MOI SO BIEN PHAP SJ^ OpNG TRD CHOI HOC TAP NHAM PHAT TRIEN KHA NANG KHAI QUAT HDA CHD THE 5 6 TDOJ THDNG HDAT DONG LAIVI QUEN V a i TOAN ThS P H A M THI O A N H * Khai quat hoa (KQH) la qua trinh tu d[.]
MOI SO BIEN PHAP SJ^ OpNG TRD CHOI HOC TAP NHAM PHAT TRIEN KHA NANG KHAI QUAT HDA CHD THE 5-6 TDOJ THDNG HDAT DONG LAIVI Q U E N V a i TOAN ThS K hai quat hoa (KQH) la qua trinh tu hpp nhait nhieu ddi tupng khae mdt nhdm, mpt toai theo nhung thupc tinh, lien h?, quan he ehung nhat djnh Nhdng thupc tinh ehung bao gdm hai loai: nhdng thude tinh ehung gidng vanhung thupc tinh ehung ban chat, Su dyng trd choi hpc tap (TCHT) la mdt nhung phuong tien huu hieu nh&m phattrien kha nang KQH eho tre, Trong TCHT, nhiem vu nhan thue khdng dat ta/c tiep va cdng khai trudc tre, ma niim nhiem vy chol, ndi dung, hanh ddng choi va luat choi Oieu dd gitip tre d i dang vupt qua mpi khd khSn de tim kiem each gial quyet ehung, hoan nhiem vu dupc giao Trong TCHT, tre Fnh hpi nhipm vy tri tue nhu mot nhiem vu thuc tien, nhiem vu choi, dieu lam tang tinh tich cue tu cua tre, hinh va phat trien cae nang tuc tri tue, dd cd nang luc KQ H Bai viet de cap mdt sd'bien phap stidung TCHT n h i m phattrien kha nang KQH cho tre 5-6 tuol hoat ddng Lam quen vdi toan (LQ VT) nh u sau: 1.Xay dung h e t h o n g cac TCHT nham phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre 5-6 tuoi hoat dpng LQVT P H A M THI O A N H * theo hai dau hieu nhu: "Hay chon tat ca nhung hinh trdn mau do", ^ - Trd chai yeu cau tre phii ti/tim dau hieu cu^e detao nhdm dua tren sudmh hudng dau hieu ehung ngudi cam trd neu trd choi, Ching han, trd chol "Tim nhiing hinh cd cting hinh dang", mdi tre cd 8-10 hinh gdm eac hinh: vudng, trdn, tam giac, ehu nhat Khi ngudi cam trd ndi: 'Tim nhdng hinh cd cting hinh dang" thi tre chpn va xep nhung tting nhdm hoae toan hinh vudng, hoae toan hinh tam g i a c - Tro chai yeu cau tre tutim dau hieu ehung cua mdtnhdm vaggidung ten nhdm Ching han, trd ehPl "Vat nao thda", ngudi cam trd dat ten ban hinh vudng va hinh trdn, cho tre quan sat phat hien xem hinh nao khdng cting nhdm, khac vol nhung hinh cdn lai, Khi ngudi cam trd hd: "Vat nao thda" thi tre nao ndi dung ten vat thda trudc dupc len chpn, bd vat dd va gpi ten nhdm cdn lai - Trd choi yeu cau tre phii tutim dau hieu di' xep cac nhdm Chang han, trd chol "Hay xq) nhanh cac nhom", cho tre de cac hinh vudng, trdn,tamglac,chdnhattrudcmat Khi ngudi cam trd hd: "Hay xep nhanh cac nhdm" tre bat (Jau chpn vaxep moi loai hinh ttJng nhdm Chiing tdi da suu tam va lua chpn cac TCHT tii nhieu nguon khac (trong dan gian, cac tai lieu Giao dye mam non, ) He thdng trd choi dupc s^pxeptddldenkhdtheomdcddphat trien thao tac khai quat hoa tiithap den cao Cu the: - f r o chai eho tresudting td ngi/khai quat va eu f/jft Ching han, trd choi Vay doan xem tdi la ai?', ngudi cam trd neu dau hieu dae tamg eua hinh, tre phal ndi dupc ten cila hinh la gi - Cae tro ehai eho tre tao nhdm theo dau hieu cho trude C h i n g han, trd choi "Nhung hinh nao?', moi tre cd 8-10 hinh gom cac hinh: vudng tnin tam giac, chu nhat cd mau s§c va kich cd khac Khi ngui^ cam trd neu dau hieu: "Hay ehpn tat ca cae hinh trdn" thi tre se chpn va xep cae hinh trdn mot nhom Khi tre da thgo, cd cd the tSng dan mue dp khd bSng each cho tre tao nhdm Cae budc tien hanh lap ke hoach trien khai tting TCHT nhim phattrien kha nang KQH cho tre: Budc / - - X a c dinh mye dich (muc tieu) va yeu cau eija trd choi: day la phan quan trpng nhat (dua (kll-412013)- 2.Lapkehoach s u d u n g cacTCHTtrong hoai dpng cho tre LQVT nham phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre ' Khoa Giao due m^m non, Tnrting Cao dang Hal Dirong Tap (hi Gido due so 307 33 vao ndi dung choi thuc cua tre}; - Lua ehpn ndi dung choi (trd choi hpe tap) va hinh thdc choi tinh hoat phu hpp vdi mye dich, yeu cau da dat Budc2:Xac dinh sdlupng tre, hinh thiic tien hanh trdchoi vdi tre (trd chpi nao hay tan choi nao tien hanh vdi ca Idp, vdi tung nhdm tre va vdi tung tre) du tinh khoang thdi gian thuan Ipi de to'chtic cho tre trd choi (trong tiet hpc, bud'i choi tudo, cac khoang thdi gian tu khac ngay), du tinh su phan bd thdi gian eho tijng trd choi cho phtj hpp Budc 3:Du(inh va ehuan bj cac phuong tien de to' ehuc trd ehcri nhu dia die'm, dung va choi cho phu hpp vdi trd choi Budc 4,'Xac djnh vi tri cua minh trd choi va eac phuong phap, bien phap td'chdc, hudng d i n tre choi trd choi, Chuan bi cac phuong tien vat chat de to chuc cac TCHT nhim phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre hoat dpng LQVT GV la ngucri tao cac phuong tien vat chat cho tre: tnidc het, tao khong gian cho tre choi (dia diem choi) Khdng gian choi phai rdng rai, thuan tien, dam bao an toan, ve sinh vaedtheehiara tam cac gdc Choi nhd cd ranh gidi de tre cd the choi mdt minh hay choi theo nhdm nhd theo thu va nhu eau rieng cua tre G V cung cap cho tre nguyen vat ti?u chol, choi, dung, tai lieu hpc tap, phUPng tien may mdc can thiet phue vu tni choi G V ed the Cling vdl tre hoae cho tre t u s l p xep dung (BD), dochoi hpc tapDCHT), vat lieu choi (VLC) vao noi quy dinh choi cua Idp Cach s i p xep, bd tri DD,DCHT, VLC trang phdng, gdc chol phal thuc hien theo mptso yeu cau sau: - Sap xep, bdtri DD,OCHT, VLC vao noi quy djnh; - S i p xep bdtri DD, DCHT, VLCPtrangthaimd;-Sipxe'p.bdtriDD,OCHT,VLC vua tam vdi cua tre; - s i p xep, bdtri DD, DCHT, VLC cd kem theo ki hieu (ki hieu ed theta hinh vachii); - Cd thesipx^,bdtriOD,OCHT,VLC da dang sinh dpng nhung khdng bay qua nhieu de gay cam giac hdn ddn va lam tre de phan tan suchu ykhichoi Dae biet luu y den viec thay dd'i, bd' sung cho phii hpp vdi yeu eau eua npi dung choi va se eat bdi dl neu nhan thay thda; - Cd the bdtri, sap xep DD, DCHT tren eac gia dd hoae cac hop, cae rd'tren mat cua gia, cac ngan ctia gia (co ki hieu b i n g hinh hoae ehu^ theo bd, theo nhdm, tfieo tdng chu de (chu diem) Tao cam xuc tich cue cho tre qua trinh tham gia cac TCHT 34 Tap chi Gido due so 307 1) Tao mdi quan he than thien gius co vdi tre va giua tre vditre.Qe\ao duoc mcS quan hp ttian thien, mang tinh phattriwi, GV can luu y mptso diem sau: - Xac dinh rd vai trd cua GV qua trinh to ehuc, hudngdincac TCHT nhim phatU^n kha nang KQH eho tre hoat ddng hge toan ed chu dich Cy the: xac djnh rniic dp, thdi diem can thiet phai cd sy hpp tac cua ed vdi tre tren c p s d xac dinh muc dpphat trien kha nang KQH cuatre Ching ban: Vdi nhdng trd choi cho tre tao nhdm theo dau hi$u ehung da duae ehira cu tf?ethi GV can dua dau hieu cy the (chpn nhung bdng hoa mau dd), tre setao nhdm eac ddi tuong theo daiu hieu ehung da dupc chi cy the dd(tresechpnchinhdng bdng hoa mau dd cae bdng hoa cd mau sac khac nhau) Cdn vdi nhdng trd choi cho tre tutim dau hieu ehung cua mot nhom thi GV khdng can dua dau hieu ehung nua ma tre phal tu tim dau hieu ehung cua mdt nhdm va gpi diing ten nhdm Co the tha'y ring, G V khdng nen can thiep vao tat ca cac trd choi cua tre, nen de tre dupe ehu ddng quatrinh thuc hi?n cac nhiem vu choi cua minh - Tao moi quan he edimd, hgp tac, binh dang gida cd va tre, giua tre vdi tre nhdm dap dng dum nhu cau giao tiep eua tre B i n g thai dp than thien, gipng ndi nhe nhang, GV tao bau khdng tutin, pha'n khdi eho tre khuyen khieh, ddng vien tre mdi edng eung nhu that bai; giup tre manh dan, ehij dpng hon thuc hien nhiem vu choi, hanh dpng chol G V can gpi mode tre gan gui vdi cac ban ddng thdJ ghJp dd ban qua trinh choi, khdng chi biet quan tam den ketquaehoictJa minh macdn bletquan tam den ket qua choi cua ban biet chia se, vui ehung vdl ket qua cua ban Md'i quan he choi nhu vay giiip tre cd dieu kien bpc Id het kha nang eua minh 2) Tao thu cua tre chai bing phan nhdm tre linh hoat - Chai ca nhan: Vdl hinh thuc nay, to' chiic hudng d i n tdng tre choi GV d l dang nhan "vung phat trien gan nha't "cua tre, td dd cd su lua chpn ndi dung, phupng phap dehudng dan mpt each phuhi^ nha't (giao due ca biet) Tuy nhien, nhupc die'm kJn nha't cua hinh thiic la khdng that su phu hdp vdl dieu kien giao dye hien Do sd lupng tre Idp ddng nen choi canhan mat nhieu cdng Stic, thdi gian cua GV; mat khac, hinh thdc choi cdn lam ban che kha nang ht/p tac gida tre vdi nen tinh tich cue thi dua trang choi - hpc bj han che -(kil-4/2013) - Chaiffjeonhdm, taptf?e'(hienduocsudung pho' bien nhit) GV ed the td'chuc clio ca top cung tham gia vao mpt ird choi va eiing thuc hien mpt nhiem vu nhan thdc nao Hinh thdc cd uu diem la gida cac tre nhdm, kjp cd su hpc hdi, gitip lan lam tang tinh thi dua, doan ket, hpp tac vdi quatrinh thuc hien nhiem vu nhan thdc mdt gdc dd khac, hinh thirc cdn mang laihieu qua kinh tecao Han eheldn nhat cua hinh thuc la GV khd cothe thuc duoc nguyen tac giao dye ca biet khd n i m dupc dae diem tam sinh ii rieng biet cua tung tre Cho nen, viec phattrien kha nang KQH cho tiing tre la khd Phoi hpp six dung linh hoat cac bien phap day hpc de hudng din tre choi Khi td'chdc cho tre choi vdi cac TCHT, GV ed the sti dyng ket hpp cac bipn phap true quan, IcN ndi vdi bipn phap thuc tiln giiip cho tre cd hiing thu vdi trd choi va phat trien a tre kha nang KQ H Cho tre quan sat cac tranh anh, lam quen vdi cac loai choi, vgt lipu chol phuc vy cho TCHT, GV cd the dung cac blen phap b i n g Idi ndi (dam thoai cung tre thao luan vert tre, dat cau hdi, tdi gpi y, Idi de nghj, ngin gpn, d l hieu va giau hinh anh,.,) giao eho tre nhiem vy (tre phai tam gi?) quan sat cy the, rd rang nhim tao dpng co quan sat cho tre, hudng tre chu y den ddi tupng quan sat, cudn hut ehung vao hoat dpng tim ki§'m ma trd choi yeu cau nhim phat trien khan3ngKQHchotre G V cung tham gia vao trd choi vol tre, dua cae yeu cau ve nhipm vy, luat choi vdi tre Ldi ndi cua G V phai chinh xac ey the, rd rang, co sue Idi cudn tre chu yquansatddltupngvalfnhhpldupcnhipmvy edgiao (cd the GV giao tdng phan nhiem vy cho tre hoae giao toan bd nhiem vu nhSn thiie cho tre) Song, du giao nhiem vy theo each nao, GV cung nen tao dieu klpnchotretutim kiem phuong thdc giaiquyet nhiem vy nhan thdc trd choi dat To chuc danh gia ket qua chai cac TCHT cua tre De danh gia viec choi cua tre, taidc het, GV phai xae djnh rd ydu c i u vdi tiing tre (su tien bd cua tre phai duqc hieu nhu la si/nang eao tti mdc dp hieu biet, kl nSng sang mdc dp khae) Vi the, danh gia ket qua choi eua tre can phai thuc hien mdt sd'budc nhu sau: -Thu thap thdng tin xac dinh nhung hieu biet, klnSng choi cija tre; • So sanh kien thde va kT nSng hien tgi cua tre vdi miic ta/dc dd; - So sanh kien thuc va ki nang hien tai cua tre vdi myc tieu, yeu cau can dat d tre Cd each thu thap thdng tin ve kha nang biet va tam cua tre TCHT: 1) Quan sat theo doi thudng xuyen hanh vi va hoat dpng cua tre chcn hoae la xem xet san pham, ket qua chol etja tre xem tre hoan nhiem vy va luat choi d mue dp nao Tat ca nhdng gi quan sat va ghi chep, nhan xet deu dupc luu gid tul ho so cua tting ca nhan; 2) G V cd the dua nhimg tinh hudng, bai tap trac nghiem dudi hinh thuc choi dd tre phai glai quyet mdt van de nhan thue nao dd Ca hai each lam tren deu cd diem manh va nhiing han che nhat djnh, vi thetrong kiem tra danh gia ket qua choi cua tre dtrudng mam non can kethc^ca hai each thu th^p thdng tin tren deed dupc nhung thdng tin ehinh xac va khach quan hon ve ket qua Choi cua tre Phat trien kha nang KQH cho tre thdng qua TCHT la vl?c tam can thiet, KQH giiip tre tach dupc cai Chung, cai ban chait, nhimg mdi lien he ben mang tinh quy luat cua suvat, hien tupng Do vay, G V can biet phd'i hop cae bien phap su dyng TCHT n h i m phat trien kha n§ng KQH eua tre hoat ddng LQVT.Q Tai lieu tham khao Pham Thi Due "MOl sd suy nghf vg nang li;c khii quSt h6a" Tap chi Nghiin cuu gido dfic s6 5/1995, U- 22 28 D6 Thj Minh Lien Surdung tro choi hoc tSp nhjlni hioh thdnh cac bieu tugng toan hoc sad^ngcho tr& m^u gido NXB Gido di^c, H 2007 Tr^n Thi Ngpc Tram Thiit ke vd sA dung trd choi hgc tdp nhdm phdt tri^n tchd ndng Ichdi qudi hod ctia ire mSu gido Idn (5-6 tudi) Luan an titfn si Giao due hpc, Vien khoa hgc gido due, 2003 SUMMARY Establishing and developing generalization ability Is an tnportant task of Early Childhood EducaUon so as to develop thinking abilily for preschoolers Educational games are one of the most effective media to establish and develop generalization ability for children In kindergarden the development of generalization ability through educational games hasn't been paid enough attention Therefore, it's necessary to study and coordinate math-acquasinting games to develop this ability for children Tap chi Giao due so 307 | 3S (kil-4/2013)- ... khong gian cho tre choi (dia diem choi) Khdng gian choi phai rdng rai, thuan tien, dam bao an toan, ve sinh vaedtheehiara tam cac gdc Choi nhd cd ranh gidi de tre cd the choi mdt minh hay choi theo... phap thuc tiln giiip cho tre cd hiing thu vdi trd choi va phat trien a tre kha nang KQ H Cho tre quan sat cac tranh anh, lam quen vdi cac loai choi, vgt lipu chol phuc vy cho TCHT, GV cd the dung... vg nang li;c khii quSt h6a" Tap chi Nghiin cuu gido dfic s6 5/ 19 95, U- 22 28 D6 Thj Minh Lien Surdung tro choi hoc tSp nhjlni hioh thdnh cac bieu tugng toan hoc sad^ngcho tr& m^u gido NXB Gido