAN DUNG SIEU NHAN THOC VAO TRONG QUA TRINH DAY HOC PGS.TS CAO THIKA Tnfirng Sal hoc SU pham - Bai hoc Thil Nguyfin Dat v i n d l Khai nifm "sieu nhdn thdc" Iln dau tiln duoc gidi thifu bdi Flavell vao nhdrig nam td 1976- 1979 [1] vd [2] Trong nhdng n i m t i l p theo, clc hien tUong "sieu nhdn thde"dl dupe nghien cdu dtrong d hai Hnh vUe tam If hoc CO b i n v l t i m If hpc dng dung.Tuy nhien, tdc g i l Anastasia Efklides va Plousia Misailidi cho ring, eho d i n van edn rit nhilu d c chd di chfnh v l silu nhdn thdc d n dupc quan t i m v l nghien edu Clc khdi niem vd chUc ndng ca bdn cua sieu nhan thdc v i n t i l p tye Id nhdng vin d l uu tien nghiln edu II thuylt cung nhu nghiln cdu co bdn Moi quan hi gida siiu nhgn thUc vdi sU Xdn tdm vd su tu diiu khiin cung I I nhdng vin d l hat nhdn cdc nghiln edu hlln v l silu nhan thdc Trong dd, phit triln vd ren luyfn kTnIng ve sieu nhan thde dang Id hai linh vuc chlnh tnDng nghiln cdu cda tdm li hpe phdt triln v l t i m II gido due [31 Tat d sU phdt triln hda hen se mang lai kit q u i tdt hem cho nhdng nghiln edu v l silu nhdn thdc Chdng tdi d l d l clp d i n mdt sd vin d l nhu khdi nilm v l silu nhin thde, die dilm eiia sieu nhan thde va van d l khd nlng drig dung cic nghiln edu v l sif u nhdn thde vdo thyc t i l n gilo due, die bilt I I thuc t i l n gilo dye d nude ta [4] Trong bli vilt niy, chung tdi mudn d l cap mdt cdch tdng quan hem d i n cdc hudng nghien cdu ve silu nhdn thde cda d c n h i khoa hpc trln the gi(!^ Nhiimg nghien clhi ctf bin v l silu nhin thurc Nhu b i t cd mpt khdi niem khoa hpc ndo, d u hdi CO bin dupc ddt Id "siiu nhdn thUc id gi vd chdc ndng cCia siiu nhdn ihdc Id g)?" Di trd Idi elu hdi nay, hem 40 nam vda qua, cle nhd nghiln cdu tren t h l gidi dd nghiln cihi v l siiu nhin thdc d nhdng khia eanh khde Trong dd, clc nghifn edu d i u tap trung vdo cdu hdi: Bdn chat cda siiu nhdn thUc Id gil Mac du d c nghien cdu v l sieu nhin thdc t r l n d c ddi tupng khic song hiu h i t d i u t i p trung vdo c^nh nghia v l silu nhdn thdc Flavell tie phim "Metacognition and cognitive monitoring A new area of cognitive-development inquiry" xult bdn nam 1979 da cho ring: siiu sif nhdn thUc Id nhdn thUtcua nhdn thdc (cognition of cognition - Flavell 1979) Sieu nhin thdc cd hai chdc nlng quan trpng, dd Id kiim tra vd diiu khiin q u i trinh nhdn thdc A.Demeteau dd sddyng thuit ngd"hypercognition"tdc I I nhan thdc ble eao hay siiu nhdn thUc de cht vilc ngUdi hpc°tu dilu khiln, ty trinh bdy vd tUquy t i c hda q u i trlnh nhin thdc, m l nhuTig ndng lye tren dupe col trpng nhU Id nhdng thdnh td khdng t h l thilu tu cOa ngudi" [5] Hay Conie Malamed [6] cho ring:"Silu nhan thdc Id mdt h i thdng dieu chlnh gidp ngUiA hilu vd kilm sodt q u i trinh nhdn thdc cda b i n thin Silu nhan thdc cho p h i p moi ngiidi chju trieh nhilm v l vilc hpc cda ehfnh minh Nd bao him c l vile nhin thdc cua eon ngudi v l d c h hpe, sy dinh g i l v l nhu elu hpe tap eda b i n thdn, tao eac chiln lUpc d l d i p dng nhu d u ndy j r d sau dd tfiuc hiln ede chilri lUpc dd" ^ Cle t i e g l l Anastasia Efklides va Plousia Misailidi ^ B ring, d l phin bift gida nhin thdc vd sif u nhdn thde ^ ^ d n g viec vd cdng khd khan, syda dang eda cdc hifn tupng silu nhdn thde gpi;? ring, d day khdng t h l cd mdt CO c h l don nio cd the md t l dUpc het chdng Do vdy, d l di d i n gdc r l cua khdi nifm silu nhan thdc thi: Thdnhat, can phli d n nhac xem lieu nhdng ddng vdt bdc cao cd silu nhan thdc hay khdng vd nlu cd thi chiing dupe dien nhu t h l nio; ThUhai, lilu silu nhdn thde ed phdi chf la sin pham cda nhdng quy trinh ed y thde hay khdng, hay nhdng quy trinh vd thdc eung ed the khuyen khfch eho silu nhan thde; ThUba, cli gi II nhdn thde nin t i n g cCia clc hiln tupng sieu nhin thdc? O l md dau cho nhdng thdo luin v l ban chit cua silu nhin thdc, Beran, Couchman, Coutlnhor, Boomer vd Smith [3] da dua tdng quan ed tfnh phe phin ve nhdng nghiln cdu v l silu nhin thdc d ddng vit Cac tde g i l bat d i u bang d u hdi mang tfnh n i n tdng, dd Id liiu siiu nhdn thUc cd phdi Id khd ndng cOa riing lodi ngudi, va cdc tae gil da dUa nhdng bing ehdng di khing djnh rdng diiu dd khdng dung De dua dupe nhdng bing chdng ndy cae tde gid dd sddyng nhilu md hinh thye nghifm khdc [3] sau dd thdo lufn trfn nhdng nghifn cdu diln hinh khde Tuy nhiln, hp eung nhdn dupe nhilu p h i phdn Tuy vay, bang ehdng td nhutig nghien edu dupcthUe hifn bing cdch sddyng cle md hinh gilm slt cho thay chua the khing djnh chle chin ring ddng v i t ed t h l theo ddi vd dilu chlnh hlnh vi cda nd eho phii hop Nhdng nghien edu eda Scott vd Dlenes tap trung vdo nghifn edu sudi ehuyin gida tri thde khdng linh hdi dupe d i n nhdng tri thdc ITnh hdi duac v l sU xiy diing len sieu nhdn thdc Ddc bift, cde tde g i l tap trung vao nghiln cdu qua trinh hpc mang tfnh tiem an ddi ehoi vdi q u i trinh hpc tap tUdng minh, ban d i u khdng phli la q u i trinh hpc t i p mang tinh silu nhdn thdc Scott va Dienes cung lap luin ring, vilc hpe mdt d e h I n t i n g (hpc vd thdc) cd t h l duoc milu t l tot nliat bdi md hinh cdp nhdt don I I eda vife hpe m l nd dupc mieu t l tuong t l i nhu viee hpc dupe milu t l If thuylt v l k i t ndi trf tuf Mac du tri thdc khdng tUdng minh Id tri thdc dUpc hinh mdt each vd thde, nhUng nhdng tri thde ndy lai cd t h l hd trp cdc phdn dodn v l vifc lilu cde tri thdc mdi cd phu h ^ vdi nhdng gl dd dUpc trinh bdy trudc dd hay khdng Con ngudi ed the dua rat nhilu phan quylt vdi su hpp li v l dp ehinh xdc va tU tin, nhdng kinh nghifm mang tfnh hifn tupng, chlng han nhU nhdng phdn quylt mang tfnh true gidc dua trln nhdng dilu quen thudc Tuy nhiln, phan quyet chfnh xdc v l nhdng sU kifn mdi ddnh dau sy hilu bilt v l kiln thde cua nguM dd, theo each ed mpt ehu trlnh td tri thdc khdng ITnh hdi dupc d i n nhdng tri thde ITnh hdi dupe NhUvay, Scott v i Dienes nghien edu v l silu nlian thde theo hUdng nghifn cdu ehu trinh td sU hpc vd thde (qua trlnh hoe khdng mang tfnh sffu nhdn thdc) d i n sU hpc mdt cdch cd)? thde (qud trinh hoc mang tfnh silu nhdii thdc) Nhdng nghiln edu eda Norman, Price vd Duff gidi thilu v l khli nilm jJ thUc li, khdl nilm ndy ian d i u tien dupc Wiliam Jarries gidi thifu vdo nam 1890 v l sau duoc md t l chi tilt bdi Mangan vio nam 1993.Theo quan S|I122-THAHG11/2015*I5 CQ N6HI£N CUU _ diem cda Norman, y thdc li biiu thi cho "sUbS tra, thodng khdn ma nd cdn mdt yeu td tUOng tu dd II su ngac qua vd khdng ro rdng cOa nhdng ndi dung cda cdc kinh nhien i^dm pha ndy rit guan trpng bdi vi nd liln quan nghiim cd the tinh hoi duac" Nd la sU phan biet gida sU rd d i n mdi quan hf m i t thiet gida sieu nhdn thde, su edm ring, cd khdp ndi nhdng ndi dung cd t h l ITnh hpi dupe, nhin v l nhijfng ichd khan, ddng co nhan thde v l cd si/ v l nd chda dung sU dinh g i l v l sU khdng rd ring cda cle ngae nhiln Cdm nhin ve sy khd khdn eung vdi sU ngac npi dung tri thdc v l nhdng quy trinh Nhan thde le cdn nhiln cung cap cho chdng ta nhdn^ dinh g i l ban dau phdn dnh sU kilm djnh ve sUquy trinh hda qud trinh nhdn v l y l u cau eda nhdng tinh hudng dong thdi aidp ta dUa thde mdt cich trUc tilp, vi vdy nd id mdt hlnh thdc bl^u cac quylt dinh dilu khiln q u i trlnh nhfn tndc hiln true tilp cda silu nhin thdc Clc nhi nghiln edu [3] l/ng dung cda s i l u nhan thdC vao g i l o dijic -^ chi rang, khdi niem tri thdc I I rat g i n gui vdi khai nifm Ben canh nhCitig nghiln cdu v l b i n chit cda silu slf u nhin thdc tryc gidc dya tren kinh nghifm eua Koriat nhan thdc thi viec nghten cdu de dng dung sieu nh|n Tuy nhiin, khdi nilm tri ttidc l l dupe Norman gidi thifu thdc vdo q i i l trinh gilo dye cung Id mdt cdc ed nhdng dilm ddc bift vUpt xa so vdi khai nifm v l silu hudng nghiln cdu quan trpng DUdi day, chdng tdi se nhdn thdc tnic gilc dira trln kinh nghifm ciia Koriat, t h l trinh bay tdng quan mdt sd cdng trtnh nghiln cdu v5 hifn d nhdng dilm sau: a) Tri thdc le khdng chl phdn dnh v i n dung silu nhin thde vdo thUe t i l n gido dye nhdng quy trinh mang tinh vd thdc md nd edn phdn Inh ciia mpt sd nhd khoa hpc trln t h l gidi cd nhdng ndi dung; b] Nd chda dung t i p hpp rdng hem Trude tiln, phdi k l d i n nhdng nghiln edu eiia nhdm nhdng chdc nang eda nhdn thdq e) Cap dp eda nhdng tde gia Whitebread, Almeqdad, Bryee, Demetriou, Grau truy e|p bin Id cd t h l thay ddi dupe Nhdng chi tilt and Sangter [3] Cdc tac g i l niy nghiln cdu v l silu nhan ndy gpi y ring tri thdc I I ddng vai trd gidn tilp ciia qud thdc tren ddi tupng t r i em nhd Viec nghiln cdu v l sieu trinh rihin thdc vd thdc vd cd y thdc nhin thdc d t r i em nhd dupc d c tie g l l slp dit mdt each Nhdng nghiln edu eda Efldides vd Touroutoglou dua tu nhifn vdi nhieu phuong phip khde (chlng h^n Sli phin bilt ehi tilt hem gida nhin thde vd silu nhin nhu quan sdt) hon 11 sd dyng chdng nhiimg nghifn thdc Cdc tdc gid da de edp d i n mdt hifn tUpng cda sifu edu eho ngudi Idn (chlng h^n nhu tu bio do) Ngodi ra, trf nhd (metamemory), nd cd ten II khoing trong theo d e tic gil, nghiln cdu v l silu nhdn thdc d trf tri nhd kinh nghifm (blank - In - the- mind - BIM) Dd Id em nhd khdng nfn gilm bdt nhOtig kit qud da d?t difpc kinh nghilm m l ngudi ed dupc dilu kifn cda trf eiia cdc li thuylt v l trf nhd m l nin bao gdm nhdng khia nhdtucmg lai md tam thdi hp khdng d^t dUOc suchd y canh khie nda cda silu nhdn thdc^ehln^ han nhu nhutig hole khdng cd mdt sU gpi y md giup hp cd the thiic hiln tri thde v l slf u nhan thdc vd sy dilu khien v l hdnh vi ciia mdt hdnh ddng ed myc dfch Vi vdy, BIM quan tdm din sU sllu nhdn thdc Cic tic g i l eho ring: Sllu nhin thde nhin thde tam thdi nhdng mau thdng tin mac du nd cd trf em nhd ludn ludn dua trfn quy trinh tdng I n hOn 1^ the la cd sin tri nhd Tuy nhien, theo quan dilm eda nhdng quy trinh rd rdng, v l vai trd eda dilu kiln xd hdi Bll^, nhdng kinh nghilm mang tfnh hiln tupng da ehdng (ehdng h^n nhu eha me, ban bf) cd t i m quan trpng t h " ^ td ring nhdn thdc khdng diln mdt cdch xen ke lifn tye, ehdt vi pd cd t h l Id dieu kifn thudn Ipi hode d n trd'sy^ thay vio dd II sU nhan thdc cd nhdng khoing trdng phdt trien eOa sif u nhdn thde Nghiin eiiu cda Whttebre< tri nhd Ngodi ra, trang thai di phdng, ngUdi hpc se vd d c cpng su da phit hifn d c mdi sieu liln kit g" m i t di Sli chd •^ hole goi )f md hp khdng t h l lly lai dupe khd nang silu nhin thde sdm, chdc ndng dilu hinlv • thuylt v l trf tue, su phat triln cae khli nilm, ciing nhif bat chap sy no lUc eiia tip vifc hpc Trong t i t c l d c trudng hpp, mdi tirong tac phde Nhdng nghiln cdu cda Touroutoglou v l Efklides coi hop gida sif u nhdn thde vdi nhin thdc, ddng co v l nhflng nhdng kinh nghifm v l sieu nhdn thdc nhU Id ddc dilm tde ddng sU tu dtlu chlnh nhdng hdnh vi eiia trf em eda hoat ddng gill quylt vin j l l hon II tri nhd Muc t i l u nhd da dupe cac tdc g i l khim phd cda cdc nghiln cdu Id tim hilu nhdng cdm nhdn v l sU khd khin eua ngudi hpe v l nhdng ylu td eda nhin thdc Cting hudng nghien edu ndy, Lyons v l Ghetti thiia md giy nhdng khd khdn cho ngudi.Theo cdc tde nhdn cd nhdng quy trinh kiim tra vd dHu khiin nh^n thi3c, gid, cdm gidc khd khdn kim ham sutrdi chdy qud trinh thim tri d nhdng dda t r i r i t nhd Nghiln cdu nhJJng tdl nhdn thUc Thdng thudng, ngUdi cho ring nhdng lilu v l sy gilm slt d c hoat ddng tri t u i cda t r i nhd da khd khin md hp trdi nghilm qua qud trinh gidi gpiy ring, td cudi tudi thd hai trddi t r i died t h l sddung quylt vin d l hoac Id nhdng nhifm vu khd khdn hode Id cde ddng td tri tue d l bieu thi trang thli tri thde cda minh nhdng nhilm vu phde hpp.Tuy nhiln, eung mdt nhifm (chlng han nhu bilt, nghi) vd di gilm sat sU thdng hilu vy nhung nd cd t h l dupc ITnh hdi mdt d e h d l dang ddi vd cdc hinh tuong trf t u i cda ho tdt nhU su ghi nhd cua vdl ngudi nay, nhung lai khd klidn ddi vdi ngudl khdc hp Tri nhd eung cd the t i p luyin sU dilu khiln thflng Efklides eho ring nhdng d m nhdn ve sU khd khin la qua thdi quen dat d u hdi t'rl khdng chle ehin vi d m xde t i m If xult hiln ngudi ta giip lindt vdi nhifm nhdng dilu chdng bilt hode nhle lai nhdng clu trJ vy d n gidi quylt Ngodi ra, sy cdm nhdn v l khd khan fdi md t r i khdng tu tin ring tri nhd ciia chdng II chfnh khdng ehi duoe kit hpp vdi nhOmg tde ddng tieu eye m l xdc DUa trln nhdng bdng chdng thu nhan dUOc, Lyons nd edn ed the kit hpp vdl nhutig ddng eo thue diy su vd Ghetti d l xuat mdt md hlnh v l sU phit triln sdm cila cd ging vd c l nhdng chiln lupc hpc tap dUOc sd dung silu nhan thdc d t r i nhd v l v l mdi quan hf giiia sUgldm Touroutocilou vd Efklides da thd nghiem hai gid thilt v l sdt va sy dilu khiln su t u dilu khiln hoat ddng ede ylu to t i l m ndng ed t h l tao sUthilu lUu lodt nhdn thdc cda t r i quy trinh nhin thdc cu the la cdng vife huy ddng bd Tilp theo Id nhdng nghiln cdu eiia Misailidi [3] Vdn nhd v l sy gian doan nhdn thdc m l nguyin nhdn Id sir chlnh lfch xd If li/pc kieh lioat qua trinh nhaii d l dau t i l n md nghiln cdu thio luan d i n dd II t^l thdc Hai thf nghilm xie nhin hai gid thuylt v l vile huy nhiing nghten edu v l If thuylt trf tuf lai khdng dU^ kit not vdi nhCfng nghiln cdu v l sU phit triln cda sllu dpng bd nhd khdng lam gia ting d m gidc khd kliln v l nliin thde Cdc tdc gid ddng thdi edn chl ring, sy giln nhdn thdc hiln iihdng ludn cd cung doan v l nhdn thdc xdy bdi d e hoat ddng trai ngupc nhu nhdng bing chdng nghiln cdu da chi ring cl nhau, nd khdng chl II nhdng edm nhin v l sU Idid mdi silu lien kit gida If thuylt v l tri t u i (theory - ofmind) vdl silu tri nhd Misailidi edn kit n^i gida It thuylt 16-KHOAHOCGlAODUC NGHIEN CUU v l tu vdi su thdng hilu cda ITnh vUc silu nhan thdc v l ngdn ngd, sU k i t noi I I mpt phSh khdng the thilu cua silu nhin thdc va nd cung clp nhdng bang chutig rang silu nhin thde di trudc sU thdng hieu v l cac ddnq td tri t u i Kleitman vd Moserop nghiln cdu v l sU phdt triln v l silu nhin thdc cda t r i nhd, Kleitman vd (VIoscrop t i p trung vdo sU ty tin cOa tre em tudi d i n trUdng nliu Id mdt ngUdi cd dac diem nhin deh Ho nghiln cdu t r l n nhdm t r i em td - tudi vd da chl i^lng sU tU tin da dupc kiln t^o chic chin v l khd dn djnh d Ida tudi niy Con ngudl vdi dac d i l m nhdn d c h ndy, Id tuong tu chd khdng hodn t o i n gidng vdi su tU trudng thdnh, nhdng du doin v l nhdng thdnh tfch hoc t i p d nha trudng vupt xa nhiimg Inh hudng v l ndng lihln thde, dd tudi vd g[di tinh Tuy nhien, dilu quan trpng nhit Id suchim sdc cua bd me d l duoe chdng minh I I du bdo eho su tU tin dtrl VIn dyng eda silu nhin thde vdo q u i trlnh gido due cdn the hiln d vifc coi trpng nhdng kT ndng eo bdn nhukt nlng dpe vd vilt Nghiln edu subllu hiln cda sieu nh|n thdc vile dpc la ehd d l dUOc nhilu tac gil nghifn cdu dd ed Kolic-Vehovec, Bajsanski [3] Cdc t i c g i l dd dUa mdt quan dilm ciia ho v l nhdng nghiln edu hifn t^i t r l n nhdng hoc sinh cudi tieu hoc vd hpe sinh trung hpc Dilm nhan rri^nh d diy II dd tu^i vd gidi tfnh cd I n h hudng d i n ki nang dpc hilu, cd lien quan den d e thinh phan cda silu nhin thdc Tri thdc mang tfnh silu nhdn thdc bao gdm vile doc duoc tim thay Id ed mdl liln he mat thilt vdi tudi tdc nhUng khdng tim thiy mdl liln h i mang tinh h i thdng vdi gidi tfnh Nguoc lai, sy dilu khiln khd ndng nhdn thdc dupe tim thiy II mdt bd phin cCia vile dpc - cd mdi quan h i mat thilt vdl silu nhin thde, dd cd bing chdng cho ring cd sy dnh hudng cda gidi tfnh, dd vife ndy nhu I I die I n eda nd gidi SU can t h i l p dua tren co sd tim kilm td nhdng nghiln edu v l silu nhan thdc kT ndng dpc hilu cung dupe clc t i c g i l eoi Id dde bilt quan trpng gilo due Hai tac g i l , Csikos vd Stekllcs da thuc hien nhdng nghiln cdu can thilp vdo quy trinh vifc dpe hiiu ciia hpc sinh Chuong trinh nghien edu dd duae I p dyng eho hpc sinh Idp eda Hungari dilu kiln Id ede Idp hpe dpc Trong dd, hpe sinh dupe ehi d i n v l vife sddyng cdc chiln lupc dpe nhu t h l nio vd hp ddng thdl eung duac khuyin khfch de phdt triln nhdng tri thde sieu nhdn thdc vd nhin thdc v l nhdng chiln lupc sd dung Kit q u i Id hpe sinh dupe khuyin khfch, dUoe nhin manh tam quan trpng cOa nhdng sU ean thilp vd nd Id gia tang nh|n thdc v i quy trinh cda viec dpc Swalander vd Folkesson [3], nghiln cdu v l sieu nhdn thdc dilu kifn cda s u t u d i l u khiln vife hpc Clc t i c g i l quan slt d c h hai gilo vien sd dyng mdy tfnh ldp hpe v l edeh cdc hpc sinh nhd (td - tudi) hpe d c h sd dyng v l thuc hdnh phuong tifn mdi ndy mdi ngdy d trUdng hpc Nhdng dd lifu dd dupe phin tfeh theo ba ndi dung, dd Id sieu nhan thde, ddng eo vd hdnh vi (thdi quen) Trong ndi dung chfnh, nghiln edu da tim ring vdi t r i em, siiu nhdn thUcId nhdn thUc viquy trinh mdi trUdng hgc tdp mdi, sutukiim sodt nhdng tiin bd cua bdn thdn hg cdng viic vi$cldp ki hogch hogt ddng cua bdn thdn vd dong thdi nd Id nhdn thdc vi nhitng mdi liin hi giifa nhiing hogt ddng hgc tdp khdc Tuy nhiln, d d i y cd mdt sd tinh hudng m l silu nhfn thdc eda t r f em khdng du de gidp hp ddl d i u vdi nhCfng tlnh hudng d i t Chlng han, t r i em khdng t h l dung Q nhCfng ehdc nlng hdu fch eda miy tfnh nhu vife danh van, ki thuit nhin tin, vi vay hp d n sU chi dan cua giao viln.Trong thc^ diem t r i em Ilm vilc vdl mdy tinh, ddng thdi t r i i nghilm qua nhiimg tac ddng tfeh cUc va tieu cUc eda mdy tfnh, cac em nhin thiy nhdng co hdi eho viec lua ehpn, nhCfng khat khao de hpc tap vd nhin thiy d e h gilo viln y l u cau nhdng dpng ca tfeh eUc, t i l u cue khdng mong mudn (3 cap hanh vi, t r i em giup dd nhdng ban khde va thUc hlnh nhu'ng dU I n ddi hdi cd sUcdng tdc Nhiimg bang chdng ndy da edng cd t h i m cho tuyln bd ring t r i em nhd khdng ehi chdng td v l sieu nhan thdc ma cdn t h l hifn v l sU tU dilu chinh va hpp tdc vile dilu chlnh nhCfng lidnh vi eda minh mdi trUdng hpc tap mdi Nhdng nghiln cdu eua Bartimote -Aufflick, Brew vd Ailney dd md rdng hon bde tranh v l sU t u d i l u khiln vifc hpc de hodn thiln T\gUdi gidng viln cle trUdng dai hpc Cdu hdi dupe cac tac g i l dua Id, ngudi thiy tham gia nhu t h l nio vao vife tu dilu khiln qud trinh nhdn thde mdt d c h cd phf phan, vd nlu trudng hpp nay, nhdng dilu gl cd tdc ddng den nhdng chl dan thire hlnh ciia hp cung nhu vife hpc cda hpc sinh hp Sy tu dilu khiln ed tfnh p h i plidn dupe dya t r l n nhdng g i i djnh ring ngUdi ldn (trong trudng hpp ndy Id giing viln cua eac trUdng dai hpc) gap nhCfiig tlnh hudng khd xd lien quan d i n sy phan hdi cda ngUdi hpc vd nhihig quy trinh phin hdi dd hinh thinh mdi ngudi s l tao nen nhCfng ylu d u vd s u t u d i l u khiln eda chfnh ho 4.KAIuln d tren, ehdng tdi da dilm qua mdt sd cdng trinh nghiln cdu ciia ede tic gil nudc ngodi Nhdng nghiln edu niy da d l cfp d i n nhilu van de eiia silu nhin thde, tat cd de nhdm trd Idl ede elu hdi: Sieu nhdn thdc Id gl? Slf u nhdn thdc cd phdi Id Uu t h l rilng cGa ngUdi hay khdng? Dae trung cda silu nhin thde? Val trd eiia silu nhdn thdc va van dyng nd vio qud trlnh gilo dye nhU t h l ndo? Vifc nghiln cdu v l sieu nhdn thdc nude hlln da dupe mdt sd tdc gid quan tdm, nhifn vdn chiia nhilu Wfc dilm qua mdt sd xu hudng nghifn cdu v l sieu nhan thdc cua thigidi hi vpng se thue day nhilu hon nda d c tie g i l nude quan tdm ve van d l ndy TAILISUTHAMKHAO [1] Flavell, J.H., (1979), "Metacognition and cognitive monitoring A new area of cognitive-development inquiry" American Psychologist 34:906-911 [2] Gourgey, A.F., (1998), "Metacognition in basic skills instruction" Instructional science 26:81-96 [3] Anastasia Efldides, Plousia Misailidi, (2010), Trends and Propects in Metacognition research" Springer [4] Cao Thj Hd, Nguyin Van Thanh, Ki ndng siiu nhdn thUc- nhi^g vdn di liluan vd khd ndng vdn dung vao qud trinh dgy hoc Todn, Tqp chi Gido due, thdng 3/2014 [S] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/metacognition [6] Cornie fVIalamed, "Metacognition and learning: Strategies for instructional Design" SUMMARY The article analyzes international researcheson metacognition and its application into teaching process Thee author focused on aspects such as the concept of metacognition, metacognition- humans only advantage or not, characteristics of metacognition, its role and application into the education process Keywords: Metacognition; teaching; teaching process Slfl22-THAN611/2015*t7 ... edu eho ngudi Idn (chlng h^n nhu tu bio do) Ngodi ra, trf nhd (metamemory), nd cd ten II khoing trong theo d e tic gil, nghiln cdu v l silu nhdn thdc d trf tri nhd kinh nghifm (blank - In - the-... thuylt v l trf tue, su phat triln cae khli nilm, ciing nhif bat chap sy no lUc eiia tip vifc hpc Trong t i t c l d c trudng hpp, mdi tirong tac phde Nhdng nghiln cdu cda Touroutoglou v l Efklides... Chuong trinh nghien edu dd duae I p dyng eho hpc sinh Idp eda Hungari dilu kiln Id ede Idp hpe dpc Trong dd, hpe sinh dupe ehi d i n v l vife sddyng cdc chiln lupc dpe nhu t h l nio vd hp ddng thdl