MOT SO SOY NGHf VE DAY HOC NOI DONG DIEN DAO TRONG MON LICH SO''''C! TRUlOiNG PHO THONG GS TS NGUYEN THj C O l '''' K ien thdc lich su(LS) ndi ehung, bien dao (BD) na rieng edvaifrdvdeung quan trpng trong s[.]
MOT SO SOY NGHf VE DAY HOC NOI DONG DIEN DAO TRONG MON LICH SO'C! TRUlOiNG PHO THONG GS TS N G U Y E N THj C O l ' K ien thdc lich su(LS) ndi ehung, bien dao (BD) na rieng edvaifrdvdeung quan trpng su nghiep xay dung va bao ve To quoc t h d md ciia, hpi nhap quoc te Nhi?ng hieu biet ve LS BD khong chi la co sd de hoach djnh dudng loi, chlnh sach phu hop, ma cdn cd tac dyng to Idn giao due eaettiehengud Viet Nam tmyen ttiwig yeu nude, y chi quyettam giiiviing chu quyen Toquoe Viet Nam la mpt qudc gia cd dudng bd bien dai hon 3.260km, tong dien tich viing bien ehu quyen bao gom cac haidao, quan dao; nhung vimg dac quyen kinh te bien gap khoang lan dat lien (1; fr 10-11) Viing bien cDa nudc ta chiia dung nhi/ng tiem nang kinh teto ldn, la''cih ngd"de mdrpng quan hequoe te.Dacblet,biencdvaitidquan trpng doi v d an ninh quoe phdng vala dja ban chien luoc cong cupc bao ve To qud'c Hien nay, van de bao ve chu quyen bien gid quoc gia, ehu quyen BD dang cd nhieu didn bien phuc tap VI vay, viec trang bjcho hpc sinh (HS) eac kien ttiiic LS n d Chung, ve BD ndiriengde qua dd giaoduccho cac em yUiucbaovechuquyen lanh ttio quoc gia, chu quyen BD la vd cung can thiet va cd y nghTa chien lupc Tuy nhien,ttiyc tiln day hpc LSdtrudngphottiong hien eho tiiay, wan de BD chua duoc quan tam diing miic.Trong npidung sach giao khoa (SGK) LS, na dung chua dupc deeap ey ttie, cd hettioig va nhieu giao vien (GV)cdn Itchuygiup HS hieu rd, nen kiwi ttiiic BD noi chung, ve Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa noi liengcuaHS edn kem;ddikhlhieu biet ciia GVLSve chuquyenBD que huong cung rathanche.Xuatphat tiitam quan trpng ciia van de, tuttiuc tiln day hpc LS d frudng phd'ttiong, chiing tolcho ring can pha nghien cuu va tiiuc hiwi viec day hpc npi dung LS BD ttiat nghiem tiic Vivay.baivletfrinh bay mptsoykienvenpi dung, kien tiiuc can frang bi cho H S vacac hinh tfiiic to ehijc day hpc can van dung Venpl dung kien thiic 1.1 Phai trang bt cho HS thong (tuy theo doi tugng) nhung hieu biet ve vdng hien eua Viet Nam tren Bien Bong Bien Dong la viing bien rta n i m d phia Tay Thai Binh Duong Bien Ddng co dien tich khoang 3.447 trieu kmS frai rpng tdvTdp 3" len den vTdp 26" B l e va tii kinh dp 100° den 121° Ddng, duoc bao bpc bdi eac nudc Viet Nam, Tmng Quoc, Philippines, Indonesia, Bmnei, Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan, Campuchia va mpt vung lanh thoDalLoan Nhuvay, Bien Dong khdng ttiupcquyin sdhi/u rieng eua mptquocgia nao ma la bien chung ciia quoc gla Bien Dong ed hai vinh l d i : Vinh Bac Bpva Vinh Thai Lan; la vung bien nhpn nhjp thii hai tren the gid sau Dja Trung Hai; la tuyen hang hai huyetmach mang tlnh chien lupc cua nhieu nUdcva khu vuc Theo Cdng udc (quoc te) eiia Lien hpp quoc ve Luat Bien nam 1982, viing bien Viet Nam bao gom npi thuy, lanh hai, vung tiep giap lanh hai, vung dac quyen kinh teva tii em lyc dja ttiupc chu quyen, quyln chuquyenvaquyentaiphan quoc gia eua VietNam Viing bien va ven bien Viet Nam la cua mdldn, la mat tien quan frpng ciia dat nudc de ttiong Thai Binh Duong Cung v d dat lien, viing bien nude ta giau tai nguyen ttiien nhien; cd vj tri chien lupc quan frpng nen luon bj cac the luc ben ngoai nhom ngd, xam luoc Vi vay, bao ve an ninh ehu quyen qud'c gia tren biln lamptnhlem vuquan trpng,dadupe dat ratdxa xua Cac di chi khao coda chiing to cudan Sa Huynh da dung thuyen be bang ngang Bien Ddng den vung bien Trudig Sa; c u dan Ddng Son diing ttiuyen dl buon ban fren bien v d nhieu nudc (mang ttdng dong di trao ddl d nhieu dao) Khi nha nudc phong kien dpc lap d d , dthdi Ly ong eha ta da m d rpng cdng cupc khai hoang lan " Khoa Lich sii' - Trtfdog O^i bpc sir pham Ha Noi 32 Tqp chi Gido due so 361 (ki 1' 7/2015) bien, tich cue khai thac cac san vat tii bien va lap nhiing cang bien dettiuyen be nudc ngoai den buon ban D u d ttid Ly - Tran, dac biet la ttieu dai nha Le, cungvdvieckhaithaeeae nguon loi tubien,dng cha ta da quan tam den viec cung c d a n ninh quoe gla Ben canh viec xay dung va phat trien kinh te bien, fri thd NgdDinh, Tien Le den LyTran, Hau Le, ong cha ta da lap nhieu chien cong chong giac ngoai xam bao ve Td'qudc, dd cd vung bien Cac chien ttiang tren eua bien Bach Dang, Van Don - Cda Luc da ttie hien truyen ttiong yeu nudc ehong ngoai xam, bao ve dat nudc eiia to tien ta Den ttid cae chua Nguyen, tam nhin ve bien dupc nhan thiic rd rang hon TCrtiid chua Nguyin Hoang (1558-1613), giaottluang vdnudcngoaidxd Thuan Quang dUOc ehu y ( v d Ha Lan, Bo Dao Nha va cac nudc Dong Nam A) thdng qua thuong cang Hpi An Dac biet, cae ehua Nguyen da lap nhihig dpi Hoang Sa roi B^c Hal de khai tiiac nguon lpi ttiien nhien vado dac ttiuy trinh tren BienDong, bao ve mat bien ciJa Toquoe Chii; Quoe suquan trieu Nguyenvd\ nhieu sach su, dja: Bai Nam tiiUC luc tien bien, Bai Nam tht/c luc chinh bien, Bai Nam tiiong nhit ehi, Gia Binh tiianh tiidngchi, Chau ban tiieu NguySn • Tai lieu cua Tmng Quoc ve Hoang Sa, Tn/dng Sa, nhu: Tran Luan Quynh v d HaiQuoc kien vin lu (1744);ThichDai San vdHa(ngoa//f/5i/; Dac biet, frong quyen cua Hal'ngoalkisu, tac gia da ndi de'n Van ti Tn/dng Sa (quan dao Trudng Sa) va khing djnh chua Nguyin da hanh xii chu quyen cua minh tren quan dao {2; tr44) Cung v d do, cac ban CO ve nudc Tmng Qud'c (ngud Tmng Qud'c ve) hi trudc nam 1909 deu neu rd quan dao Hoang Sa va Ta/dng Sa (Tay Sa va Nam Sa theo each gpi cua Tmng Qudc)chua bao gid ttiupc veTnjng Quoe - Cac tulleu cua ngudi phuong Tiy, nhu: + T u lieucuangudHaLanxuatban 1631-1636 da vietve s u kien eac tau bien cua cdng ti bi nan tai quan dao Hoang Sa ttiupc xdDang Trong; + Tu lieu ciia giam muc ngud Phap J.B.Chaigneau (ten Viet la Nguyen VanTh^ng).6ngdavietquyenh6ikrWd/7f/Ve/Vam Trong LS may nghin nam dung nudcvaglirnudc KT.friDng ddcd vietve Hoang Sa cung cae haidao lan cua dan tpe ta, phattrien kinh tebien vadau tranh bao can va khang djnh vao nam 1816 vj Hoang de nha ve To quoe tren vung bien da ddng vai trd vo ciing Nguyen da tiep nhan ehuquyen tren quan dao ; + Cae ban eiia ngud Viet Nam, phuong Tay va quan frpng 1,2 Trang b'icho HS nhifng kien thiie caban ban cua Tmng Quoc tii tn/dc 1909 chi ve Hal vecac dao va quan dao tren vung bien nudc ta Nam la cue Nam ciia Tmng Qudc Dd la: Van Don, Co To (Quang Ninh); Cat Hal - Cat -NhOngsukBnLStiiehi&iv'iectiiuctiiichdquy&\ Ba, Bgch Long VT (Hal Phdng); Cdn Cd (Quang Tri); hai quan dao Hoing Sa va Tn/dng Sa cua nudc Vi$t Hoang Sa (Da Ning); Ly Son {Quang Ngai); Phu Nam tiong cae thdiki: Quy (Binh Thuan); Tn/dng Sa (Khanh Hda); Cdn + d t t i d c a c chiia Nguyin, dpi Hoang Sa, dpi Bac Dao (Ba Ria - Vung Tau); Kien Hal (Kien Giang); Hal d d va boat dpng ttiudng xuyen, lientiJC(quan Phli Qud'c (Klen Giang), dac biet la Hoang 11, baove, khaithac haiquan dao) da chiing minh viee SavaTn/dngSa.Dotvdmoihdn dao, quan dao, GV chiem hi/u vattiucttii chii quyen cua VietNam da v d phaigiup HS hieu rovj tri dja li, cae biing ehung ve LS quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa; + Den tiid'Tay hinh thanh, phattrien, tiem nang kinh te, xa hoi, cupe Son, nam 1786, Nguyin nhac da quyetdinh phai dau franh xay dung vabaovpdao.Rlengdoivd HplDuc hau, cai dpi Hoang Sa va chi huy bon chiec Hoang Sa va Tn/dng Sa, ngoai cae npi dung neu ttiuyen cau vupt bien Hoang Sa lam nhiem vy nhu tren, GV cdn can trang bj cho eac em nhiing bang eu Ngoai ra, cdn ed cac dpi Que Huang, Dai Mao, chiing khing djnh ehu quyen quoc gia cua Viet Nam Hal Ba cung dupe giao nhiem vy hoat dpng ve hai quan dao nay, ttiong qua cae tai lieu: Bien Dong gtai doan LS nay, cae nha nudc phong - Thu tich eo'Viet Nam, nhu "Thien Nam tuchilg dotiiWcuaBS Ba (tuCong Dao); Le Quy Ddn v d "Phu bien tap iuc", Ljch tiieu hien chddng toai chiva Hoang VIetdudia cft/(1B21-1833) cua Phan Huy kienVietNamdatochitedonvj hanh chinh eua Hoang Sa frong to'chOfe hanh chlnh ciia nha nudc T h d chua Nguyen, Hoang SattiupcThiiaTuyen Quang Nam hay Quang NghTa (Ngai) Tqp chi Gido due so 361 (ki I • 7/2015) 33 + Trong ttid ki Phap ttiupc, chinh quyen thude dia Phap daco nhirng hanh dpng ey thede ciing cd, khing djnh va bao ve chu quyen cua Viet Nam tai quan dao Hoang Sa vaquan dao Trudng Sa Chang han, ''ngay 8/3/1925, Toan quyen Bong Dddng di tuyen bo khang dinh quan dao Hoang Sa vi quan dao Tn/dngSacua Viet Nam ii ianh tiio tiiugc Phip" (3;fr124);frienkhai duan nghien Cliu eiia J.Gauttiieiy nam 1938 vdmptbia ehuquyen, mpt ngpn hai dang, mpt tram tuong duoc dat d dao Hoang Sa Nam 1950, ehinh phii Phap chinh thdc chuyen giao cho chinh phu Quoc gia Viet Nam quyen quan li quan dao Hoang Sa + T h d ki Viet Nam bj chia cat, quan dao Hoang SavaTrudngSadupcdatdudsi/quanli hanh chinh ciia chinh quyen VietNam Cong hoa.Tiil 954-1956, quan dpi Quoc gia Viet Nam (Viet Nam Cong hda) datnjdongdcacdaophiaTayeuaquan dao Hoang Sa Ngay 1/6/1956, Ngoai tnrong chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng hda Vu Van Mau tuyen bdtai khing djnh ehu quyen ciia Viet Nam doi v d hai quan dao Hoang SavaTardngSa De'n tiiang 1/1974, Tnjng Quoc dung khong quan vahal quan danh chiem nhdm phia Tay quan dao Hoang Sa, chlnh quy^n Sai Gon da to cao Tnjng Quoe vi pham ehii quyen Viet Nam tren quan dao Hoang Sa va tijyen bo phan dd'i hanh ddng ciia Tmng Quoc Trong chien djch gial phdng mien Nam,thang 4/1975, bp dpi hai quan eiia ta da gial phong Tn/dng Sa + Khi dat nudc dupc thd'ng nhat, Chlnh quyen Viet Nam thong nhat tuyen bo ke thda sd hCru hai quan dao Hoang Sa vaTmdng Sa hicac chlnh quyen frudc dd, v d ti'ach nhiem bao ve chu quyen tren eac quan dao Cac sukien ey ttie, sinh dpng se giup HS eo nhihig hieu biet diing veva'n de BD.qua do, ren eho eae em kha nang phan tich, danh gia va giao dye long yeu To quoc, y ttiuc frach nhiem viec xay dung va bao ve ehu quyen BD que huang Ve hinh thiic, t d chuc day hpc Viing bien, dao Viet Nam la "phen dau" ttie phong ttiij chie'n lupc, la nhifrig diem tien tieu bao ve To quoc; dong thd, la diem tua de phat trien kinh t&' bien va vuon khai ttiac bien Tuy nhien, dieu kien npi dung BD chua duoc de cap day dti, he ttiong 34 Tqp chi Gido due so 361 SGK LS, ttieo chung tdi, can ed nhi/ng bign phap khac phyc frudc matva lau dai 2.1, Bien phap trude mat.Kh] SGK dang qua trinh bien soan lai, GV cd ttie trang bj cho HS nhung kien thiic quan trpng, can thiet ve BD, dac biet la hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Tn/dng Sa ttiong qua viee: 2.1.1 Ganbaig'iangLS vdi tiiuc te cugc saig.KH tien hanh cac bai hpc npi khda (dac biet d cap tmng hpc ca sd va trung hpc thong), GV can can cii vao npi dung bai giang, lua chpn nhihig kien thiic co lien he vdi van deBD: -Lien he su klen LS bai hpc v d ttiuc tecupc sdng VI dy, day hpc ve eac cupc khang chie'n chd'ng quan xam lupc Nam Han, quan Tong, ba lan khang chien cho'ng Mong Nguyen, GV cdthe lien he tdi vai tro ciia viing bien hoac hai dao mien Dong B5c nudc ta viec xay dung va bao ve To quoc hien nay; hoae hudng dan HS mt bai hpc kinh nghiem ciia eha dng viec loi dyng dja hinh vung cua bien de de ke saeh danh giae, gii? nudc dpc dao - Neu trien vpng phat bien cua su kien dang hpc qua khiide hieu tlnh hlnh hien tai Vidu, day hpc npidung mien Bacttiuc hien nghTa vy hau phuang Idn dd'i vditientuyen ldn mien Nam thong qua "tuyen dudng mang ten Ho Chi Minh fren bien" va nhifng "con tau khdng s6^, G V lien hdtdvai tro vatiem nang phattrien giao ttidng tren bien cua nude ta hien - GV bai tap yeu cau HS tim hieu thuc te cupc sdng lien quan t d npi dung dang hpc Chang han, day v l "Cugc Tong tien eong vi no'i day xuan 1975", GVyeucau HStim hieu v l cupc dau ttanh gial phong cac dao d viing bien mien Tmng, ddcd vande Hoang Sa va T m d i g Sa de trinh bay tmdc Idp G i n kien ttiuc LS v d ttiUc te cuoc sd'ng khdng chi giiip HS hieu sau s i c bai hpc, macdn phattriS'n cho HS nang luc nhan ttidc, hanh dpng va giao due cho eac em tutijong tlnh cam diing d i n 2.1.2 Tang cudng tochdc cac hoat ddng ngoai khoa LS veBB VietNam Trong day hpc LS dfrudng phottidng, tiiy ttieo ddifrrang HS, dieu kien cyttiecua nha trudng,cdthetdchucmpt sd'hinh tiiiic hoat dpng ngoai khda veBD nhu: - ChoHS dpc sach va thao luan.De to chlic cho HSdpcsach hieu qua,GVcan gidi thieu.hudng dan cac em dpc nhiing cuon saeh tieu bleu, phu hpp vdi — (kil-7/2015) \ita tuoi; hudng d i n HS each dpc, ghi chep cuttig'va thao luan Day la mpt hinh ttiiic ngoai khoa he^ dan, GV can xay dung eho HS nen nep ttid quen franh tiiy tien dpe saeh • Ke chuyen LS: + M d cae nhan ehiing da tung d dao, ttiam gia chien dau fren bien, dao ke lai ehien e6ngciiaminhvad6ngdpi;+GV hudng dan HSdpc sach va kelai nhi/ng cau ehuyen vecupc sdng, chien dau, Iaodpng tren bien, dao ciia bpdpita - N d chuyen veBD Toquoe Day lampthlnh til lie to chlic hoat dpng ngoai khda cd npi dung va yeu cau cao hon ke chuyen LS: + M d can bp lam cdng tae tuyen huan (chuyen gia nghien ciiu) den n d chuyen v d HS ve van de nay; + G V LS tim dpc tai lieu, chuan bj bai n d chuyen cho G V va HS loan tnrdng nhandanta;-Bdlvdttiunghgcphotiidng:lieuSGK mdvietttieochiide.cotheviettheochudeTim hieu LS BD que hucmg", frong dd s u dyng nhi/ng kien ttiiic dia li phii hap ket hop v d kien tiiiic LS de bien soan Matkhac, xay dung cac chu detrong SGK ttieo logic LS, till kien ttidc ve BD cottietrinh bay dan xen vao npidung ciia tdng chii de Khidabien soan dddc SGK m d , GV can can cd vao muctieu npidung, dditirpngHS devan dung eae phuang phap day hpc phu hqp Ngoai viec day cac kien ttiiic ve BD tiong SGK, GV v i n can ket hop td chue cac hoatdpng ngoaikhoa LS Hien nay,canttiietphaitrangbjchothehetre Viet Nam kien thiic LS n d chung, LS dan tpc n d rieng, -Tochiic cupc ttiivietveehude"BDqu§ huong" frong dd ed van de BD Song viec day hpc van de BD Hoatdpng ngoai khda ttiu hiit ddng dao HS ttiam frong mon LS a tiirdng phd ttidng m u o i dat dupe gia (phdi hpp gli^a cong doan, Doan nien, GV hieu qua edn phu tiiupc vao nhieu yeu to'.De LS xiing dang la "bd duoc soi dudng di t d ti/ong lai", can cd su chiJ nhiem va eae G V bp mon ed lien quan) - Tdchuc da hpi LS Day la hoat dpng ngoai khda quan tam cua cac cap quan 11, quan niem eua xa hpi CO tinh chattdng hpp, edsuc ldi cudn hap d i n HS cae vd vj tri mon hpc va tam huyet cua G V • ldp ttong tivdng ttiam di^ cung la hoatdpng eho phep ket hap nhiiu hlnh thdc, nhu: ndi ehuyen, kechuyen (\)\A ThOng - D^ng Duy L^i Ke chuy$n M^n dao Vi^t Nam (tap I) NXB Gido d\ic ViSl Nam, H 2014 LS, thi vui LS, gap gd nhan chiing, cac boat dpng (2) NguySn Quiing Th^ng Hoikng Sa - T r u b n g Sa van nghe, tridn lam De tochiic da hpi LS, GV phai lanh thd Vi$t Nam nhin tir cdng p h a p qufl^c t£ NXB thut; hien cac cong viec: xac djnh ehu de, m uc dich da 7"nr/itfc, H.2008 hpi; chuan bj cho budi da hpi (ke hoaeh, npi dung (3) Han Nguyfin Nguyfin Nha Nhung bSng chung ve chuong trinh, ttid gian, khach md ) Viec lam se chu quyen cua Viet Nam ddl v