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NGHICN CIJIU I f f l l PHlTdNG PHAP DUNG HOC NGON NGUT VA NHONG HIEU BIET NGOAI VAN BAN V0I VIEC PHAN TICH TAC PHAM CHIEU Ddi 00 TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA NGUT VAN 8 T S L £ T H ! T U Y ^ T H A N H Hgc vl$[.]
NGHICN CIJIU I f f l l PHlTdNG PHAP DUNG HOC NGON NGUT VA NHONG HIEU BIET NGOAI VAN BAN V0I VIEC PHAN TICH TAC PHAM CHIEU Ddi 00 TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA NGUT VAN TS.L£TH!TUY^THANH Hgc vl$n Qu^n II Gilo dye LMdrdau Dung hpe Id mdt khuynh hudng ngdn ngU hpe hidn dai x u l t hidn tU nhUng t h I p nidn cudi t h i kl XX va nhanh chdng dupc ddn nhdn cung n h u cd dnh hudng rdng rai d i n cde ngdnh khoa hpe khdc ddc biet Id hUdng n g h i l n eUu t i l n ngdnh ngdn nguf - v i n hpc d l thu nhdn dupe n h i l u k i t qud khd quan Vide Ung dung phUOng phdp dung hpc (ngdn ngU quan he vdi ngUdi sCr dung), d d cd Ii t h u y l t giao tilp da cung d p t h d m mpt each t i l p c i n va dua lai n h i l u phuong tidn hUu dung cho viec phdn tich tdc p h l m van chuong Theo dd, t i c p h l m van hpc dupc quan n i l m n h u m d t sdn p h l m giao tiep, I I thdng diep md t i e gid t r u y i n d i n cho ngudi d p c ngudi nghe L I m p t n h i n t d giao t i l p , tde pham van hpc cung mang d l y d d nhUng ddc truhg cua giao t i l p (dii td giao tiep d i e biet) vd chju sy ehl phoi cda d e quy l u l t giao tiep cung n h u d c nhan td giao tilp khdc md nhan td hodn ednh giao t i l p ( n h i n t d ngoai van bdn) tai rat ddng coi trpng Theo GS Do HUu Chdu (1), tat cd nhdng gi hien thuc n g o l i ngdn ngU t i m ndn hoan ednh rdng cda cudc giao tiep, cua dien ngdn bao g d m nhuYig h i l u b i l t v l t h i gidi vdt li, sinh II, t i m li, xa hdi, van hda, t d n g i l o , Ijeh sijr, cdc ngdnh khoa hpc, nghd t h u l t d thdi gian v l khdng gian dd dang dien cudc giao t i l p Hodn d n h giao t i l p (tUe h i l u b i l t tiln g i l dinh b l e h khoa ve nd) khae vd dupc huy ddng khde t i i y theo d c n h i n vat giao t i l p vd theo tirng cudc giao tiep eu t h i Vdi nhu'ng hieu b i l t ndy, nhuhg ngudi m d t cdng ddng ngdn ngU khdng c i n p h i i ndi mpt d e h can k i l t (tUc t u l n thO triet de p h u o n g c h l m v l lupng n g u y i n t i c epng tde hpi thoai cCia Griee) m l giao t i l p van dat hieu qud NgUpe lal, khdng ed nhUng h i l u biet ndy, Idi ndj cd the p h i i r l t d l i m l ngUdl nghe v i n khdng h i l u h i t Rat t i l e Id phdn tich vdn b i n , d i e bidt td "gidng v i n " n h i l u g i l o v i l n ehUay thu'c dupc r d r ^ t s y chi phdieCia hodn d n h giao t i l p ddi vdi vdn bdn, d d n h i l u dung y n g h i thudt (vd cd t u tudng nghe t h u l t nUa) bj b d q u a Trong g i l n g v i n t r u y i n thdng, d c nhd n g h i l n cUu hay nhd gido cung thudng chd ^ khai t h i e d c y l u td ngodi vdn bdn giup cho vide t i m hieu b i n than van bdn nhU xuat xU, tdc gid .Tuy n h i l n , vdi each quan nidm cOa n g d dung hpc, coi t i c p h l m v i n hpc n h u mdt n h i n td he thdng giao tiep, g i n t i l n vOi cdc nhan t d khIc (hodn d n h giao tiep rdng va hep, hd thdng d m xuc, nhan v l t giao tiep ) thi vide tim h i l u tdc p h l m van hpe khdng chi don t h u i n dUng lai d chd hieu b i l t x u l t xU hay t i c gid ma cdn m d rpng tdi n h i l u n h i n td ngodi vdn bdn khdc NhCmg h i l u b i l t gdp p h l n khdng nhd vao vide gidi ma tac p h l m , d m thu g i l trj cua tdc pham van chuong mpt d e h d l y dii, trpn ven hon Co t h i t h I y rd d i l u ndy qua trudng hpp p h l n tich tac pham "Chilu ddi dd"ciia Li Cdng Uan sach NgUvdn PhUtfng phap d u n g hpc n g d n nguT vd nhtirng hieu b i e t ngoai van b i n v d j viec phan t i c h tac p h a m Chiiu ddi t r o n g sach giao khoa NguT v i n Theo c l u trdc bdi hpc dupc trinh bay sach NgU vdn ( t i p 2), t i l p theo p h l n van bdn la p h l n ChCi thich vdi 12 m u c g i l l thich, bd sung nhUng thdng tin ed t i l n quan d i n ndi dung van bdn, giup ngudi d p c ngudi hpe hieu rd hon van bdn n h u nhUng chu g i l l v l d c tdn gpi: Ban Canh, Thdnh vuong, Cao vuong,Tam dai Tuy nhidn, tU gdc nhin p h l n tlch ngUdung h p c van cdn ed mdt sd thdng tin ngodi van b i n thudc ve ngCr ednh giao t i l p , d i e bi^t Id y l u td vdn hda, n l u dupe tdm sdng td vd k i t hop qud trinh gidng v i n se gidp ngudi t i l p nhdn hieu t h I u ddo vd s l u sic hon t u tudng nghd thuat cCia dng van S(i80-THAHG5y2012*l5 m NGHitNciini 2.1 Con sd vd p h l n ddt v i n di cCia "Chiiu ddi dd": Theo sy t i l p n h i n thdng tin thdng t h y d n g , ngydi dpc sd ehl h i l u d d I I nhOng cU ti^u Ijch sCr chinh xdc dypc ghi tal tU thdi Tam hodng Ngu di qua Ha, Thyong, Chu Ijch sCrTrung Hoa c6 dai Thyc t l , nhCmg thdng t i n t U g d c nhin vdn hda ngU ednh giao t i l p cd t h i k h I l n chung ta phdi xem x l t lai v l hd m d eho ta n h i l u khla canh v i n d l Vdn hda V i l t Nam cd t r u y i n cung nhU vdn hda Trung Hoa vdn mang d i m tinh t h i n t r i l t II n h i n thUe I m duong-tam tdi- ngO hdnh - t r i l t II v l bdn c h i t v l c l u trde khdng gian vu tru Dd eung 11 t r i l t ti mang tinh t d n g hpp giCra khdng gian vd thOi gian vu try, giUa tU sd hpc vd hinh hoc, gida cu0c ddi ngudi vd sd Theo dd, d c sd c h i n ddy sd t y nhidn b i l u t r y n g cho dm vd cdc sd I I b i l u t r y n g cho d u o n g Tam tdi Id m d hinh b d 3: m d hinh so lupc v l c l u trdc khdng gian vu tru vdi ba v i i n g khdng gian p h d b i l n : trdi, dSt, nude Ddc bidt, m d hinh bd chlnh t l m d hinh c l u trdc p h d b i l n v l b i n vUng n h l t vu tru (Ung vdi ngdn tay, n i m ngdn chdn vd ngu tang co t h i ngudi) Ngu hdnh cung td eo sd eiia cdch tinh t h d i gian theo Ijch I m duong (edn gpi Id lich can ehi) v i n hda ndng nghidp p h u o n g Ddng (2) Con sd ngu hdnh (sd 5) eung I I s d ' t h a m thidn tudng d i a ' phdn I n h ti te edn b i n g vu tru (tl Id dp I m ngdm gidng lua, t l Id tia duong vd tia I m thf n g h i l m b i n hat n g u y i n tCf cija hai nhd khoa hpe MT gdc Trung Qude (2) doat g i l l Noben 1957 ) NhU v l y , v i n hda t r u y i n t h d n g , sd vd khdng ehl I I hai sd d u a n g t h d n g t h u d n g day s6 t y n h i l n md Id nhu'ng sd b i l u tryng eho sy h i t hda, cdn xUng, eho sy t d n tai vUng b i n bdi d d chlnh td sd tam tdi vd ngu hdnh- m d hinh c l u trdc khdng gian vii t r u Khdng p h l l n g l u n h i l n md LI Thdi Td vidn dan p h l n dat v i n d l cOa " C h i l u ddi d d ' ndi t i i n g : "Xua n h l Thuong d i n vua B i n Canh ndm l l n ddi dd; nhd Chu d i n vua Thdnh vuong ba l l n ddi dd Phdi ddu cde vua thdi Tam dai theo y r i l n g minh md t y tidn e h u y i n ddi?" AI cung b i l t d u hdi sau khdng n h I m muc dlch hdi, khdng chd dpi e l u trd tdi md d l ehinh ta ddp dn k h i n g djnh: cdc vi vua ndi tiing anh minh sCr sdch kinh d i l n , d i n g td mau myc Ifi-XHOAHpCGlAODVC mpt thdi (sCing c6, l l y khudn m l u tiln nhdn theo quan ni§m t u t u d n g trung dai) dd khdng tiiy tiln ddi ddi theo ^ r i l n g minh m l d l u vl toi Ich qudc gia d?I sy vdi t i m nhin xa trdng r0ng Vd eosdcho' k i t t u l n d d chinh td t i l n d l vdi nhUng d i n chUng sinh d p n g sCt sdch: vide ddi c h u y i n cda ele nhd Thuong, Chu Nhung h o n t h i , d d ehinh Id sUc t h u y l t phuc cOa nhCfng t i n ddi e h u y i n sdng tao vd hi$u qud l y , md bdn t h i n eon s6 ddi ehuyin da ndi Idn sy thinh trj, vUng b i n : 3-5 - sd tam t i l vd ngu hdnh n h u mPt b i l u tUpng cCia sy tdn tai vCrng b i n n h u chfnh c l u trdc khdng gian vO try! Dd I I t h u I n theo m i n h trdi, y d i n , k i t q u i dem lai phdn thjnh t l u ddi cho t r i l u dai vd d I t nUdc 2.2 Vj tri dja v i n hda "trung tdm", 'chdn tu hdi trpng ylu'cOa t h i n h Dai La; Theo sdt b i n djch cda NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi, ed t h i t h I y p h l n 2: k h I n g djnh Dal La 11 ndi tdt n h l t d l ddng dd, t i n h k l l l u ddi cho chlu, t i c g i l ft n h l t c6 t i n k h I n g djnh vj tri 'trung t i m " t h i n g dja cOa Dai La: "Ch? vl mudn ddng dd is noi trung t i m , muu toan nghidp Idn ";'Hudng gl thdnh Dai l a d v d o n c ^ t r u n g t i m trdi dIt';" t h I t td chdn tu hdi cCia b d n p h u o n g d I t nudc*(5) Nhu vdy, trudc cd vj t r i t r u n g t i m chfnh trj, kinh t l , v i n hda ddi vdi e l n u d e Dai La thUc si/Id trung t d m d v l p h u o n g didn dia If - phong thOy nC^ Nhung ddi chieu vdi bdn d d dia ti t u nhiln Viet nam, hpc sinh r l t cd t h i t h i c m I c r i n g khd cd t h i ndi Dai La (Hd Npi ngdy nay) Id trung t i m dupc, vl n d n i m d gida Ble bd, c h i l u ddi d I t nude k l o tdi t i n mui C I mau! Nhung vdi nhirng k i l n thUc v l v i n hda trung dai, ta hodn todn c6 t h i h i l u dUOc d i l u ndy: ThOr n h l t : vj tri trung t i m cOa Dai La tdc bIy g i d dOng vdi nghia quy c h i l u h l l n thyc bdi cho d i n cudi t h i kl XVIII, sau cudc p h l n tranh Trjnh N g u y i n vd sy n g h i d p ' N a m t i l n " cda chua Nguyen Hodng, tdnh t h d nude ta m d i cd sy m d mang, thdng n h l t tii Mue Nam Quan tdi Mui Cd Mau (2) Vdo t h i kt X, khdng gian lanh t h cOa Dal Vilt cd bdn v i n Id khdng gian ciia v i n hda V I n lang- Au lac t r i n n I n c h l u t h d sdng Hdng ThCr hai: ' t r u n g t i m " cOng Id m d t b i l u tupng Ua thich cua vdn hda t r u n g dai Theo Nho gilo, ngudl q u i n xis, b l e di vUong m u d n sal khiln ngudl k h I c dupc thi p h i i "chinh danh"- "danti chlnh ngdn thudn" Suy nghT, hdnh xCr cOa ngUdi NGHIDN C D U Q qudn tu, bde d l vuong eung phdi khdng dupe nghieng Idch md chinh dao 'trung dung"(3) Vj t r i trung t i m , ngdi chinh giUa Id b i l u t u p n g cho tinh t h i n "trung d u n g " l y K h I n g djnh vi trf trung tdm cua Dai La, LI Thdi Td vUa ehl d d I I noi " t h i n g dja" (Ipi ich cho ddn, phii hpp vdi v | n t h i m d mang cua nude), vUa k h I n g djnh ttnh c h i t dung d i n (trung dung) cda quyet sdch mUu phdn thjnh eho dan, vUng b i n cho nude cCia minh Thdng Long se t r d t h d n h "kinh d d bdc n h l t eOa d l vuong m u o n d d i " khdng chi bdi t h i d I t trung tdm md cdn bdi long ngudi trung chfnh Khdc vdi thdng Id ele t r i l u dai trudc, vua t h u d n g chpn noi ddng cung I I que hUOng minh (Vua Hung- Phong C h l u , An Duong Vuong- C6 Loa; Bd TrUng - M l Linh; Dinh Tidn Hoang- Hoa LU ), vj vua khai sdng nhd Li da thay ddi quan nidm, l l y Ipi fch cOa d i n , vdn mdnh cda nude Idm tidu chi dinh dd D i l u dd cho t h I y cd cdi "tdm" vd " t i m " cCia nhd I l n h dao, md d d l y Id bdc d l vuong s i n g nghidp cho mdt t r i l u dai vUng b i n tdi 216 nam, m p t kl nguydn mdi- kl nguyen phuc hUng van hda d i n tdc - x l y dung qudc gia ddc t i p t y ehii h l o hCing sudt mot nghln ndm cua d I t nude ta Nhu vdy, «dlt» vdi vua vdn Id phdi d vj trf «trung tdm» rdi Vd dUong nhidn, d I t td quan trpng ThU hai 11 "chd d" Ngudi d i n ndng nghidp, n g h i nghidp ddi hdi p h i i song dinh cU ( d n ed thdi gian d l thu hoaeh thdnh q u i ) , ndn r l t coi trpng chd d (khdng gian sdng nhdn tao- mdi trudng nhdn tdc): "an cu, lac nghidp" (2) Trong dnh hudng eiia"tUtrUdng vdn hda" "chd d" vd'an, tac" cd mdi quan he qua lai vd l i m ndn hidn tUpng " x l m thue", " t h i m t h I u " v l nghTa Vdi ngudi d i n ndng nghiep, "an lac" nghTa l l c d " c h d d " t d t , vdcd "chd d " t h u l n tidn, duong nhien Id "an lac"! ThU nhat Id tU "dIt" Vdi mdt dan tdc sdng b i n g ndng nghidp, dat vd ciing thidng lieng Dat ta khdng gian sdng t u n h i l n , eung Id ddi tupng lao dpng d l u tidn eua ngUdi ndng dan D i t eho ta cCia cdi, cai dn, su sdng Tde ddt, tdc vdng Dat t r d thdnh bleu tupng cho nCra p h l n vu tru: "am" (trong I m duong) va nUa the gidi (Me- dat me) Theo NgiJ hdnh, dat tupng trung b i n g hdnh Thd, cd sd bleu la {$6 ngu hdnh) vd m l u bleu: vdngmau cOa hoang t r i l u , tUpng trung cho Vua (vua ndng nghidp cd mdu t r i l u phuc ta mdu vdng eCia dat), n i m d trung tdm, giUa phuong, hudng dCi day d l mpi ngudi d l u thUa n h i n rd rang q u y l t djnh ddi d d la tat yeu vd dung d i n Nhu vay, d u hdi ndu khdng n h I m muc dfch hdi (nghi van) m l ehl ed dang d u true hinh thdc cua d u hdi m l thdi Trong thyc te sCf dung, nd n h I m muc dich tde dpng den ngydi nghe - ts^rc ngudi dupc hdi- " d c khanh", d d l y Id q u I n t h i n v i n vd b l quan t r i l u dmh, md rdng id mudn ddn, t r i m hp D l y chinh td dia hat cua ngU dung hpc Trong trudng hpp nly, phdi xem xet thdng diep dUdi gdc nhin ngU dung, dat nd quan he vdi ngudl sU dung mdi ed the thay h i t cde c h i l u kich vd khla canh y "Chd d " vdi b l e di vuong, chinh I I noi ddng dd NhUng d d l y , Li Thdi Td khdng dting "d? djnh q u y l t d d " (djnh dd) md diing "di dinh q u y l t cu" (djnh chd d) Vi vua d l u t r i l u LI da tU trdn ngai vdng budc xudng, t i l n lai g i n hon vdi mudn ddn t r i m hp qua d e h ndi d i n da, gan gui, g i l n di md I m dp, t h i n tinii n l y D i l u dd eung t h I t n h l t qudn vOi nhUng bdc bach d m xiic thuong d i n , vl d i n d trdn: "Tram r l t dau xdt v l viec dd, khdng the khdng dOi ddi" Cung khdng cd gi la Li Thdi To Idn l i m vua l i l n xda t h u l nam cho ed nude, xda bd t h u l cdn t h i l u d e nam trude eho nhCTng ngudi 2.3 "Tram muon dua vdo sy thudn tien cCia gid y l u , gda bua, m d edi ; LI Thdi Tdng v i l t "chilu d o t l y d l djnh c/idd"("tram due nhan t h U i ^ a / o / d t xa t h u l " : "neu tram hp d l u no dO thi t r i m cdn lo gl t h i l u thdn?" vd dich than cay rudng d l ' c d dinh q u y l t cu"): Day la mpt cau ndi thudc loai it thdng tin gao lam t l p h l m de t h d eung nhd tdng m l l u " va cdm xdc nhat vd it t i n h "quan phuong" nhat cCia "neu guong cho thidn ha" Trilu Lf ndi t i i n g la mdt bdi 'chieu" Cd te vl vdy, ngudi giao vidn van cung t r i l u dai gdn lien vdi sy nghidp ddi mdi, dupe e l c h I n g m i y de tam khai thdc thdng didp ndy.' "thidn thdi, dja Ipi, n h i n hda", phdt huy tinh t h i n Nhung dat vao ngU ednh giao t i l p , qua lang kfnh "khoan, gidn, an, tac'vdi "tdng n h i n thuong dan" van hda, ta lai thay thdng didp lap lanh mau sac sang tdng (4) cda tin hieu t h i m mi Trong cdu ndi h i i n tdnh, 2.4 Clu hdi quan t h i n : "Cdc khanh nghi thi khiem tdn nhU mpt tdi ndi t h u d n g ndy tai I n ehUa ndo?": Khdng khd khan de de ddng nhdn ra, ft n h l t hai tU khda van hda td cdu hdi tu tU: hdi sau da p h l n tfch, t i p t u l n Sti80-THiiNG5/Ztt12*17 Q NGHlENClirU- nghTa, bao gdm ed ndi dung thdng tin v l elm xuc, tdc dpng (1) Mdt vdn bdn xdt h0 thdng (khdng ddt quan hd vdi ngudi sCr dyng, trang thdi "hoat ddng"), sd khdng tfnh din sy cd m|t cda ngydi dpc ngUdi nghe, bdi dd Id nhCmg ylu td ngodi vdn bin Nhung theo ngUdyng hpc, dd chfnh Id nhUng nhin td giao tilp, thdng thuOng se tdn tal d dang tilm ning, tilm In Khi tdc gil "Chilu dOi dd'edng khai ddt clu hdi: "Cle khanh nghi t h i ndo?" Idm eho nhin v|t giao tilp "ngUdi nghe" ly trd thdnh tudng minh, hi^n hinh qua vdn bdn Nhu vly, khdng edn td mpt minh vi d l vuong vdl cdng tdnh cua minh, md nhu cd cd bd quan, vin vd, quIn thin hlln hl^n xung quanh, birt vilt, Ngudl d l tudn nghT din hp, eoi nhu hp dang cd mIt Hdi ^ kiln cua hp Id tdn vinh t h i didn ngudl ddi thoai, td thdnh cdng "chiln lupc Ijch sy dyong tfnh'cda giao tilp Sao ngudl ta ed t h i khdng ddng Idng Cing hp chd tryong cCia ngUdi ludn nghT din minh, vl minh vd tdn trpng minh? Mdt khIe, cung theo ngCr dyng hpc, clu hdi Idm xult hidn cdc nhdn vlt hdi thoai ddy cung id Idm xult hlln thdi gian phdt ngdn, md thdi gian phdt ngdn ludn td thOI hidn tai (1) QuIn thin vin vd, nhin d i n khdng chi ed mdt Ly Thdi Td vilt hay doe "Chilu ddi dd" md bit eU ndo, cd 1000 nam sau, clu hdi l y van vIng vIng ben tai ta Vd sy hlln hlln cua Ngudi, cung nhu bdeh tfnh dupc Ngudl hdi din, vdn nhu dang trudc mdt Ly Thdi Td d l budc khdi vin bin 'chilu", ddng hdnh cting t h i h i chung ta Vd bin 'chilu'tU vdn bdn 'chit" da thdnh van bdn "sdng" Hdnh vl hdi, dti khdng cd hi^u It/c d Idi nghi vin, nhung l^i cd hiiu luc bdi Idi (1) t h i hidn tinh thin d i n chii, thin din ciia vj vua Td vuong trilu Ly, khIng djnh vl^eddi dd Id thuln'y trdi"(tuln theo quy ludt khieh quan), hpp tdng din v l vl Ipi Ich cOa din, cCia nude; thIt chit mdt quan h$ vua tdi, cd hidu lye tdc ddng manh m l din ngydi dpc ngudi nghe, tao ndn hl^u Crng ddng cdm, ddng tinh, ddng thuIn xuyin sudt khdng gian vd thdi gian, khdng chi giCra vua tdi nhl Lyeda nam 1010 ma edn Id giUa ngudl tdnh dao eao nhlt vdi nhdn dan minh, mpi thdi dai, cho d i n hidn SUc manh cdng edm vd cCing r^ng Idn vdl t i m vdc vQ try Dd cQng Id cdi t i m cda vj Thdnh de anh minh, cd d l nhin IB • KHOA HOC GliD DUG xuydn sudt slu cdl vd t i m Idng thIu d i n ngdn ddt Mpt ngdn ndm sau, nghe tal "Chilu ddi dd", ta v3n ed cdm gidc dang d i p tdi vua Ly, nhu tudng si nhd Trin ddng tdng khIc hai ehU'SIt Thdt" vdo tay d i p 1^1 tdt Hich thidng Hdng ciia Trin HUng D?o, n h u d c bd lao ddng "xin dlnh"dlp Idi vua Trin hdi v l hudng ddi phd vdi gi^c ngoai xlm, nhu hdng van qude din ddng bdo dip tdi Hd ChO Tjeh sdng 2/9/1945 tai vudn hoa Ba Dinh K^t l u i n Xu hudng nghiln cUu lidn nglnh dang trd thdnh mdt xu hudng t i t ylu thdi dai biing nd thdng tin vd phdt triln khoa hpc cdng nghd hi^n Vi$c nghiln cOru lidn ngdnh vdn hdangdn ngO^- vdn hpc cOng khdng Id ngoai II Nhu'ng thdnh tyu mdi cOa ngdn ngO^hpc hidn dai, ddc bidt Id ngUdyng hpc d l gdp phln khdng nhd vdo vile nghidn eUu vin hpc eung nhu day vdn, hpc vdn nhd trUdng Hi vpng ring, nhUng thdng tin md chiing tdi trinh bdy xung quanh vin bdn "Chilu ddi dd' cda L^ThdlTd sleh Ngu" vdn vdi phUOng phdp ngU dung hpc, khdng chl gdp phln khSng dinh If tudn trdn md cdn I I sy chia s i vdi d c thIy cd gilo vd cde em hpe sinh, ddng gdp thdm mdt cdch nhin mdi, ngd hlu ciing tdi dupc gin hon dnh sdng lip Ilnh cCia dng "hiing vin thidn e6'nllm tuhdocuavin hdaDai Vidt v l din tdc ta TAILIEUTHAMKHAO 1.06 HUu Chlu, Ngdn ngUhpc dai eifijng, tip 2, NXB Gilo dye Hd Ndi, 2000 Trin Ngpc Thdm, Ca sd vdn hda Viit Nam, NXB Gido dye Hd Ndi, 2000 Nguyen Vdn Ngpc Trin LI Nhdn, Cd hgc tinh hoa, NXB Vdn hda, Hd Ndi, 1992 Nguyen Dd-eThln, Di tfch lich si^Tvdn hda din Dd, Hd N$l, 2008 NgCf vdn NXB Gilo due HI Ndi, 2010 SUMMARY The article analyzes the methods of linguistic pragmatics (i.e language in its relation with users) and understandings outside the text on the basis of the analysis of the work Edict on the Transfer of the Capital (Chiiu ddi dd) in Language of Literature textbook of Grade ... giao t i l p , qua lang kfnh "khoan, gidn, an, tac''vdi "tdng n h i n thuong dan" van hda, ta lai thay thdng didp lap lanh mau sac sang tdng (4) cda tin hieu t h i m mi Trong cdu ndi h i i n tdnh,... v i n hda "trung tdm", ''chdn tu hdi trpng ylu''cOa t h i n h Dai La; Theo sdt b i n djch cda NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi, ed t h i t h I y p h l n 2: k h I n g djnh Dal La 11 ndi tdt n h l t d l ddng dd,... r l t coi trpng chd d (khdng gian sdng nhdn tao- mdi trudng nhdn tdc): "an cu, lac nghidp" (2) Trong dnh hudng eiia"tUtrUdng vdn hda" "chd d" vd''an, tac" cd mdi quan he qua lai vd l i m ndn hidn