MDT so BIEN PHAP TIGH CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG 1 ''''Tinh lich cue nhan thde la trang thai hogl dpng eua hpc sinh (HS), dac trung bdi khat vpng hpc lap, c6'''' gSng tri tue va nghi It/c cao Irong qua trinh na[.]
MDT so BIEN PHAP TIGH CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG HDA HOAT DONG HOC TAP OAY'OOC'HIEUVANDAN ThS D A O T H ! H O N G HANH' 'Tinh lich cue nhan thde la trang thai hogl dpng eua hpc sinh (HS), dac trung bdi khat vpng hpc lap, c6' gSng tri tue va nghi It/c cao Irong qua trinh nam vung kien thdc" (1) Tinh tich cue nhan thuc Ihuc chat la tinh tich cyc hpc tap, la thai dd cai tao ciJa chu the dd'i vdi khach Ihe thdng qua su huy dpng d mde dp cao eae chdc nang tam li nh&m giai quyet van de hpc tap nhan Ihuc Tich cue hoa hoat dong hpc tap (TCHHDHT) ve ban chat la lam phat then, nang cao linh lich cue hpc tap; la lap hap cac hoat ddng nham lam chuyen bien vi tri cua ngudi hpc tdthu dong sang chu dpng, tu ddi tupng tiep nhan tri thdc sang chu the lim kiem In thuc TCHHOHT cua HS la lieu chi cdt loi cua dd'i mdl phuang phap day hpc, d tnidng phothdng (PT) hien nay, day hpc Nguvan, day hpc dpc hieu van ban van hpc la budc ddl mdi cd y nghia lich cue nhat Trong day hpc dpc hieu, giao vien (GV) la ngudi tdchdc, dinh hudng cho HS Hnh hpi chieu sau van ban, HS la ngudi "dpc" van ban de "hieu" van HS PT la nhu'ng chulhedpc hieu van da va dang trudng thanh, co nang lyc va khat vpng hieu biet, Cac bien phap TCHHDHT gdp phan chuyen bien HS td ngudi hpc van thu dpng sang chu thedoc • hieu van tich cue, sang tao 2.'Bien phap TCHHOHT cho HS PT day dpc hieu van ban 1} Nhdm bien phap trudc gid day dgc hieu a) Hudng dan HSIam viee vdiSGi< SG K la tai lieu hpc tap chinh Tai lieu hpc tap lu nd da chda dyng nhieu yeu tdkich thich, dpng vien tinh ham hieu biet vatinh tich CLTC tuduy cua HS Hudng dan HS lam viec vdi SGK trudc gid hgc nham khai day each cam thu tu nhien, chan thanh, mang ca tinh sang tao ciia cac em Thoi quen lam viec vdi SGK trudc len Ic^ chinh laythdc tugiac hpc lap, chudpng cam Ihu van hpc, budc dau nam dupe muc lieu va no; dung bai hpcdpc hieu b) Huang din HS sudung tulieu lien quan de'n bai hgc Ngay nay, HS dupc liep can vdi ngudn tai lieu hpc tap vd eung da dang, HS PT nhin chung chua du trinh dp, kinh nghiem de chpn lua tai lieu huu ich cho hpc lap GV dinh hudng giup doHS lua ehpn tai lieu 30 Tqp chi Gido dye so 315 tham khao phu hpp cho viee hpc tap^ theo tinh tli^n tiep xue tn/c tiep vdi van ban tgiSGKdecd dupc nhifng cam nhgn rieng cua minh la chinh Tai lieu tham khao se cung cd, khSe sau hay md rpng nhung van de HS da tu minh kham pha, c) Xay dt/ng he thd'ng cau hoideHS chu£nbibiL Moi bai hpc dpe liieu van ban SGK da co he thdng cau hdi "Hudng d i n hpc bai"; cae eau hoi thudng hudng den nhung kien thdc ca ban ve gia tri npi dung va nghe thual cua tac pham, nhien muc dp khai quat cao, Ihudng la loai cau hdi neu vin de nen HS khd tra Idi, d i n den ngai sogn baLOe ket noi dupe hoat dpng dpc hieu tmyen dat eua G V vdl hoat dpng doe hieu van ban eua HS.GV can diM vaoh? thdng cau hdi cua SGK de xay dung mdt he thong cau hdi phu hop vdi ddi tuong HS, phu hpp vdi tdng van ban de gpi d i n cho HS dpc hieu tren tdp.fleiyli bien phap quan trpng deTGHHDHT eua HScakhiti/ hoed nha va dpc hieu van ban tren Idp 2) Nhdm bien phap gid day dgc hieu a) Tao thu va nhu cau dgc hieu eho HS Ket qua hpc tap cua HS phu thudc nhieu vao hungthiiva nhu cau hpc lap Trong dpe hieu van, HS cdhungthii hoc tap se phat huy linh tich cue va sang tgo tiep nhan Nhu cau hpe tap Irong dpc hieu van la mong muon n^m b^t kien thuc, kham pha va hieu biet Hiing thu hpe lap va nhu cau hpc lap xuat hien qua trinh lo chue dpe hieu van, GV can cd nhdng bi6n phap tae dpng, tao dupe nhdng xue cam dHS, difa HS vao nhutig tinh hudng ed van dede khai gol tri to mo, mem say me kham pha dcac em b) Dua HS vao cac hoat ddn^ nghe thuat Qua trinh tiep xue vdi van ban tae pham, chuan bi baifi nha da lam sinh d H S nhu cau, hdng thu hpc t^p Tren Idp, GV can dua eae em vao nhdng tinh huong va hoatdpng van hpe de bien chu the tiep nhan chu the van hpc; td'chdc cho HS dpc didn cam,ngam tha, kesang tao, trinh bay cac hinh thdc diln xUdng, nghe bang nhge, xem bang hinh nh§m mgc dicli tgo khdng khivan chuang, chuan bj tam thetiipnhlfi; * Tniangfi?i hgc sir pham -S^i IIQC Thai Nguyen '(kil-8/2013) tam the hogt ddng nghd thuat, giup cho ket qua dpc hieU'vSn sau rpng han c) Xay di/ng he thong cau hoi hudng dh dgc hieu bai van G V xay dung thiet ke giao an mot he ttiong c&u hdi de djnh hudng cho HS doc hieu van ban He thdng eau hoi chinh la he thd'ng cau hdi d&' HS chuan bj bai nhung dupc chia nho ra, g^n vdi tien trinh doe hieu van ban tren ldp, g i n vdi viec kham pha, phan tieh c^t nghTa van ban Can sudung nhieu logi cau hdl, tdtim kiem phat hien den khal quat long hpp van de, tdcau hdi cam xue den eau hoi hteu biet bam sat vao van ban - tae pham GV chuan bi kl ludng he thong eau hdi hudng din dpe hieu van ban CO tac dung TCH hoat ddng "dpc" de "hieu" cuaHS la tien de de gid dpe hieu van ban dat ehat lupng cao d) Tao eae moi quan he tuang tie tich cyc giua GV vaHS,HSvaHS,giua cae nhdm HS Nhdng mdi quan hg tuang tae giup ich cac hoal dpng tiep nhgn tieh cue, GV can tgo ra, xay dt/ng va dieu khien cac quan he tuang tac de nang eao hieu dng hop lac, TCH hogt ddng dpe hieu cua moi ca nhan vaca tap the GV ed tac ddng rat Idn den tinh than va ketqua hpc tap cua HS Y kien phan hoi eua HS ve mon hpe, bai hpe vaphUPng phap dgy hpc cua G V giup G V dieu chinh viec day dgt hieu qua 3.Mptsdbien phap TCHHDHTcuaHSPT dgy dpc hieu van iian neu tren da dua vao tien trinh to chdc bai hpc, bam sal tdng budc di cua bai hpc Cae bien phap cdthe khdng mdi nhung chi/a bao gid cu De td chue, dinh hudng eho HS dpc hieu van dgt hieu qua eao, mdi GVcd the lua chpn vaphdi hop cac phuang phap va hinh thdc to chdc khac nhau, nhung chae chan nhung bien phap TCHHDHT cho HS se gdp phan nang eao chat luong dpc hieu van m dt each thiet thuc "Dpc hieu ddi hoi su hpe hoi lien tuc cho phep mpt ca nhan dat dupe muc dich cua minh, phat trien kien thuc, tiem nang va tham gia mot each day dutrong xahdi rpng Idn" (UNESCO ve dpc hieu) (2).a (1) I.K Fkharlapmop, Phat huy tinh tich cire cua hoc sinh nhu-the nao? NXB Gido due, H, 1978, (2) D6 Ngpc Thd'ng, Chuong trinh Ngu' vSn nha truong ph6' thdng Viet Nam NXB Cido due ViSt Nam, U 201 \ e) CiJng co bai hgc Cung cd kien thdc la khau Tai lieu tham khao quan trpng cua mot bai hpe Hoat dpng cung cd kien 1, NguySn Trong Hokn Ren luyen t u s^ng taio Ihlic giup HS nhd Igi, khic sau kien thdc, tu danh gia day hoc tac pham v3n chuong NXB Gido due, ketquatiep nhan, ludieu chinh phuang phap hpc tap H 2000' Cdnhieu hinh thde cung edbai hpc: thiel ke cac sado, Nguyen Thanh Hting Hieu vSn day v3n, NXB Giflofl'ftf:, bang bieu; xay dung he thdng cau hdi, bai tap^ngSn; H 2000, Nguyln Thanh Hung Dpc va tifi'p nhSn tac phS'm to' chdc cac hoat ddng van hpc,., de HS tu long ket van chinmg NXB Gido due, H 2003 kien thde, njtra ghi nhd 4, NguySn Thi Thanh Huong Day hgc vSn o' nh^ 3) Nhom bidn phap sau gid dgc hieu truo-ng phd thong, NXB Dai hgc qudc gia H 2001 a) Ren luyen eho HS thoiquen hge bai, lam bai tap 5, Nguyen K^ M6 hinh day hoc tich ciJC lay hpc sinh dnha Bai hpe nao ve nha hpc, lam bai tap lam trung tam NXB GfdodwcH 1995 do; hpc baicu theo phuong phap hoi cd, tai hien Tnnh XuSn Va Nhang biin phdp tich cue hda kien thdc ea ban tn/dc tham khao tai lieu va lam bai hogt ddng tiep nhdn ciia hgc sinh gid hgc tdc phdm vdn chuong ir nhd trudng phd' thdng trung hgc tap Nghien edu bai hpc mdi eho hdm sau hpe de Luan an Pho tien sT khoa hgc sur pham tSm li, Trirong budc d i u tiep xue vdi van ban, cd cam xue rieng va Dai hpc supham Hi Ngi I, H 1993 hieu biet ban dau ve van ban s§p hpc b) BOI mdi each dekiem tra, danh gia Can cu vao chuan kien thdc, kTnang cua tung phan van hpe, tdngthetaaivatdng bai hpc dethietkede kiem tra phu hpp.Beklem tra can danh gia dupc kien thde li thuyet vaketquavgn dung vaothi/c te ddi sdng cua HS;vda ki^m tra kien thdc - kT nang, vda dpng vien, khich le HS hpc tap; kiem tra dupe ket qua hpe cua bai hpe va cua ca qua trinh hpe tap c) Cap nhat thdng tin trao doi gida GVva HS Tt)dng tin phan hoi ve ket qua hogt ddng ngogi khda, ketqua hpc bai, lam bai tap vdi nhdng diem sd, nhgn xet danh gia khach quan, khen - ehe chSn tinh cua (kil-8/2013)- SUMMARY Measures posiUve improving to learning activities of high school students in teaching literature reading comprehension which are used before, during and after class include the followings: guiding students to work with textbooks; InstrucUng them to use materials related to the lesson, building before-class questions and text comprehension questions: creating reading excitement and needs: putting students into literary and artistic works, and makingposiUve interaction relationships; consolidating lesson; helping students make habits ofstudylngand dolnghomework; renewing tests; and discussing with colleagues and students after class Tqp chi Gido due so 315 31 ... nghd thuat, giup cho ket qua dpc hieU''vSn sau rpng han c) Xay di/ng he thong cau hoi hudng dh dgc hieu bai van G V xay dung thiet ke giao an mot he ttiong c&u hdi de djnh hudng cho HS doc hieu... nhung chae chan nhung bien phap TCHHDHT cho HS se gdp phan nang eao chat luong dpc hieu van m dt each thiet thuc "Dpc hieu ddi hoi su hpe hoi lien tuc cho phep mpt ca nhan dat dupe muc dich cua... kien thuc, tiem nang va tham gia mot each day dutrong xahdi rpng Idn" (UNESCO ve dpc hieu) (2).a (1) I.K Fkharlapmop, Phat huy tinh tich cire cua hoc sinh nhu-the nao? NXB Gido due, H, 1978, (2)