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NGHICNCUUIUI PHAT TRIEN GIAO TIEP CHO TRE KHIEM THI DA TAT 1 D l t v a n d 4 Theo s6 lidu thdng kd vd k i t qud nghidn eUu cila Vidn Khoa hpc gido due Vidt Nam, trong nhdng nam g in d l y sd Idpng trd[.]
NGHICNCUUIUI PHAT TRIEN GIAO TIEP CHO TRE KHIEM THI DA TAT TS PHAM MINH MMC - TtlS I H / I N THU GIANG Trung ldm Nghien cnru Gido dgc il$c bl$l 1.Dltvand4 Theo s6 lidu thdng kd vd k i t qud nghidn eUu cila Vidn Khoa hpc gido due Vidt Nam, nhdng nam g i n d l y sd Idpng trd k h u y l t t i t khdng nhCmg khdng g l l m m l cdn cd xu hddng tang Dae bidt, trd thudng cd n h i l u dgng t i t di kdm, d d khdng ngoai trd t r i k h i l m thj Gilo dye trd k h i l m thj da t i t Id mdt qud trinh vd ciing phUe tgp MUe d d thdnh cdng cda q u i trinh gfdo due phu thupc vdo tinh sdng tao vd linh hogt qu'3 trinh td ehUe cdc hoat dpng gido dye cda phu huynh vd g i l o vidn, nhidn ele bidn phdp gido dye dd v i n ddpe x l y dyng trdn cde n I n t i n g CO b i n ciia phdt t r i l n giao t i l p v l n h i n thdc (hd tfidng d c b i l u tupng, khdi nidm) Hinh t h a n h hi t h d n g b f l u tUpng, k h l l n i l m cQa t r i k h i e m t h j da tSt t r o n g cdc t i n h hudng glao tiep t d n h l d n Cle k i n l n g ngdn ngdvd giao t i l p thudng dupe phdt t r i l n tdt n h l t d e tfnh hudng t y nhidn Do vly, cha me vd nhd gido dye p h l l tao eo hdi d l trd thuc hdnh nhung ki nang n l y thdng qua nhtmg hoat dpng va thdi quen hdng ngdy Trd k h i l m thj da t i t c i n n h i l u thdi gian hon d l cd t h i van dyng kiln thUe vdo nhdng tinh hudng mdi, vl vdy, elch tdt n h l t di day cdc kT ndng ndy Id day nhdng tinh hudng hoat dpng mOt d e h t u nhidn ddi sdng hdng ngly ChIng han, d n hinh thdnh khdi nidm "thdm, thdm nda" cho trd thdng qua nhimg hoat ddng hdng ngdy, cd tfnh kfch thIch cao n h u gid an, gid choi; d e kT n i n g chdo hdi, y l u d u gidp d d vd b i l u dgt tinh cdm thdng qua cdc hoat ddng hang n g l y ciia trd sd tdt hon nhijmg gid hpe chfnh khda Tri k h i l m thj da t i t e I n sd dyng t i t cd cde glle quan nhu nhin, nghe, sd, ngdi d l khdm phd nhung ddvdted k i t c i u , hinh dgng, kieh thUdc khdc nhau, Idm CO sd d l hinh t h i n h nhdng b i l u tupng, khIi nidm co bdn Sd dung phuong phdp trdi nghidm true t i l p bdng rrhilu g i l c quan vd dgy trd mdi trudng t u nhidn Id cdch day h i l u q u i nhat ddi vdi trd da t i t Nhtmg b i l u tupng bdng nhya khdng t h i thay t h i eho v l t t h I t trd mdi d giai dogn phlt triln ele k h l l niem ban d l u Hay cho trd chgm vio v l t t h I t thay bdng m d hinh h o l e dd choi Hly hinh thdnh cho t r i nhdng k h l l n i l m g i n gui vd t h i l t thuc n h l t vdi trd, sau dd m d rpng khdi n i l m ; t h i l t bj, dd dting day hpc sii dung cung dupc da dgng hda d i n d i n t U v l t t h l t , md hinh, tidu bdn vd hinh dnh VI dy; cho trd tryc tilp sd vdo chd thdt trude eho trd sd chd bdng, sau dd cho trd sd bdc tranh ndi vd chd; cho trd tim h i l u , k h i m p h i chile glddng ngu cua minh trUdc gidi thidu cho trd chile glddng dd choi cOa bOp b l 3.Phdttrl^nglaotl^p Ngoll vide sd dung Idi ndi vd kl hi^u, b i t cU phuong ti^n giao tilp ndo khdc d l u d n dupe quan tdm vd ehii ;? vide day hpc trd da tdt Cdc phuong ti^n giao tilp ndy bao gdm: dd v l t , tranh dnh, b i l u tupng, chd In, ehCf ndi vd d e t h i l t bi didn tif Nhdng phuong tidn ndy ed t h i ddpe sd dung d l hd trp vd tang cddng sd tUOng tdc giao tilp, sd trao ddi can b i n gida hai ngudi vdl Nhu ehiing ta da biet, nhdng cudc ddm thoai, ndi ehuydn - n I n t i n g cda sy giao tilp ndy dupe md td bdng chd de d hai cting quan t i m giao t i l p , b l u khdng khf tdn trpng, quan t i m l l n v l sy tham gia binh d i n g cda cd hai ben Do vdy, d i l u d l u tidn r l t d n t h i l t I I p h l l t h i l t lap dupc n I n tdng cda sU giao tiep rdi sau dd mdi tinh d i n vide sii dyng cdc phuong phdp ho trp khdc Bi giao t i l p thyc sy ed 5? nghTa vd thdnh cdng, d n p h l l cd d e yeu td sau: - Mong mudn (ddng CO) dupe giao tilp; - Cd mpt sd d i l u d l ndi (ndi dung giao tiep); - Cd mdt ngudi d l l i n g nghe v l trao ddi qua Igi (ed ddi tupng giao tilp); - Cd d e h di giao t i l p {ed phuong phap vd mdi trudng giao tiep) 3.1, Phdt triin giao tiip thdng qua sir dung vdt, tranh Anh, ch&ln vd chvfnSi Khi chiing ta ndi chuyen vdl mdt trd nhd dang bdt dau hpc ngdn ngd, chiing ta ndn ndi c h l m r l i , don g i l n v l khuyin khich bd phdt trien d c kT nang ngdn ngCf qua viec Idm m l u ngdn ngd d mUc dd cao hon Khi sd dung d e phuong tidn giao tiep hd trp cho trd da tat, chdng ta eung sd dung each Idm gidng nhu vly Nhu d l d l e l p d tren, dd v l t v l ede bleu tupng dd v l t e h i l m phan Idn sd d c chiln lupc giao t i l p ChOng ta sd dyng t i t cdc cdc chiln lupc giao t i l p ed t h i tuong t i e vdl ngUdI khIc vd dieu ndy Stf BO-THANB 5/2012 •43 C Q NGHI£NCOU_ cung d n t h i l t ddi vdi trd k h i l m thj da t^t Khi sU dyng d d v l t d l giao t i l p , ehiing d n ddpe sd d y n g eimg vdi Idi ndi vd/ho§c ngdn n g d kl hi^u n h d I I n I n tdng cua sy giao t i l p vd tUpng trUng cho cdc hogt ddng, sy k i l n , eon ngudi, noi trdn vd n h i l u thU khie D6 v l t vda cd t h i sU dyng mudn d i l n dgt vUa ed t h i sddyng mudn tilp nh$n, nghia I I d mudn ydu c l u vd ndi vdi ngUdI khde d i l u gl dd cung nhu n h i n thdng didp t d ngddi khdc v l mpt d i l u gi dd Phuong thUc giao tilp sU dyng d d v l t Id mpt phuong thUe giao t i l p thay t h i , hd trp d i e lyc cho nhdng t r i khdng t h i h i l u dUpc, ho$c h i l u khdng d l y dii ngdn ngd ndi vd ngdn n g d ki h l | u 3.2 Sdrdung dd vdt di ddm thoal Khi hpc b i t eU mdt ngdn ngd ndo, trd eung d n sd dyng dd v | t nhU Id c l u ndi cua cdc cuPe d i m thogi m l n I n t i n g ban d l u Id trd p h l l h i l u dupe y nghTa cua nhdng dd v l t ndy sd dyng chCmg Chung ta d l b i l t r i n g , trd binh thudng trdde hpc ndi chinh thde d l dupe nghe dUpc k h o i n g mudi ngdn t d Tuong ty, trd k h i l m thj da t i t eOng p h i i dupe t i l p edn vdi dd v^t, tranh dnh vd b i t kl phddng thdc giao tilp ndo trUdc trd thUe sy h i l u dupe y nghTa cda ehiing Khi trd dupe t i l p xOc vd sd dung dd v l t hdng ngdy, trd se b i t d l u cd sy lidn h^ gida nhCfng dd v l t n h l t djnh vdi nhdng hogt dpng tuong Ung NhCmg d d v$t nhU khan mdt, mudng, ly, tdch Id nhiimg dung cu thudng x u l t hidn nhdng hoat ddng quen thudc hdng ngdy cda trd Moi sir dung, ngddi Idn cd t h i giup trd sd, khdm phd vd sCc dyng chung, d i n d i n trd sd h i l u duac •^ nghTa cua nhdng d d v l t ndy N l u trd khdng dupc sd, khdng dupe e l m n i m tryc tiep, thi nhdng dd vdt ndy mac nhidn chSng cd y nghTa gl vdi trd VI du, ngddi Idn rda m | t cho mpt trd mil, n l u t r i ehl don gidn ngdi hole ddng mpt chd hodn t o l n thy dpng, t i t e l d e khIu rQa m i t d l u ngddi Idn thyc hl^n thi chile khdn mdt ed thye n l y khdng cd y nghTa gl ddi vdi trd Ngupe Igi, cung vdn 11 hoat ddng rda m i t nhung n l u trd dUpe tryc t i l p tham gia vdo qud trinh ndy: ed hai me eon cting l l y khdn m i t {sddyng ki t h u l t tay dudi tay), eimg nhdng udt k h I n , cting xoa xd bdng, eimg rUa mdt, thi chile khdn m | t s i b i t d l u ed y nghTa ddi vdi trd Qua vf du ndy, chung ta d l t h I y d d vdt ed )^ nghTa nhd t h i ndo vide giup trd tidn tddng d i n hoat ddng.Tuy n h i l n , vai trd eua d d vdt khdng chl dUng lal d d d md v l t edn tham gia v i o q u i trinh giao tilp ei^a ngudi Cung v i n Id vl$c sd dung k h I n mdt, nhung n l u mudn hinh thdnh mdi quan hd giao tilp giCfa ngudi idn vd trd, ehiing ta 44-KHOA HQC ElAO DVC n I n b i t d l u b i n g vide sd d y n g hai c h i l e khan mat ngudi Idn mpt d l , trd mdt edi C l bgn vd trd ciing khdm p h i nhdng d i e d i l m cda k h I n mat n h u e h i t li^u, mdu sic, miii v l sU thay ddi hinh dgng, trpng lupng cda chung bi Udt Sau dd, cd hai m? cd t h i l l y k h I n m | t eCia me, Idm Udt, v l t nUde, ehl xd bdng (sd dyng ki t h u | t tay dUdi tay) vd rda mdt eho me Trd ed t h i hdng t h d vdi vide giup m? rifa m^t vd ddi lupt rda mat cho minh N l u trd v i n cdn nhin thIy, bd ed t h i quan s i t d e h bgn rda m i t vd b i t chudc rifa cho minh Bdng cdch ndy, chile khan mdt thyc sy trd ndn ed y nghTa t h i l t thyc ddi vdi trd vl trd khdng chl b i l t tdn, b i l t d e d i e d i l m cda nd md cdn b i l t cd chUe n i n g cua nd nda Khi nhCmg d d v l t n l y dd trd thdnh nhdng phln cd ^ nghTa ede hogt ddng hdng ngdy cOa trd, cOng Id luc chdng t r d t h d n h nhOngddvdted'ynghia biiu trung, nghTa I I chung lidn quan d i n mdt hoat dpng n h l t djnh v l tupng truhg cho hogt ddng dd Lue ndy, chiing cd t h i dUpc sd dung nhU mpt dlu mdi bdo hidu cho mdt hogt ddng s i p xdy vd trd cung cd t h i sd dyng nhdng d d v l t b i l u trdng ndy di ydu d u mpt d i l u gl dd Ddy eung Id bUdc d$m t i l n tdi hinh thUc giao t i l p eao hem • giao tilp bing b i l u tdpng Mpt trd d l cd t h i p h l n bidt dupe d c hogt ddng vd l i l n h i dd v l t vdi nhdng hogt dpng ndy, eung Id tue d l da s i n sdng chuyin sang hinh thdc giao t i l p trdu tdpng hon Sy ehuyin t i l p ndy ndn dupc thuc h i i n ttmg budc theo tiln d d v) trd khdng t h i ehuyin thing tU hinh thdc giao tilp b i n g vdt thdt sang tranh Inh hodc b i l u tupng hai c h i l u Qud trinh ndy thudng thyc hi^n d i n d i n t d n g bddc n h d sau: d l u t i l n Id c h u y i n sang sd dyng nhdng d d v§t nhd hon hole mdt p h l n nhd cua v | t d l cd t h i treo hole gin chdng t i n tudng Trd nhin kdm cd t h i t i n theo d c ndt c h u y i n t i l p d l g h I p d d vdt vdi b i l u tupng tupng dng Tuy n h i l n , d n n h d m p t dieu quan trpng ring, khdng p h l l eU edn nhin t h l y td trd ed t h i h i l u dUpc y nghTa eOa nhdng hinh I n h hai c h i l u Do vly, tdt n h l t Id vi§c ehuyin t i l p ndy nen ddpe thye hidn tif tU, ludn ghdp b i l u tUpng hai e h l l u tuong Ung vdi v§t th^t cho d i n trd ed t h i h i l u dupe hodn todn ,, cdc hinh thUe glao t i l p trdu tdpng hon Q u i trinh c h u y i n t i l p t d s d d y n g v l t thdt sang sd dyng b i l u tucmg giao t i l p vdl trd da tdt nIn dupc d i l n n h d sau: - Todn bd d d vdt; - Mdt p h l n d d vgt; - Tranh dnh h o | c hinh ndi; NGHIEN - Chd in hoac chd ndi Cung gidng n h u ngdn n g d ndi, chdng ta ludn khuyin khIch trd bdng vide Idm m l u v l yeu d u nhirng phuong thdc giao t i l p cao hon Ngodi ra, chOng ta vSn tiep tyc tao eo hdi d l trd Idm quen vdi ngdn ngU qua vide sd dyng tU ngd, kl hidu, dd vdt, tranh I n h , chd in vd chd ndi Nhd Id, mpi trd deu nghe hdng ngdn tU trdde hpc ndi v l mpi trd d i l u di/pc t i l p eIn vdi ehU mdt thdi gian ddi trUdc hpc dpe 3.3 Sd vd su* dung dd vdt nhU Id nhUng diu hiiu C h i i n g t a d d b i l t t i m quan trpng ciia vide ludn eho trd b i l t trude d i l u gl se x l y phfa trude vd cd nhilu d e h d l giup trd n h | n b i l t dUpc d i l u ndy Hinh thdnh mpt thdi quen Id cdch giup trd dodn trudc dupc d i l u gl sd xdy k l t i l p , nhung quan trpng Id dUa nhdng cdch d l trd biet nhUng vide cy t h i ndo s i p den, c h I n g hgn nhU s i p rda mat tiogc udng nudc Ngudi Idn ndn sd dyng ngdn ngd ndt v l ngdn ngd kf hidu d l thdng bdo cho trd b i l t dilu gl dang x l y h o l e s i p x l y ra.Tuy nhidn, vdi nhirng trd k h i l m thj da t i t thi vide sCr dung d l u hidu xiic gidc vd dau hidu dd v l t cd y nghTa quan trpng giao t i l p Ddu hiiu xuc gidc Id nhdng tin hidu cda co t h i cd y nghTa nhu mpt thdng didp ChIng hgn, vd nhe dudi d n h tay tre trudc b l trd de giup trd bilt rdng minh s i p dupe b l Idn - Ddu hieu vdt {Sd dung dd vat nhu Id nhiing dau hieu) la vide sd dyng nhdng v l t that d l bdo trudc mdt hogt ddng s i p xdy ra, qua dd hinh ^ I n h d trd khd n i n g phdn dodn vd giup trd ehCi dOng ede hoat ddng cua minh hon Nhufng dd vlt dupe sU dung I l m d l u hidu eho mdt hoat ddng nhlt djnh ed t h i Id chile mudng, chile cdc, ta Idt, bdng tri lilu, khan mat, NhUng dau hidu ndy ed t h i dupe sd dyng ridng bidt hole k i t hpp vdi VI du, trdde rda mat cho trd, cho trd sd vdo khdn mdt { d l u hidu dd v l t ) vd sau dd chgm vdo vfing eo t h i se lau rda, nhu md cOa trd ( d l u hidu xuc gidc) trude lau Cting liie ly, bgn ed the sd dung k i t hpp vdl d l u hidu ldi ndi nhung ndn s d d y n g ngdn n g C r d l h l l u , rdrdng, n g l n g p n v a n h l t q u d n T U o n g t U , gidp trd mac trang phuc, hay cho trd sd vdo chile tat {dau hidu vlt), gidp trd d m nhdn nd sau d d chgm vdo bdn ehIn eiia trd (dau hidu xue gidc) d l cht cho trd b i l t ehlle t i t se dupc xd vdo c h i n Tit c l nhdng thdng tin n l y deu dupe chia sd vdi t i t cd nhdng ngddi c h l m sde trd (trong Idp hpe CUU C O vd tgi gia dinh) Nhdng d l u hidu mdi mudn hinh thdnh eung phdi thdng n h l t gida ede thdnh vien Ngodi ra, ban cung p h l l tinh xem nhdng hoat ddng ndo I I nhUng hogt ddng phii hpp di cd sd dyng cdc d l u hidu xue gidc vd d l u hidu dd v l t Nen hinh thdnh d l u hidu cho nhdng hogt dpng lidn quan d i n sy thay ddi tU t h i hoac vdn ddng, vd sinh cd n h i n tiUde hinh thdnh nhOng d l u hidu phUc tap hpn D i l u quan trpng Id giup trd ghi nhd nhUng d l u hidu d l trd b i l t dupc nhCmg gl sd xdy ra, ngodi nhdng d l u hieu ndy cung n I n Id mpt p h l n cda qud trinh giao tilp vdi trd Ndn sd dung dd vdt vd nhdng b i l u tupng dd v l t giao t i l p d l glOp trd h i l u duoc y nghTa cua chung Ngodi ra, cung d n khuyin khieh trd sd dyng t i t c l d c phuong tidn giao t i l p cd t h i d l b i l u dat bdn thdn Dd Id nhUng phuong tidn giao t i l p nhu Idi ndi, kl hidu, cd chl didu bd, dd v l t , tranh I n h , chU in vd chd ndi 3.4 Thiit Idp he thong giao tiip bdng vat Lua chpn biiu tuang dd vdt Cin lya chpn nhdng b i l u typng cd y nghTa vd g i n gui vdi trd NhUng vdt dung, dung cy tham gia vdo hoat ddng sinh hogt hdng ngdy chinh Id x u l t phdt diem tdt n h l t (chIng han nhu thia, ede, khIn mat) Trd mil da tdt cdm t h l y thUe sU khd khan vide gidi nghTa d c bleu tuong khdng gian hai chilu hoac nhdng bieu tUpng triru tUpng vi dy nhu vide sCr dung mdt chile xe buyt d d choi bdng "bao diem" tupng trung cho xe buyt se gay khd khIn r l t nhilu eho hpc sinh vl chile bao didm chIng lien quan gl d i n vide di xe buyt cda t r i Trd thdm chi cd the khdng b i l t r i n g xe buyt cd bdnh vd xoay trdn Bilu tupng cd y nghia hon, l i l n quan true t i l p d i n kinh nghidm di xe buyt ciia trd ed t h i la bac len xudng xe, g h i ngdi, tay vjn vl d l y Id dd vat trd thuc su duac cham vdo ngdi tren xe buyt Vdi nhdng vat qud Idn hogc qud triu tUpng, chdng ta ed the eho t r i t i l p xOe vd Idm quen vdi tdng p h l n nhd trudc t i l p xiic tdng t h i SUdung thdi khda biiu bdng dd vdt Sau xdc djnh vd t i p hpp d l y dii nhdng dd v l t cd y nghia tupng trUng, vide t i l p theo d n ldm Id s i p x i p chung theo thU tU tU t r i i qua phdi trdn CO sd nhdng hogt ddng n g l y thdnh mdt cdi thdi khda biiu bdng dd vdt Dd v l t ed t h i dupc dgt hdp h o l e bat ki d e h ndo khae mien td chung cd t h i ed djnh vd tach biet trinh t u da dupe dua Cd gdng sdp dat hpp II d l trd ed the n h i n b i l t duac cie bieu tupng v l thdi gian nhu tuong lal, hidn tai vd qua khd Vi dy, nhdng dd vat dang 5tiOD>THANB5/2012*45 | Q NGHI£N CUU ddt hdp thdi khda biiu se tupng trung cho tuang lai, nhUng hogt dpng se xdy khudn khd ede hogt dPng cda ngdy hdm dd D d v | t trd dang d m trdn tay ho|c dupe bd vdo khay xe Idn tupng trung eho hi^n tgi, tUc I I hogt dpng dang d i l n ra, Nhdng dd v | t tupng trUng cho qud khd xiic I I nhOng hogt dpng da k i t thCie sd dupe bd vdo mpt hpp d$e bi^t gpi I I "hPp dd xong", g i n d bdn p h l l eCta hdp thdi khda biiu D i l u quan trpng n h l t d n nhd sddyng thdi khda b i l u b i n g dd v l t Id nhdng d d v | t ndy p h l l cd y nghTa ddi vdl trd vd ddpe xem nhu I I mpt cdng cy giao t i l p hi$u qud ciia trd Vi$e xem xdt thdi khda b i l u vdo d l u mdi budi sing sd tgo cd hpi t d t di trd n i m b i t dupe t i t cd nhdng hogt dPng ngdy v l khdng bj b i t ngd, vl dy, sau cting trd xem thdi khda b i l u , ban se ndi: ' H d m chdng ta sd t i m vd g i | t q u I n Cdc cd n h d minh p h l l Idm nhCrng gl khdng?"TuongtynhUvdy, sudt thdi gian d i l n cdc hogt dpng, hay cd g I n g gidp trd lidn hd gida hogt dpng vdi d d v l t tupng trung v l IPI eudn trd vdo cupe ndi chuyin - Nhdc Igi b i l u tupng dd vdt sudt qud trinh d i l n hoat ddng; - Quay Igi chd d l thdi khda b i l u ban d l u ; - Ndi vdi trd v l hoat dpng vda k i t thde; - Gidp trd d t b i l u tUpng d d v l t vdo "hpp da xong" - Glilp trd djnh vj b i l u tUpng d d v l t t i l p theo trdn thdl khda b i l u (tU t r i i qua phdi) Qud trinh ndy t l l p tyc gidp trd h i l u rd hon v l y nghia ciia d e b i l u tupng d d v l t cung n h u ciing c6 d e khdl nl^m v l thdi gian (tuong lai, hidn tgi, qud khU) K^t luftn M I c dii qud trinh g i l o dye trd m i j da t i t td r l t khd khdn vd phUe tgp, n h i l n n l u b i l t v | n dyng d e phuong phdp ptiti hpp vdi trd th) chung ta v i n ed t h i dat dupc nhdng k i t q u i n h u mong mudn Mdi t r i k h i l m thj da t i t I I m d t d n h i n ridng bl$t,cd nhdng k h i n i n g vd nhu d u r l t khdc nhau, vl v l y , d e n h l g i l o dye phdi h i t sde linh hoat vd sing tgo qud trinh thuc hidn Vl^c lya chpn b i l u tupng v l d c hogt ddng d n phdi dya trdn d i e d i l m cda tdng hoc sinh vd phdi ludn ludn ddn d l u sd p h l t t r i l n cOa t r i Dimg nhdng b i l u tupng phii hpp di ddt tin eho nhCtng vi tri hodc hoat ddng quen thude cda trd VI du, n l u hpe sinh sU dung cdi chudng Idm v$t tupng trung eho phdng hpc nhac thi ban n I n TAILI£UTHAMKHAO g i n cdi chudng vdo trUdc cOa phdng hpe nhgc VI^c N g u y i n Dde Minh (2008), Gido due tri ndy cdn gidp hpc sinh phdt t r i l n cdc kT ndng ghdp khiim thi, NXB GiAo due tuong tmg v i n cOng ed dupe y nghTa cua San dy Niemann, Namita Jacob (2010), GiOp d c b i l u tupng Nguydn t i c ndy cd t h i dng dung ddtrimd, NXB Gido due ( b i n dich) rdng r l i cho hpc sinh m I m non vd Idp Mason H., McCalf S (2001), Visual D l nhCmg b i l u tdpng d6 vdt thdc sy ed y nghia impairment Access to education for children and ddi vdi trd, thi nhdng d d vdt d d phdi l i mpt p h l n young people, David Fulton published cOa hogt ddng md trd tham gia Ngodi ra, dda Stratton J & Wright S (1991), On the way to nhOfng b i l u tdpng dd vdt ndy trdde trd, d n ddnh literacy: early experiences for young visual impaired dii thdi gian d l trd h i l u vd n h i n b i l t dupe, khdng children {55-63) n I n dua qud nhanh rdi e l t di vl nhu vly, trd Warrent D H (1994), Blindness and children: sd khdng n h i n b i l t dupe an individual differences approach Cambridge, NY: Trd d n dupc tham gia vdo todn bd qud trinh Cambridge University Press nhdn b i l t theo d c budc sau: - Dua trd d i n ch6 di thdi khda b i l u (sddyng SUMMARY dd vdt); Education for visually impaired children with - Gidp trd l l y b l l u tupng khdi hpp dyng; multiple disabilities In an exceptionally complex - Ndi chuyen vdl trd v l b i l u tupng (ChIng process Under this circumstance, the article gives hgn: "Dly Id chile mudng Con sd dyng mudng mention to the communicative development for visually impaired children with multiple disabilities I n Con nghi trua minh sd dn gl ndo?"); - Giiip trd mang b i l u tupng dd v l t d i n khu through fundamental methods, i.e use of objects, pictures, printed and Braille alphabets; conduct vyc hoat dpng sd dupe d i l n N l u trd khdng t h i d m dupe (trong trudng hpp hpc sinh sU dung xe of dialogues through objects; touching and using lln), cd t h i bd v i o khay ciia xe l l n h o l e eho vdo objects such as signals; establishing the object-based communication system mdt hdp hole tdi nhd treo d xe l l n ; •KHOA Hgc G U O DVC ... Khi sU dyng d d v l t d l giao t i l p , ehiing d n ddpe sd d y n g eimg vdi Idi ndi vd/ho§c ngdn n g d kl hi^u n h d I I n I n tdng cua sy giao t i l p vd tUpng trUng cho cdc hogt ddng, sy k i... didp t d ngddi khdc v l mpt d i l u gi dd Phuong thUc giao tilp sU dyng d d v l t Id mpt phuong thUe giao t i l p thay t h i , hd trp d i e lyc cho nhdng t r i khdng t h i h i l u dUpc, ho$c h i... tidn giao t i l p cd t h i d l b i l u dat bdn thdn Dd Id nhUng phuong tidn giao t i l p nhu Idi ndi, kl hidu, cd chl didu bd, dd v l t , tranh I n h , chU in vd chd ndi 3.4 Thiit Idp he thong giao