GIAODUGDANTdc M GIAO DUG VAN HOA DAN TOC A T R U O N G TIEU HOC VUNG DAN TOC THIEli SO DAP ONG YEU CAU DOI MOll GIAO DUC VA DAO TAD ThS THAN THj YEN Vl|n Khoa hoc Gl̂ o due V\& N3m tde, mpt d in tde,[.]
.GIAODUGDANTdc M GIAO DUG VAN HOA DAN TOC A T R U O N G TIEU HOC VUNG DAN TOC THIEli SO DAP ONG YEU CAU DOI MOll GIAO DUC VA DAO TAD ThS THAN THj YEN Vl|n Khoa hoc Gl^o due V\& N3m I.DItvandl Gido dye (GD) fa dfldng ngin nhit, nhanh nhat v l hifu qud nhat di eung d p trf thflc khoa hoc, kT nang Ihi/e hdnh vd hinh thdnh nhiifng pham chit nlng tuc cho ngUdi hpe Ndi dung GD khdng ehi eung clp cho ngudi hpc kiln thdc khoa hpc cda nhdn to^i m l cdn phdi eung elp nhCfng kiln thflc, kinh nghiem efla d i n tpe v l tat c l ede ITnh vfle ddi sdng xa hdi, die biet Id van hda din tdc (VHDT) Vt viy Ding va Nhd nfldc ta da xdc dinh tfnh chit vd nguyin tf GD Vift Nam: Nen GD Vift Nam II nin GD xd hdi ehCi nghTa ed tinh nhdn din, d i n tpc khoa hpe hlln dai, lly chfl nghTa Mac - Lf nin v l tu tudng Hd Ctif Minh tdm nin ting Hoat ddng GD phli dupe thyc hifn theo nguyin tf hpc di ddi vdi hdnh, GD kit tipp vdi lao ddng sdn xult If tuan g i n tiln vdi thfle tiln, GD nha trudng kit hpp vdt gia dinh va GD xd hdi GD tilu lipc td cap hpc d i u tien cda GD phd thdng Trong bdl cdnh ddl mdi GD va d i o tao ddi hdi t h l hf tuong lai phli Id nhutig ngUdi phdt triln todn dien Do dd, ddt vdi GD tilu hpe ndi chung, GD tilu hpc dvung ddn tdc v l miln nut ndi rilng, ngodi nhiifng kiln thfleylu d u theo quy djnh chung, ndi dung GD phlf g i n vdi ndi dung VHDT, phit truyln t l i nhflng not dung dde trUng cua VHDT ntidm gdp phin blo tdn, phdt huy b i n sle VHDT, tdm phong phd t h f m n i n van hda (VH) Vift Nam GD d i n tdc thieu s6 (DTTS) Trong t i t cd cAc xa hdi, VH cd nhdhg dac tning biln tl d c h sddyng ngdn ngfl, nhuYig bilu tflong, cdc gid trj ehuin myc, quan h i sinh sdng, giao tilp, edeh ddnh gid Chd tjeh Hd Chf Minh sau nghiln cdu cde hifn tupng vd gid tri VH d nhilu dan tdc da nhin xet "VI te stnh tdn eQng nhu myc dfch eua eudc sdng, loii ngUdt mdi sdng t ^ v l phdt minh ngdn ngfl, ehfl vilt, dao ddc phdp luit, ktioa hpe, tdn gtao, v i n hpc, nghf thudt, nhiing cdng cy cho sinh boat hdng ngdy v l mac, I n , d v l cdc phuong thdc sddung.Todn bd nhiifng sing tao v l phdt minh dd tflc 11 VH VH td tdng hop cda mpi phuang thde stnh hoat cdng vdi bilu hlln cda nd m l toai ngudl dd sin sinh nhim mye dfch thfch dng nhutig nhu elu ddi sdng vd ddl hdi cOa sinh tdn"[1] Nhu v|y, VH td toan bd nhflng gi tdt dep nhit ngudi da sdng tao boat ddng cda minh Ban chit cua VH Id cd tfnh ngfldi vd tfnti xa hdi eda eon ngudl VH tl mpt thfle t h l sdng cda eon ngudi NgUdi ta ed the nhin thiy, nghe thiy, sd thiy va cdm thiy bdng nhiifng dch khie efla mdt nin VH, mdt thdi dai VH, mot gil trj VH eon ngudi tao Cd t h l ndi, VH v l bin chit & t h l hiln trinh dd phit triln eua eon ngudi Chi cd eon ngudl mdl cd cdc quan h i VH V l Ijdn chit, VH cd tinh xa hot thdng qua d c phuong thfle boat ddng sinh tdn vd hoat ddng giao t i l p eda ngudi Song, xa hdi vd VH khdng phdi 11 ddng nhit Xd hdi eo d u eua nd II mpt t i p doan ngudi, mdt bd I tde, mpt d i n tde, mdt tang ldp, mdt giai d p ed quan h i vdi v l mat sinh tdn vd giao tilp, ed d e tie ddng qua tai gida ngfldi vdi eon ngudi, eon ngUdt vdi d c edng ey iao ddng, vdi gidi tu nhifn Trong clc quan he xa hdi ay, quan he VH tan tda vdo nhilu ITnh vUe hoat ddng sdng, hoat ddng lao dpng, hoat ddng chfnh tri, xd hdi eda ngUdi VH da gan kit cdc hoat ddng eua ngudi Nd tao Iln tap qudn dng xfl, tfn ngfldng, elm xue dnh hudng d i n phin flng gifla nhdm ngfldi ndy vdi nhdm ngudi khdc Vift Nam Id qudc gia da din tdc, moi ddn tdced bdn sic VH rifng mang tinh tdc ngUdi Bin sic VH eda d e d i n tdc da gdp phan hinh thdnh n i n VH Vilt Nam - n i n VH thdng nhit da dang GD VHDT d trudng t i l u hpc vdng DTTS la eung d p cho hpe sinh (HS) ddn tde nhflng kiln thde, nhiirng g i l trj VH cda cdc ddn tde Tao ddng Iflc eho HS DTTS phat triln todn diln, ddng thdi gdp phin bao tdn, phdt huy vd phat triln bdn sle VH d e d i n tdc GD VHDT dr trUdng tieu hoc vCing DTTS - VH la nin ting tinh than cua xa hot Id ddng tyc d l phdt trien ngUdi v l phit triln xa hdi Tri em ngudi DTTS se t i l p edn GD vd tri thde thu^n tpi hon, nhanh hon d e em dupe GD, mdi trUdng VH cda dan tde minh Cdc ddn tde edng sinh sdng trdn dat nUde Vift Nam, binh ding, dodn kit, tdn trpng v l giup cung phdt triln, nghilm cam mpi hdnh vi kl thj, ehia r l ddn tdc Ngdn ngd qudc gia la tilng Vift Cde dan tdc cd quyln dung tilng ndi, ehfl vilt, gid gin b i n sle d i n tpe phdt huy phong tyc, t f p qudn, truyln thdng vd van hoi tdt dep eda minh [2] Nghj djnh OS/2011/ND-CP ngiy 14 thing 11 ndm 2001 cOa Ciifnh phd v l cdng tdc d i n tdc quy djnh:" Tieng ndi, ehd viet vd truyln thdng VH tdt d^p eda d c dan tde dupe dUa vio chflong trinh gtlng day d e trudng phd thdng, trfldng phd thdng dan tde ndi trd, phd thdng d i n tde bdn tni, trung tam GD thudng xuyln, trung tdm hpe tap edng ddng, trudng day nghi, trung hpe ehuyin nghilp, eao ding v l daf hpc phi^ hpp vdi dja ban vung d i n tdc" [3] Nghi quylt 88/2014/QH13 ngdy 28/11/2014 v l Ddi mdi ehuong trinh, sdeh gido khoa GD phd thdng yeu clu: " Ndng eao chit tUpng GD todn diln, ehu trpng GO tf tudng, truyln thdng VH, Ijch sd, dao dflc lot sdng, ngoai ngd, tin hpe, ndng tUc v l kT nlng thflc hdnh, van dyng kiln thfle vdo thye tien" [4] Quylt djnh 449/QD-TTg p h i duylt Chiln Iflpc edng tde chiln Iflpc den ndm 2020 quy djnh bdo tdn va phdt huy b i n sdc DTTS; Quylt djnh 23S6/QD-TTg ban hlnh Chucmg trinh hdnh ddng thflc hiln chiln tUpe edng tie ddn tdc d i n nin 2020 quy djnh: "Phdt triln todn dien DTTS thilu sd; chfnh sleh gifl gin, blo tdn, tdn vinh va Stfl22-nUNG1iy2S15*57 H GIAO DUC DAN Tdc ^ phit huy ban sic VH, ngdn ngfl, chd vilt, tap quan, tfn ngudng truyen thdng tdt dep cua ddng blo DTTS; xay dUng he thdng thiet che VH gan vdi vile bao quin, gin gifl, b l o tdn di tfch tjeh sfl d tflng vung, tflng ^ a phuong; xay dung nep sdng van minh, bai trd me tfn, di doan, hd tye tae hlu"[S] Dilu 5, Chuong 1, Ludt GD nam 2009, khing djnh: " K l thda v l phdt huy truyln thdng tdt dep, bin sdc DTTS, t i l p thu tinh hoa VH nhan loai"[6] - Trong trudng tieu hpc vung dan tpc va miln nui, GD VHDT nhim giup eho HS ngUdi dan tdc nhdn thdc cdc gid trj VH/VH truyln thdng cua ddn tdc minh, cd nMMHpGGIjUlDUC - To chdc day hpc vd d c hoat ddng GD v l VH clc DTTS d ^ a phuong - Td chdc d e hoat dpng VH, vdn nghf, t h l dye the thao, d c boat ddng theo ehO d l , chd dilm; tham gia d c te hot, tet d i n tdc giao tUu VH vd cdc boat ddng x l hdi khae c)Vithi^ lucmg - Tuy theo die cfilm tinh hlnh cda mdi trUdng/dja phuong d l phan bd thiA lupng phu hpp - u tieu hoc n l u d?y hoc ft hon 10 budi/tuin thi dilu chinh chuong trinh bing d c h d t gtdm bdt hode khdng cd ndi dung boat ddng t r i i nghifm sing tgo (bao gdm nhilu ndi dung dd ed ndi dung GD VHDT) vd tu hoc cd hudng d i n d)Vi ddnh gid Ddnh gid nang lUc cda HS td hoat ddng ngodi gid ehfnh khda/hoat ddng trit nghifm sdng tao chu ylu bing phucmg phip djnh tfnh thdng qua quan slt hlnh vi, bdng kilm vd hd so hoat ddng, k i t hpp vdt phUOng phapdinh tuong nhutuludn,trlc nghilm khieh quan, 4.2 Hinh thffc CD VHDT GD VHDT d trudng tilu hpe vung d i n tde v l miln nui dupe thuc hiln vdi nhilu hinh thflc khie nliau, chdng tdi dUa hai hinh thflc sau: a) Tich hgp vdo cdc mdn hqc gid hgc chlnh khda GD VHDT dflpc thuc hifn theo phuong thde tfch hop gid hpe ehfnh khda Ndi dung GD bao gdm d e kiln thde v l VHDT t h l hlln ede mdn hpc vd thdng qua vile hudng dan, thflc hdnh ndi dung bdi hpc md gilo viln (GV) giflp HS nhin thflc v l v i n dung kiln thfle VHDT Vife tich hop kiln thflc VHDT cle mdn hpe dupc t t i l hien ba mfle dd tao dflng: Mflc dd tgo dyng toan phin, mde dd tao dflng bd phdn, mflc dd tgo dyng tiln h i - Mflc dd tao dflng todn phin: Mye tilu vd ndi dung bdi hpe hoac etiflong trinh hpe hodn todn phii tipp vdl mye tieu vd not dung eda GD VHDT Sddyng hodn todn mdt sdn phlmVH dfla vdo gid day de thye hifn mdt ndi dung GD Vile vgn dyng hodn toin cd Uu dilm Id tao dung tgi mdt sdn phim VH hodn chlnh, gidp HS nhan bilt diy dii, dugc tham gia vdo hoat ddng, dflOc sdng, hda than vdi sdn phim VH dd Tuy nhiln, van dung hodn toin ddi hdi sUdlu tfl, ehuin bj cdng phu vd cd t h l phflc tap v l tdn kim Vfdu: Bli hpe gidi thilu mpt vdi nhac eu d i n tde (mdn Am nhac, tdp 4), cd the sddung nhac ey eda cde DTTS tgi dia phflong nhU cdng, chiing, d i n T'rung, khin, d l gidi thifu eho HS hoac mdi cae nghi nhdn, g i l Idng trudng bdn tham gta boat ddng gidi thilu d c nhgc cy ndy - Mdc dp tao dflng bd phdn: Ctii mdt bd phan bdi hpe ed mue tifu vd ndi dung cfla GD DTTS Sd dung mdt phin sin pham VH dua vdo gid day di thue hiln mdt n^i dung GD Cdch thdc ndy cd mgt hgn c h l td HS chia nhfn bilt day dd htfn tupng, sin phim VH, nin sy hilu bilt chua todn dilri, chua slu sle Tuy nhifn, hlnh thflc ndy ft tdn kfm vd d l thuc hiln Vfdu: Bdi hpc v l Cdc d i n tdc su phan bd d i n cu (Dja Lf-ldp 4), phin gidi thif ii d c dan tdc ed tiie ydu d u mdt ndi dung nhin bilt mdt sd d i n tde qua trang phue qua tranh/hinh Inh hode dd v i t t h | t - Mflc dd tgo dflng tidn hf: Clc kiln thdc GD VHDT khdng dfloc n l u rd sleh gilo khoa, nhung dya GlAO DUC DAN TOC vio kiln thfle bdi hoe GV cd the bd sung cdc kiln thflc dd bing d c h fien hf, so sinh d e kiln thflc VHDT (hfln tuang gid tri, thUc trang VHDT, ) vdo bli giang mdt d c h hpp If Vidu: Bdi hoe v l Chao hdi, tflgidt thilu (tilng Viet 2), cd t h l tiin h i vdi VH chdo hdi, gidi' thieu cua mdt sd ddn tde tai dja phUOng Vilc tfch tipp DTTS cd t h l thUe hifn d tat d d c mdn hpc eua t i l u hpe Tuy nhiln, eOng cd mdn cd kha nlng tfeh hop nhilu kiln thde DTTS nhu Tieng Vift, TU nhiln - Xa hot, Ljch sd- Oia Lf, Am nhac, Thl due, b) Thdng qua hogt ddng trdi nghiim sdng tgo GD DTTS qua hoat ddng trdi nghifm sang tao ed khd ndng thu hut su tliam gia, phdi hpp, tiln k i t nhilu lyc tupng GD v l ngoli nha trUdng nhU GV ehd nhilm, GV clc mdn tfl chpn, tdng phu trdch Opt, ban gidm htlu nhi trUcmg, cha me HS, edng ddng, cde nhd hoat ddng xa hpl, nhflng nghe nhin gid tdng, trUdng bdn, nhiifng ngudi tao ddng tilu bilu d dia phuong, Mpt sd hinh thfle td chflc GD ndi dung DTTS thdng qua hoat ddng tril nghifm sang tgo nhU:(/J Ldng ghip vdo hoqt ddng hqc tdp sinh hoqt; (2) To chdc cdc hogt ddng gidi thiiu ve DTTS; (3) To chffc hogt dpng trinh diin; (4) To chUc cho HS dl tham quan; (5) To chdc sUu tdm, bdo lUu Vi dy: Got y hudng dan GD VHDT qua hoat ddng gidl thif u/trinh dien VHDT a) Muc tiiu • HS chpn va gtdN thilu dupe nit/ sin phim VH ddc sic cua VHDT (cd t h l eda dan tde minh hole d i n toe khae) - Hlnh thdnh kT nlng hop tie Ilm vile nhdm, kT fling trinh biy, gidi thilu -Ylu quy, tdn trpng net depVH cua ddn tdc minh va de ddn tdc khde b)Phqm vi, quymd; Tflng ldp hode todn trUdng (cd t h l mdi cha m^ HS, nghf nhin, gta Ilng hode d c khieh mdi khde ) c) Cdc hogt ddng chlnh (1) Trudc thfle hifn hogt ddng (budc chuan bj) - GV hudng dan HS thdo ludn de tim nhdng ndi dung t h l hiln b i n sle VH eda d c ddn tdc d dja phuong (vf dy: Trang phye nhac cu, difu mda, mdn dn, ) Cd t h l giao viec di HS v l nhi hdi eha/me, hp hang, gia lang/trudng bin, Sau do, td chflc cho HS tdm vifc theo nhdm (cd the nhdm eung dan tdc hode nhdm ciJng yeu thlch mdt sdn phlm/nit VH ndo do) - Clc nhdm chpn net/sin pham VH cua mdt ddn tde vd chon hinh thflc trinh bdy, gidi thilu cho moi ngudi ciing hilu ve sdn phim VH dd - Hinh thflc trinh dien, gidi thifu: Cd the la thuyet trinh, diln tilu pham, hit, miia, Thdi gian ddnh cho cdng vilc chuan bj ndy cd t h l 2- tudn tiiy thudc vdo hinh thfle, mfle dd don gidn hay phde tap eua hogt ddng gidi thilu VH m l HS tfla chpn (2) Trong ktii thuc hifn hogt ddng (qui trinh dien hoat ddng) - Ldn lupt mdi nhdm s l gidi thif uArinh dien Phdn trinh bdy d n gidp ngudi nghe, ngudi xem hilu dugc: Tin cda sin phlm/nit VH? (vf du: Tin eda mpt bdi hit, t i n difu mua, t i n mdn In, ); sin pham cua ddn tpc ndo? Ddc dilm/ndi dung/nIt ddc trUng co bdn? -ii chdc eho HS hdi - dip, nhdn x l t sau mdi phan H trinh bay va rut nhdng dleu thd vl, an tUOng v l ede sdn phamVH (3) Sau dien hogt ddng (kit thflc hoat dpng) - Td ehfle de HS ghi chip, trflng bay hlnh dnh, hiln vat hogc gidi thilu tai cho nhilu ngfldi khic edng btet v l d e sin pham da duoe trinh bay - Hudng dan HS tilp tye sUu tam, gidi thifu sdn pham VH cda d e d i n tde khac K i t l u i n GD VHDT nha trUdng tilu hpe dvung DTTS td nhilm vu d n thilt d i p dng yeu d u phdt triln GD todn difn eho HS ndi chung vd HS DTTS ndi rifng theo tinh than ddi mdi cln b i n todn difn GD va dao tao Trln co sddd, can xiy dung ede ndi dung GD VHDT phu hpp, Ilm d n cfl d l thye hifn GD VHDT eho HS d vflng d i n tdc v l miln ndi thdng qua ede hinh thfle khae nhfl hoat ddng trii nghifm sdng tao/hogt ddng ngodi gid ehinh khda, tfch hpp d c gid hpc chfnh khda, giup HS DTTS htlu va them yfu quy VH tdt dep cda dan tdc minh va cdc ddn tde khic gdp phin gifl gin vd blo tdn VH d e DTTS Viet Nam TAI L i l u THAM K H A O [1 ] Pham Duy Dflc Quan diim cda Ddng, Nhd nudc vi phdt triin vdn hda, xdy dUng ngudi giai doqn mdL [2] Hien phdp Nudc c^ng hda xd hpi chO nghia Viit Nam, Cdng thdng tin diln tfl Chfnh phu ngiy 11 /12/2013 (3) Nghf dinh 05/2011/ND-CP 14 thdng 11 ndm 2011 vi Cdng tdc ddn tdc [A] Nghi quyit a8/2014/QH13 vi Ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdch gido due phS thdng [5] Quyet dmh 449/QD-TTg ngdy 12 thdng ndm 2013, phe duyet Chiin luac cdng tdc chien IU(?c den ndm 2020 [6] Ludt Gido dgc ndm 2009 [7] Duthdo dSi mdi Chuang trlnh gido due phd thdng fdng the, thing 3, nim 2015 [8] Nguyen Thj Thu Huyln, (2012), Ndng cao ndng luc cho cdn bd qudn II trUdng phd thdng ddn tpc bdn tru [9] Pham Duy Dflc, Quan diem cda Ddng, Nhd nudc vi phdt triin van hda xdy dung ngudi giai dogn mdi [101 Quyit djnh 404/QD-TTg ngdy 27/3/2015 vi Phe duyet di dn dSi mdi chuang trinh sdch gido khoa gido due thdng [11] Quyetdjnh 2356/QD-TTg ngdy 14 thdng 12 ndm 2013, ban hdnh chuang trlnh hdnh dpng thuchien chien lugc cdng tdc ddn tpc din ndm 2020 SUMMARY Referring to primary education in general and primary education in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in particular, besides the requiredknowledge.the educational contents must be linked to ethnic culture, to transfer the typical content of ethnic culture, contributing to preserving, promoting ethnic identity and enriching Vietnamese culture The article mentioned contents: 1/ Educate ethnic culture; 2/Educate ethnic culturein ethnic primary schools; 3/Some solutions to instructeducate ethnic culture in ethnic primary schools Keywords: Culture; educate ethnic culture; ethnic minority; primary education S(il22-1HiitfG11/201S*59