S64(210) 2013 NGON NGUT & 06\ S 6 N G 37 NGON NGQ v a VAN CHUONG LDBN KeX VAN BAN TRONO TRUy^AJ OlAOJ ^JBN BA^ VJET NAM (So H£ReMC£ T^xrs JN vjexNAMese N\OV€ KN JOKBS TS TRAN KIM PHl/gNG THS N G U Y I[.]
S64(210)-2013 37 NGON NGUT & 06\ S N G NGON NGQ v a VAN CHUONG LDBN KeX VAN BAN TRONO TRUy^AJ OlAOJ ^JBN BA^ VJET NAM (So-H£ReMC£ T^xrs JN vjexNAMese N\OV€.KN JOKBS TS TRAN KIM PHl/gNG THS N G U Y I N THj MINH HA {Da hoc Su pham Ha Noi) Abstract The article refers to the method of humor creating in Vietnamese modern jokes expressed by the coherence texts with the cohesiveness Jokes are a complete linguistic product, in which the sentences link to each other by the cohesive means Using the rules of the cohesive means, many interesting stories have been created succesfuliy I Md-dau GiQ-a cupc sdng bdn be vdi hang ddng cdng viec cao chat ngat truyen cudi trd mpl mpl lieu Ihudc hCru hieu xua bdt nhtfng met moi, cang thang chiia trj cdn benh stress cita ngudi Tieng cudi bat len tir nhirng cai nhin, each li giai bat ngd nhung cd li bdi nghe thuat hai hudc vdn la nghe thuat ciia tri tue Da CO khong it cdng trinh nghien cii'u co che gay cudi truyen cudi tir gdc dp ham y hpi ihoai, dung hpc, logic hpc Bai viet xin de cap tdi thit phap gay cudi truyen cudi hien dai Vi$i Nam lir gdc dp lien ket van ban, ma cu the la tir cac phuang thirc lien ket Truyen cudi la mpl san pham ngdn ngir hoan chinh ma d dd cac cau cd sy lien ket chat che vdi nhau, thdng qua cac phuang ihirc lien kit Phuang thirc lien kel la nhirng each thirc chung viec sir dung nhiing phuong lien ngon ngii dk lien kit cac cau vdi Theo Trin Ngpc Them, cd phuang thirc lien ket: phep lap phep (he phep dot phep ndi phep lien tudng phep tuyen linh vd phep linh luac Mdi phuang thii'c lien ket cd mot uu diem rieng cung nhu cd mdt ddi hdi rieng ve dieu kien xu5t hien ciia minh Sii dung diing cac phuang thirc lien kk, ta se dupe mdt van ban hoan chinh, chat che va ngupc lai Lpi dung nhQ-ng cai cd the va nhu'ng cai khdng the cua cac phuong thirc lien kel, ngudi ta xay dung nen nhieu truyen thii vi, ma diem that niit hay md nut ciia truyen la chinh nhu'ng yeu td quy djnh Cac phiromg thirc gay ciroi truyen cuoi hi^n dai Viet Nam L Gdy cudi bdng phuang (hue lap Lap la phuang thirc the hien a viec lap lai cdu di sau nhirng yeu td (ngU dm lir vung ngU phdp) dd cd a cdu di trudc Cd the phan loai phuong thirc lap theo cac binh dien khac cua ngdn ngii ba ki6u: lap ngtr am, lap tir vung va lap ngti' phap Lap ngif am la lap lai cac am hoac cac khudn van nao dd d cac cau khac lam cho cac cau lien k6t vdi Lap ngtr am cd the la su lap lai mpl am tiet, mpt bp phan ciia am ti8t (lap phu am dau hoac lap van), cung cd the la lap so lupng am tiet hay dieu Cau chuyen thir nhat: Truyen ke toan dau huyen Gdn nhd bd Dao la nhd bd Thin Vi nhiiu cd vd hanh nhd ba Thin ddnh nhieu lien md Idm nhd Gdn nhd bd Thin Id nhd hd Hdng Chiiu chiiu, bd Hdng nhin bd Thin lua bd vd gd vdo chuong md them thudng vi ba Thin 38 NGON NGOTA 001 SONG nhieu lien Bd Hdng thudng budn phien ngdi ihien vi them lien (Danh hdi Chien Thdng - Ndi xau va 2) Nhirng cau chuy?n vut xay dyng theo cich lap dieu hoac lap phu am dau thudng ddi hdi nhieu cdng phu sang tac, vay, npi dung cua chiing cung thudng don gian Nhirng truyen dpc len tieng, ta sg thay thil vj hon (bdi thudng ta sc bj liu ludi, lan Ipn tir ngir dpc) Lap lir vyng la l^p lai cac lir, cdn lap ngDphap la lap lai md hinh ngii phap d nhii-ng cau khac v3n ban Cau chuyen dudi day la mpl sy ket hpp giira lap tir vyng va lap cau triic ngu" phap Cau chuyen thd- 2: Sai Idm Neu mot ki sir mac mat sai Idm Id mpl du dn mdi Neu mdt nhd khoa hoc mac nipt sai Idm Id mat phat minh mai Neu mpt nhd tham hiem mac mot sai Idm Id mpt su khdm phd moi Neu mpl Idi xe mac mdt sai lam, la mpt lai nan Neu mot chinh tri gia mac mpt sai Idm, Id mdt luat mdi Neu mpl gido su mac mdt sai Idm, dd Id mdt gia thuyet mdi Neu mpt tha cat tdc mac mpt sai lam Id mat kieu tdc moi Neu mdt tha may mac mot sai lam Id mdi mdt mdi Neu bd me mac mot sai lam dd Id mpl the he mdi Neu mpl dng chu mac mot sai Idm Id loi Idm cua chung la Neu mot nhdn vien mac mpl sai lam, Id mot sai Idm Cd the thay sy hai hudc d day duoc the hien qua cau trite lap lai: neu A la B, de rdi cudi ciing ngudi dpc hieu duoc mdt thdng diep: chi ngudi "be chirc, be quyen" mac sai lam thi sai lam mdi dung la mdt sai lam (vl khdng cdn dd loi di dau dupe, khdng bien nd cai gi dupe) 2.2 Gdy cuai bdng phuang thuc the SO (210)-2013 The la phuong thitc thay the tit ngir da dupe diing nhimg cdu di tru&c bang nhimg tir ngir tuang duong cdc cau di sau can cir vao tinh chat ciia tir ngti- thay ihk so voi tir ngii dupe thay the, phep the dupe chia lam hai lo^i: the dai tit vd the ddng nghia Ph^p the d^i tCr la diing dai tir de thay the Con the dong nghTa la diing cac tir gan nghTa, ddngnghTa de thay the Phep the dai tir cd chirc nSng hiiu hieu la riit gpn van ban va tranh lap tir vyng Tuy nhien, neu khdng biet each sir dung thi the dai tir s6 gay nhiing hieu lam Lpi dung dieu nay, nhieu cau chuyen vui da dupe xay dung Cau chuyen thu ba: Vi^c ciia bo due Mpl dira be nhd que di hpc muon li li trdu rang nd phdi ddl hd cdi nhd no den chuong bd due "Cha em khdng lam dup'c viec dy sao?" Cd gido buc lite hdi "Duoc chii- a - Dua be ndi - Nhung em nghT bo due lam lot han " Viec dy a day chinh la viec ddl bo cdi den chuong bo due Cai cudi bat ten dira be khdng hi^u chinh xac su thay the tren Cdu chuyen thu tu: Oan Trong phien tod, chdnh dn hoi bi cao: - Tai anh diing bua ddnh vdo ddu nguai tha ca gdy thuong tich? Bi cdo: - Thua Ida toi bi oan Chinh ong ta bdo tdi lam chuyen vd tdi thuc hien nghiem chinh a! Chdnh dn: - Co diing vdy khdng? Anh hay ke ro rang xem nao! Bi cdo: - Thua Ida, toi dang hpc viec Vua vao dng thp' cd dd giao cho tdi mot cdi bua va ndi: "Bay gia tdi se lay thdi thep nung a Id He nao tdi gat ddu (hi anh quai manh bua vdo nhe!" , Dai tCr truong hop thay cho thdi (hep, nhung bi cao lai hieu lam la thay cho ddu cita dng thp ca SO4(210)-2013 NGON NGlT & 06\ SONG Nhu vay, sir dung phep the, can luu y quy tac: Phai xac dinh chinh xac, ro rang quan he thay the: dai tir thay thk cho tir ngii nao van ban? Neu khdng xac dinh chinh xac, rd rang c^uan he thay th6, thi chang nhimg khdng thiet lap dupe mdi lien kk giiia cac cau ma cdn pha vo su Men ket 2.J Gdy cudi bdng phuong thirc ddi Ddi la phuang thirc the hien d viec sir dyng ket ngdn mdt ngtJ doan (tir hoac nhdm lir) cd y nghTa ddi lap vdi mdt ngii doan nao dd a chii ngdn Phep ddi cd the dupe thyc hien nhd nhiing tir trai nghTa (ddi trai nghTa) hoac ddi bang dang phii djnh (ddi phii dinh), ddi bang each mieu ta thdng qua mdt cum tir mang y nghTa ddi lap (ddi mieu la), cung cd the ddi bang nhu'ng ttr ngtr vdn khdng trai nghTa nhung mdt ngii canh nhat djnh, chitng lai lam thdi ddi lap (ddi lam thai) Cdu chuyen thir 5: Mpi nira khong Chu but mdt to bdo nho, noi dod vi gdn'ddy CO qua nhieu gidy bdo thu thue np, phi cdc ca quan nhd nude gdi den dd ddng mpl hdi xd ludn cay ddc dudi lieu de "Mdt nira sd nhd lap phdp ciia chiing ta la ke cap " Nhieu quan chirc Idn nho vimg tuc gian vd gdy sire ep khung khiep nhdm budc nha bdo rut lai dieu dng ta viel Cudi ciing chu but ddnh chiu thua sire ep vd ddng bdi cdo loi mang lieu de: "Mpl nua sd nhd Idp phdp cua chiing la khdng phai la ke cap" Cac cum tir "la ke cap" va "khdng phai la ke cap" duong nhien mang y nghTa ddi lap, vay, la cd cam giac dung la dng chit but da "cao Idi" cac quan chirc (Day la kieu ddi phii djnh) Nhung di^u hai hudc lai nam d chd ca hai each dien dat ddi lap ay di ciing vdi ket hpp "mpt mia" lai cho mdt y nghTa ddng nhdt Cac quan chirc chSc cDng phai "ngam bd hon lam ngpt" trudc sy khdn ngoan cua dng chii but Cdu chuyen thir 6: Thay doi di mot ti - Nay cho lao chep voi' 39 - Van khong nhu loan ddu! Gidng y hit Id cd cho cd hai dira diim I ddy May cd chep thi cQng phdi thay doi di mpl ti It nhdi moi cdu cSng phdi cd mpt hai tir khdc vdo Hai hom sau cd gido trd bdi Cd dirng lai d hai bdi md co cho la rdi dac biet Cd ndi: - Cd hai bdi ciing Id meo nhd em Hai meo md hai bdi la khdc din noi cd mpt dudng nhu khdng phdi Id meo nua Nhung dpc len cd van biit chii nhdn ciia hai meo ngdi canh De cd doc hai bdi cho cd lap nghe Ddy Id bdi thir nhat: "Nhd em cd mpl meo gid Con meo bd em mua lit hdi bd em cdn song Con meo nhd em long nd hai den den No di rdi nhe nhang Nd hay keu meo meo Thinh Ihodng nd lai cdn vai chd Con meo nho em rat thich bdt chuot" Cdn day Id hdi Ihu hai "Nhd em cd mpl meot_re.Con meo bd em mua tir hdi bd em dd chel- Con meo nhd em long nd hai trang Irdng Nd di rdt manh me No hay keu dng dng Thinh thodng nd lai cdn vai lan Con meo nhd em rdt thich bdt gd " Chinh each bien ddi van ban bang each sir dung nhung tir ngii ddi lap (gia - tre, song chet, den den - trang trang ,) da tao nen mpt meo ki quae nhu Idi nhan xet ciia cd giao 2.4 Gdy cudi bang phuang thuc lien luang Lien tudng la phuong thiic the hien d viec su dung d nhu'ng cau khac nhung tir ngii ciing nam mdt trirdng nghTa vdi Khai niem phep lien tudng la kha rpng, nen day cung la mpl phuong thirc lien ket dupe khai thac triet de de gay cudi Ngudi ta cd the moc ndi nhimg sy val cd ve nhu chang cd di6m gi chung lai vdi nhu cau chuyen duoi day Cdu chuyen thu 7: Chi tao dan bd Ong vua xe hai Henry Ford sau chel dupe len thien ddng Tai cdng thien ddng, Thanh Peter cha sdn de ddn Ford Vira gap mat, Thdnh Peter (hdng bdo - Hdi cdn song, nguai dd lam nhieu viec cdng ich cho xd hdi, nhu sdng che phuang phdp lam viec theo ddv chuyen cho kT nghe che 40 NGdN NGUT & DOI SONG tao xe hai lam thay ddi cd (he giai Vai dong gdp nhu vpy nguai s cu bd bi nhdi mdu co tim, mal -> phai lam dam lang Cdu chuyen thu 12: Dieu mong dp"! nhat Tdm su cua ddi Ire inr&c cuai vdn diing ca sau le cirai nhung Iheo chieu nguac lai Trudc ngav cudi; Chdng' Thdi tuyel vdi' Cudi cimg thi gia phiil anh mong dai nhal ciing dd tdi Ndng- Anh ndi sao' Chiing ta phdi chia lay Chdng That Id vo van' Tham chi em ditng bao gid nghT l&i dieu suol cupc dai Ndng- Anh d anh co yeu em khdng? Chdng Tdi nhien rdi ,Se mai mdi la nhu ihi Ndng Anh cd phdn hot em khdng? Chdng: Khdng bao gid Sao em lai cd y nghT ki quae ca chii''-' Ndng Anh se hdn em bay gid chir? Chdng: Duang nhien Anh se rdt vui sudng duac lam viec Ndng' Anh cd bao gid ddnh em khdng? Chdng: Khdng ddi nao Em dirng hoi nhirng cdu va vdn nhu vay Ndng Em co the tin anh duac khong"^ Sau cudi,' Hay dpc nguac lir duoi len Viec dpc til' tren xuong (theo dimg thii' lu thdng thudng) cho ta nipt van ban ma dd hai nhan vat chinh yeu ndng nan cdn dpc til' dudi len (dpc ngupc) ta lai thay tinh yeu dd bien mat, Dieu cho thay trat tu sap xep cac cau van ban cd mpt y nghTa quan trpng S6 4(210)-2013 2.7 Gdy cudi bdng phuong ihiic linh luac Tinh lupc la phuang thirc sir dung chinh su vang mat ciia cdc yeu to ngdn ngti' cau dk lien ket cau Phuang thiic tinh lupc cd chirc nang ca ban la rut gpn van ban, hudng ngudi dpc tap trung vao thdng tin chinh Nguyen tac ciia tinh lupc la chi dupe sir dung phdp tinh lupc neu no khdng gay hieu \km Chang han: Con yeu me vd cung Cd bd nua Cd anh San nira Cau thir hai va thir ba cd chira hien tupng tinh lupc Chuoi cau cd hai each hieu: (!) Con yeu me vd ciing Cd bd nira ciing yeu me Cd anh Son nira ciing yeu me (2) Con yeu me vd ciing Con yeu cd bd nira Con yeu cd anh Son nua Va nhu vay, ta khdng biet ngudi ndi djnh not theo each nao Ddi vdi truong hpp khdng dupe sii dung phep tinh lupc Lpi dung nguyen tac tren day cita phep tinh lupc, rat nhieu cau chuyen cudi da dupe xay dung, ma CO che gay cudi cd the gdi gpn b5ng nhiing ngtr: "Ong ndi ga, ba ndi vit" hay "Rau dng np cam cam ba kia" Truyen dudi day sir dyng kieu tinh lupc chu ngu Cdu chuyen thir 13: Tudng , Vdo mdt dep trdi chdng deo ndng di chai xe dap Trdi dm, gid mdt, vd phong canh lanh man, ndng ngdi e dp sau litng chdng Den doan xuong doc, xe lo bang hang Phia trudc cd mdt qudn kem hap ddn, bdng dung chdng phanh xe keu "ket" ditng lai trudc cira qudn kem, quay lai chdng hoi ndng: "An khdng? " Ndng e le nhe nhdng dap lai: "Da, c6 " Noi doan chdng ph6ng xe tiep vd ndi: "Anh mdi thay phanh xe day " Neu d day nhan vat chang khdng sir dung tinh lupc chit ngii ma ndi mpl cau day dii: "Phanh an khdng?" thi duong nhien se khdng dan den hieu lam: "Em an kem k h d ^ ? " Cdn truyen dudi day sii' dung tinh lupc bo ngti Va loan bp van ban chinh la mpt cupc thoai ma cau hdi va Idi dap hoan loan khdng an nhap S64(210)-2013 NGON N G Q & Odi S N G Cdu chuyen thir 14: L&t leo ngon ngie Mpt ngudi ddn dng buac vdo qudn rupnt Ngudi hdi chay lai keo ghe mdi dng ta ngdi vd hoi: "Thua ngdi ngdi mudn gi a? " Ngudi khach- Tdi muon gi u? Mpt cdn nhd Idn nhieu lien vd mpt ngirdi vp dep Bdi: Khong phdi the! Y tdi la dng khao khdi cdi gi? Ngudi khdch Tdi khao khdi cdi gi u? Cd mpt Ida Idu ddi tra thdnh trieu phii vd co mpt CO va nhan sac ca hoa hdu Bdi: Ong ltd hieu sai y idi rdi Dieu dng mudn Id gi? Khdch: Tdi thich trai han nhung gdi cijng tuyel Chi cdn nd khde manh Id dupe Anh bdi buc minh- Cdi tdi dang hdi la dng mudn udnggV Khdch- - Sao cdu khdng ndi the tir ddu? The cau cd cdi gi? Bdi: That long thi chdng cd cdi gi cd Tdi khdng kiem dirac nhieu lien, lai cd phdi q'lidn quanh qudn ruou de lam viec Neu tir dau cau hdi cua anh bdi ban rd rang: "Thua ngai ngai mudn udng gi a?" thi chac chan s§ khdng cd mot su hieu lam nao het Viec tinh lupc bd ngtr "udng" cua ddng lir "mudn" d day chinh la mpl sy cd y, la mau chdl gay cudi cua iruyen Ket luan Gay cudi bang each sii dung cac phuang thirc lien ket van ban la mpl thii phap kha phd bien cac truyen cudi hien dai Viet Nam Qua khao sat mpl sd truyen cudi (chit yeu tren mang Internet), chung tdi nhan thay ca bay phuang thirc lien ket deu dupe sir dung de gay cudi Trong dd, mdi phuong thirc lai cd mpt net dpc dao rieng a Gay cudi bang phuang thirc lap ludn lam cho cau chuyen hap dan ve mat hinh thiic, khien no trd nen de nhd, de thudc Ca ba kieu lap (lap ngii am, lap ttr vung va lap ngu- phap) ludn dupe su dung dan xen, phdi hpp, tao siic hilt cho cau chuyen b Gay cudi bang phuang thiic the la each gay cudi dua tren co sd cita su hieu lam nhiing nhap nhang each xac djnh tir ngOdupe thay \\\k gay ra, Cai kilu "dng ndi ga, ba 43 ndi vjt" bong trd sire hap dan rieng cita truyen c Tuong ty nhu phuong thiic \\\k viec lupc bd di mOt ho^c vai yeu to phuong thirc tinh lupc cung ludn tao nhtrng su hieu lam Ngudi dpc ludn dupe cudi sang khoai ma den cau cuoi cimg ciia truyen, mpi hifiu lam mdi dupe thao gd d Gay cudi bang phuang thirc lien tuang l^i hap dan ngudi dpc bang nhtrng lien tudng bat ngd, rat xa va cd ve nhu vd cSn cir Do truong lien tudng cita ngudi la rat rpng va chi can cd mdt net nghTa chung la cac tii' co the gpi duoc sy lien tudng dkx\ nhau, nen khdng doan dupe nhiing cau chuyen gay cudi bang phep lien tudng se dan dat ngudi dpc di den nai nao e cay cudi bang phuong thii'c luyen tinh lai dpc dao d chd nd lam dao Idn mpi trinh ty cita su viec truyen Viec ke cac su viec ngupc vdi trinh tu thdng thudng ludn khi6n ngudi dpc td md va sot rudt chd dpi Va den cai niil cudi ciing dupe thao g& lieng cudi mdi bat len g Gay cudi bang phuang thii'c ndi the hien d viec su dung nhiing phuang tien ndi bat ngd khdng theo quy tac thdng thudng h Gay cudi bang phuong thirc doi thudng tao nhimg cau chuyen vdi hinh thirc can chinh, ma y nghTa thi ddi lap Sir dung phuong thiic ddi, mdt mat ndi dung cita iruyen vin cd th^ thuan theo logic, mat khac nd lai cd the din dat ngudi dpc di den nhung suy luan bai ngd va thil vi, Tai lieu tham khao Nguyin Thj Minh Ha (2009), Tim hiiu cdc thil phdp gdy cuoi Iruyen cudi Viet Nam hien dai (du&i gdc nhin ciia Hen kel van bdn), Luan van thac sT, Trudng Oai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi Tran Kim Phupng (2001), Chiim Iruyen vui ve cdc phuang thitc lien kel cdu vdn bdn, Tap chi Ngdn ngu' vd dai sdng, sd Tran Ngpc Them (1985) He thdng lien kit vdn bdn liing Viel, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hpi Ha Ndi {Ban Bien tSp nhan bai ng&y 23-01-2013) ... truyen cudi hien dai Viet Nam Qua khao sat mpl sd truyen cudi (chit yeu tren mang Internet), chung tdi nhan thay ca bay phuang thirc lien ket deu dupe sir dung de gay cudi Trong dd, mdi phuong thirc... la dng chit but da "cao Idi" cac quan chirc (Day la kieu ddi phii djnh) Nhung di^u hai hudc lai nam d chd ca hai each dien dat ddi lap ay di ciing vdi ket hpp "mpt mia" lai cho mdt y nghTa ddng... luang Lien tudng la phuong thiic the hien d viec su dung d nhu''ng cau khac nhung tir ngii ciing nam mdt trirdng nghTa vdi Khai niem phep lien tudng la kha rpng, nen day cung la mpl phuong thirc