TRAO DOI MOT SO VAN DE VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC DAI HOC IS vo THI XUAN O l d ip dng ydu eau nhin life eho nin kinh t l tri thdc, Nghi quylt Dai hdi Ding l ln thd XI chi rd " Phit tr i ln nhanh ngudn nha[.]
TRAO DOI MOT SO VAN DE VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC DAI HOC IS vo THI XUAN O l d i p dng ydu eau nhin life eho nin kinh t l tri thdc, Nghi quylt Dai hdi Ding lln thd XI chi rd:" Phit triln nhanh ngudn nhan luc, nhat l i ngudn nhan life chit lupng cao, tap trung vio ddi mdi d n b i n v l toin didn nin gilo due qude dan" Trong dd, gilng day d bae dai hpc cung II mpt vin d l ein dupe quan tam v l xem xdt Phuong phip day hpe (PPDH) dai hpe bao gdm el phuong phip day va phuong phap hpe Od ehinh l i eon dudng giiip sinh vidn chiem linh dupe tri thdc v l ki ning Vi vay, PPDH dai hpe ed tie dung ciing cd phuong thdc thoi man nhu eau cda sinh vidn nhlm ning cao chit lupng dio tao eua ele trudng dal hpe Quan niem v l PPDH b dai hpc Theo GS Thli Duy Tuydn, PPDH "la mot khai nidm dUpc hilu d nhilu binh didn khac nhau, khdng thdng nhlt vdi nhau" Cd t h i thly rd han dilu niy qua mdtsd quan dilm eiia dilu khiln hpe, quan d i l m logic, quan d i l m day hpe bd mdn, quan dilm ciia It luan day hpc,., Tuy nhidn, PPDH dii theo quan d i l m nao edng ein cd nhdng diu hidu die trUng sau: - PPDH phin Inh dupe sif van ddng eiia qua trinh nhin thdc eda ngUdi hpe nhlm dat dupe day hpc - PPDH phin Inh dupc su van ddng cua npi dung v l sU chilm linh ndi dung day hpe, - PPDH phin Inh 6ugc d e h thde trao ddi thdng tin gida ngudi day - ngudi hpc q u i trinh day hpe, - PPDH phin Inh dupc d e h thde td chdc, dilu khien v i chl dao hoat ddng nhan thdc theo mdt quy trinh nhlt dinh, Td nhdng d i u hidu die trUng trdn cd t h i hieu: PPDH d dai hpc 11 eleh thdc hoat ddng cua gilng viln v i sinh vidn, dudi sif td ehde, dieu khien va cht dao eua gilng vidn, sinh vien ti'ch cUc, chu ddng, tu life, tu giac linh hpi kiln thdc, kl nang, ki xlo qua dd phat triln nhijmg nang life nhan thde va nang ldc hinh ddng, hinh thinh the gidi quan vat khoa hpe, Vdi eleh hilu nhU trdn, day hpe d dai hpc, ngddi gilng viln phli thda mln ddng thdi hai nang luc II ning luc su pham v i nang life nghien cdu khoa hpc/dng dung nghi nghidp (ngddi lanh nghi) Nlu ngudi gilng vidn khdng cd ning tim kilm, Ida chpn tri thdc chuydn mdn cdt Idi, khdng cd ning •KHOA HQC GlAO DVC phat hidn v i gill quylt dung nhu cau nhan thde thi khd ed t h i dan dat sinh vidn theo mue tidu day hpe va day hp'deh hpc" d bac hpe dao tao ngudn nhan luc "tri thde" eho xa hdi, Oac diem PPDH d dai hpc Day hpc d dai hpe l i hoat dpng g i n liln vdi die diem nginh n g h i d i o tao, b i m sit thife tien phat triln eda n i n kinh t l - x l hdi cung nhUsif phat triln ciia khoa hpc v i cdng nghd lien quan Oilu niy ddi hdi PPDH dai hpe phli coi trpng vide phat huy nang lUe tif hpe, XU nghidn cdu v l huy ddng co hidu q u i vai trd cua phdong tidn, ki thult v i edng nghd day hpe hidn dai Do dd, PPDH d dai hpe cd d c die d i l m sau: Thit nhat: PPDH g i n liln vdi miic tidu day hpc: PPDH khdng chi chju sif quy djnh eiia miJc tidu day hpc m l cdn la phuong thdc d l dat mue tidu day hpe Do dd, tdng mue tidu day hpe d i u ddi hdi cd PPDH tuong dng v i ngUpc lai, mdi PPDH bao gid eung hudng tdi dat muc tieu day hpc eu t h i , Thdhai: PPDH d dai hpc gan llln vdi ndi dung day hpe: Cd kilu ndi dung day hpe d dai hpe: N,: Hd thdng tri thde v l t h i gidi v i v l each thdc hanh ddng, N^: He thdng nhdng kinh nghidm thdc hidn hoat ddng (ki nang, kixlo), Ny He thdng kinh nghidm hoat ddng sang tao (kining tuduy) N,: He thdng kinh nghidm v l thli dp v i quy tie dng xd, Nlu coi PPDH d dai hpc l i mdt ham sd phu thupc v i o kilu ndi dung day hoc thi ed the diln dat PPDH d dai hpc = f(N, 3,)', Thit ba: PPDH d dai hoc gin liln vdi phuong tidn day hpc: PPDH v l phuong tidn day hpc l i hai pham tru dde lap nhUng tdn tai va van ddng mdi quan he bidn ehdng vdi Phuong tidn day hpc la mdt bp phan cua PPDH v i mpt PPDH bao gid eung gan chat vdi phuong tidn day hpe Vide sddiing phuong tidn day hpe sd thife su khdng cd hidu qui nd khdng chde dung PPDH Thif bon: PPDH d dai hpe gin liln vdi ddi tdpng va hinh thde td chde day hpe Thit nim: PPDH d dai hpe ed c l u tnic da elp: PPDH d dai hpe la hd thdng d c hinh ddng v i thao t i c eiia gilng v i l n v l sinh vidn Do dd, t h i l t k l day hpe, gilng vidn p h l i xlc lap dupc TRAO 0 ^ mdt hd thdng d c h i n h ddng, thao t i c cda ngUdI ddng vai, Cae phuong phap edn lai ed mdc dp thap day va ngudi hpc tuong dng vdi tdng don vi, npi hon (xem Bing 1), dung day hpe cu t h i n h l m dat dupe mue tidu Mdtsd PPDH dai hpc day hpc - Thuyit trinh iLecture):Thuyet trinh la mdt cude Thd siu: PPDH d dai hpc vda mang tfnh khich ndi chuydn hole trinh biy bang Idi ndi dupe thut quan, vda mang tfnh ehu quan Tfnh ehu quan cua hidn bdi gilng vidn hole mpt dien g i l ddi vdi mdt PPDH d dai hpc t h i hidn d ehd ele PPDH gilng nhdm ngudi nghe nhlt djnh Mae dii ed nhilu tiln vidn thuc hidn, hidu q u i cda d e PPDH phu thupc bp vide gilng day eung nhd cdng nghd tin vio chinh ning life td chde, thdc hidn cda hp hpc nhung phuong phap thuylt trinh vin edn gid Liet ke PPDH va xep hang theo y kien nguydn vai trd ndng cdt gilng day d elp dai sinh vien hpc Phuong phap niy cd tinh kinh t l cao, ed t h i Khd ed t h i dat 6ugc su ddng thuan v l danh 6ugc sd dung cho mdt sd Idn sinh vidn, npi dung muc d c PPDH dai hpc dupc sd dung hidn hpc ed t h i dupe dupe trinh bay mot d c h he thdng, Ching han, Bourner T and Flowers S, ed clu true v i gilng vidn ed the kilm soit tdt thdi (1997) lidt kd tdi khoing 40 PPDH khie thi gian va npi dung bii gilng Dilu d n phli thda nhan nhilu tie g i l thudng gidi han khoing rang hlu h i t eae sinh vidn coi phuong phip thuylt trdn dudi 10 tdn PPDH dai hpe die trung Galbraith trinh II tdt nhlt bdi vl theo hp nd tao nhdng y M,W, (1991) cd lidt kd 12 PPDH, Seldin, R (1994) cho tudng mdi, phii hpp eho Idp hpe ddng ngudi, phit ring ed PPDH die trdng cho giao due dai hpe edn triln ttnh sing tao eiia sinh vidn, gilng vidn l i ngudi Sajjad S, (2005) lidt kd danh sleh 10 PPDH dai cd kinh nghidm v i 11 chuydn gia slu v l chuydn 64, hpe, eu t h i I I : (1) Thuyit trinh, i2) Thdo ludn nhdm, cd t h i gill thfch tat c l d c van d l v i cd t h i t r l Idi t i t (3) TU trinh bdy, (4) Giao nhiim vu, i5)Xemine, (6) Hdi el d c elu hdi eiia sinh vidn thdo, (7) Hdi nghj, (8) Cdng ndo, (9) Ddng vai, ilO) Thuc hiin bdi thuyet trinh cd hiiu qud cdn luuy: Nghiin cdu trudng hgp 1/ Thu hut v i tri sif ehii y eua ngudi hpe, Sinh vidn danh gil d c khia canh khae eiia gly dupc hdng thu hpe tap, hUdng dan tU eiia qui trinh gilo due, cd v i n d l v l PPDH ngiy ngudi hpc: cing trd ndn quan trpng, Trong thifc t l , y kiln dinh Gilng vidn cd thli dp tfch eife, nhidt tinh ddi gil cua sinh vidn dupc sd dung d 90% ele trudng vdl ndi dung bii day cao ding v i dai hpe d Hoa Ki, Trong cae PPDH, sinh Hieu ngudi hpe v l tri sU ehii /vi chuln bjeiia ngudi hpe phip dupe dinh g i l eao nhlt, sau dd II t h i o luan v i Phan doan 6ugc phin dng eua ngddi hpe Bdng 1: ?kiin cda sinh viin vihUng thu vd hiiu qud cda cdc PPDH dgi hgc N % N % N % N % 08 00 00 80 Total N % 220 Thuylt trinh 34 16 18 36 88 40 220 Thio luin n h d m 34 16 18 08 54 24 34 16 80 36 220 Tif trinh biy 53 24 44 20 26 12 53 24 44 20 220 Giao nhidm vu 18 08 53 24 89 40 34 16 26 12 220 Xemlne 52 22 54 25 34 16 54 25 26 12 220 Hdithlo 26 11 54 25 53 24 53 24 35 16 220 H$i nghj 26 12 53 24 53 24 35 16 53 24 220 Cdng nio 27 12 34 16 54 25 80 36 25 11 220 O d n g vai 25 11 54 25 27 12 80 36 34 16 220 Nghidn edu trudng hpp 34 16 52 23 54 25 220 27 12 53 24 Ngudn: Sajjad S (200S), Effective Teaching Methods At Higher Education Level, University of Karachi, Pakistan Sti78-THAlK3/2812li, mdi phan ndn ed tdm tat va eudi bii cd tdm t i t chung 3/ Hudng dan ngudi hpe: Ndn ghi theo eleh hilu, tdm tat, khdng ghi nguydn v i n trd djnh nghia, cdng thde Ghi nhdng y chinh, eo bin, tranh ghi tran lan, ghi nhanh bing kf hidu, vilt t i t so 66, kit hpp vdi hinh vd, bilu dd - Thdo lugn iDiscussion): Dly la mpt sif trao ddi bing Idi ndi tu eua y tudng gida d e sinh vidn nhdm hole gida gilng vidn vdi sinh vidn, Dilm manh eda thio luan d Idp hpe 11 giup tao ndn nhilu y tudng v i kinh nghidm td nhdm, cho phdp t i t e l mpi ngudi tham gia q u i trinh hoat ddng tieh cue, Nhilu nghidn cifu eho thly rang d c sinh vidn dinh g i l cao phuong phap t h i o luan theo nhdm (hole theo idp) 11 phuong phip tdt thd hai bdi vi phUOng phip niy thu hut dupe sif tham gia eiia nhilu sinh vidn hon, hpe tap ed hidu q u i hon, sinh vidn khdng phli dua v i o hpe thudc long, mdi sinh vidn cd t h i neu y kiln eua minh, va phuong phap phat tridn sing tao cda sinh vidn, - Bong vai (Roleplay): Phuong phap cd mue dieh Idi cudn sinh vien tham gia tieh cue vio q u i trinh hpe tap bang cleh tao dilu kien eho hp hoat dpng nhu nhiJmg nhin vat Hen quan true t i l p mpt kjch ban tudng tupng hay cd thuc Nd l i mdt ki thuat bd sung eho phuong phap thuylt trinh va giao bii tap truyen thdng eua gilo due linh vUe khoa hpc x l hdi Khi t i l n hinh phuong phap ddng vai, gilng vidn Ida chpn mdt sU kidn die bidt hole mdt tinh hudng giup lam sang td ele li thuylt quan trpng hole ed t h i la quan trpng ddi vdi chuydn de dupe nghidn cOru, - Nghiin cdu trUdng hgp {Case study): Nghidn cdu trudng hpp ehu y l u 6ugc khdi xudng v l phat triln gilng day kinh doanh v i phip luit Phuong phip niy ed t h i ap dung hidu q u i giao due d c nginh nghd thult khai phdng, kT thult v,v Phuong phip nghidn edu trudng hpp v l co bin dugc sd dung d l phat trien tu phd phan v i kT nang gill quylt van dieung nhUgidi thidu eho sinh vidn lam quen vdi d c tinh hudng thife t l Bdng 2: LUa chgn PPDH theo mue dieh hgc tap MUCDICHHOCTAP Phd bien kien thdc (J Phat trien k h i nang sddung cac j tudng va thong tin Thuyet trinh 7, Nghiin cdu trudng hgp {case Sdeh gido khoa study) ^- Doc a Tdi liiu phdt thim Thuc hdnh Kinh nghiim < ihand-outs) a 5, Mdi khdeh thuyet idm viee trinh iGuest lectures)4 Cdc dudn Trinh dien Sddung cdc bdi tap yiu cau sinh viin emonstrations) X Nhom idm & tim kiin thdc cap nhdt viic Phdt trien kindng fAo phdng ivi viic sddung du nhu trin may tinh) thu vien vd cdc tai nguyin hgc tap khdc Hgi thdo 8.Hgccdnhdncd Thdo ludn hudng ddn 10 Bdi lugn Tdi lieu hgc tap md 10 Sddung internet o- rONG X Phattriln k h i Phattriln kha nang cua sinh vien tfe kiem tra y ttfdng va bing chdng nang ciia sinh vien tfe tao cac y ttfdng va bing chtfng /, Xemina va Dudn nghiin cdu hudng ddn Gidm sat 2.Hgithdoveki 3.Tutrinhbay thugt gidi quyet Cac tieu lugn vdn de sdng tgo S Thong tin Nhom Idm phdn hoi ve cdc viic bdi Viet Hanh dgng Tong quan taihgc tap lieu Tuduy djnh Ldm bdi kiem hudng tra Cong ndo S.Hgcmd Sa tuduy Odnh gid Hinh dung dong cdp sdng tgo lO.Tuddnh gid Hudn luyin 10 Gidi quyit vande Tao thuan Ipi cho sU phat trien canhan cOa sinh vien Phat trien ning Itfc ciia sinh vien de ISp ke hoach va quin li viec hoc cua minh Phdn hdi Hgp dong hgc Kinh nghiem tdp hgc tap Cdc dudn Hgp dong Hdnh dgng hgc tap hgc tap Hdnh dgng Hgi thdo hgc tap HUdng ddn Nhgt kl hgc Cdc bdn ghi vd tap nhdtki Dong vai Nghiin cdu Kinh nghiim dge lap nhdm Sdp ddt cdng Tdi liiu tuduy viic Tu ddnh gid Ho sa phdt 10 Lap ho so triin 10 Ludn vdn Nguon; BournerT and Flowers S, (1997), TeachingAnd Leaming Methods In Higher Education: A Glimpse Of The Futur Reflections on Higher Education (A Journal of the Higher Education Foundation) Vol 9„ Pages 77 -102, •KHOA HQC GiAo DVC TRAO DOI I - Cdng ndo (Brainstorming): Phuong p h i p cdng n i o dupe dUa trdn n i n g life eda bp nao ngudi vide tao mdi lidn hd N l u n h u nang life dUa nhdng d l x u l t lidn hd cda mpt ngUdI d o n ddc v i n cdn han e h l thi sd iupng d c d e d l x u l t n i y eua chtnh ngudi d d tang Idn g i p bdi n l u cd n h i l u ngudi cung l l m vide Hon nda, trang thai n i y sd xay eon ngudi dupe t h u g i l n , binh tTnh, hanh phue v l ed e l m g i l c mot mdi t r u d n g tin t u d n g v i hd trp Cdng n i o l i m o t kT thuat r l t hdu ich cho g i l l q u y l t van d4, q u y l t djnh, tU s i n g tao va x i y dung nhdm Giao nhiim vu (Assignment): PhUOng p h i p giao nhidm vu giup sinh vidn vide t d chdc k i l n thde, h i thdng hda c i c su kidn v i chuan bj t d t han cho ele ki thi, Nd nhan manh v i o l i m vide eda e l n h i n sinh vidn v i e l e h thde l i m vide e l q u i trinh g i l n g day v i hpc tap, Chon Itfa PPDH theo muc dich hpc tap d bic dai hpc Ngudi ta cd t h i difa v i o d c eo sd khae 64 ehpn PPDH phu hpp, Bourner T, and Flow/ers S, (1997) eho ring PPDIH cd t h i dupe lifa ehpn difa theo ele mue dfch hpc tap Td bing cho thly vide lua chon PPDH d bae dai hpe theo mue dteh hpc tap ed die trdng sau: 1/Phd biln kiln thdc 2/ Phit triln nang sd dung ele y tddng v i thdng tin, 3/ Phit triln nang cda sinh vidn de kiem tra y tudng v l bing chdng, 4/ Phit triln nang cCia sinh vidn de tao cic y tudng v i bing chdng, 5/Tao thuin Ipi cho su p h i t triln c l nhan eda sinh vidn 6/ Phit triln nang life eila sinh vidn de lap k l hoach v l quin li vide hpc cda minh Trong nhdm die trUng niy, nhdm 1,2,3 hidn didn nhilu gid hpc d d e trddng dai hpc nude ta; PPDH d d c trudng dai hpe tidn t i l n d l td l l u thuc hidn muc dfch 4,5,6 PPDH theo muc dich hpc t i p l i eo sd khoa hpc cho ngudi day Ida chpn phuong phip phd hpp, td sd dap dng dtfpc mong dpi cda ngddi hpe v i gdp phin ning eao chit lupng d i o tao d ble dai hpc tao ngudn nhin luc eho sU nghidp cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda d l t nude Kit l u i n Ydu clu CO b i n v l ddi mdi PPDH d dai hpe 11 phli g i n k i t dupc ttnh djnh hudng cua phuong p h i p day vdi ttnh tfch cue cda phuong phip hpc; ddi mdi mdt d e h ddng bd tat c l d c hinh thdc day hpe, die bidt 11 hinh thdc thi kilm tra, danh gia k i t qua Vide eli t i l n PPDH d dai hpe II mpt edng cudc khd khin d l y thich thde v i ddi hdi thdi gian keo dai hang t h i he, Dieu khd khin nhat ed Id l i Slf thay ddi nhan thde eda dpi ngu giang vidn dai hpc, nlu hp coi nghi gilng vidn dai hpe l i mpt nghi chuydn nghidp thi ddi hdi hp phli ed ning life chuydn v l giang day, dd ed ning life v l PPDH Tilp theo la phli tao dilu kidn phd hpp nhu vin 64 chfnh sleh, d l i ngp, d e hd trp quan trpng nhd co sd v l t chit thilt bj, eo hpi hpe tap bdi dudng v.v Gilo due dai hpc dang ddng trudc nhdng thaeh thde ldn v l nhilu mat de ed the chiem 6ugc nhdng vj t h i xdng dang khu vifc Dilu sd khd ma dat dupe gilo due dai hpc khdng cd mdt dpi ngu gilng vidn ed trinh dp eao Mdt d i u hidu eda trinh dd eao dd chfnh l i ning lUe v l PPDH TAI Lieu THAM KHAO 1, Angelo, TA, From faculty development to academic development AAHE Bulletin, 46 (10): 3-7, 1994, 2, Bourner T and Flowers S,, Teaching And Learning Methods In Higher Education: A Glimpse Of The Future, Reflections on Higher Education (A Journal of the Higher Education Foundation) Vol 9„ Pages 7 - m , 1997, 3, Galbraith M, W., Adult Learning Methods, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, USA, 1991 4, Nguyen Xuan H l i , Mgt sdvdn dicabdn cua li ludn dgyhgc,Va\ lieu tham k h i o phue vu ki thi nang ngach g i l n g vidn Idn giang vien chfnh n i m 2010, H i Ndi, 2010 5, O i o T h l i Lai va e l e t i e gia, ThUc trgng ddi mdi phuang phdp dgy hgc d dgi hgc, KI yeu Hdi t h i o Qudc gia ve Khoa hpc G i l o due Viet Nam, Bp G i l o due v i Oao tao, Tap II, t r l 16-123,2011 6, Thai Duy Tuydn, NhCfng vdn dica bdn eda gido due hgc hiin dgi, NXB G i l o due H i Ndi, 1998 SUMMARRY The transition from study year into credit system in the higher education institutions have made stringent requirements on the innovation of teaching and leaming This article addresses the issues of higher education teaching like concepts, characteristics, modern methods and proposed basis for selecting teaching method according to learning purposes Sli 78-THANG 3/2812^43